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UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Anxious Electorate: City Politics in Mid-1920s America Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/28z6d43t Author Fehr, Russell MacKenzie Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Anxious Electorate: City Politics in Mid-1920s America A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Russell MacKenzie Fehr June 2016 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Catherine Gudis, Chairperson Dr. Devra A. Weber Dr. Michael S. Alexander Dr. P. Martin Johnson Copyright by Russell MacKenzie Fehr 2016 The Dissertation of Russell MacKenzie Fehr is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements As is always the case when engaged in a massive project that has spanned an entire continent, there are more people to thank than I possibly could, including many whose names I will never know. The following, therefore, is just a partial consideration of those who deserve credit for this dissertation. The faculty of California State University, Sacramento, particularly Chloe Burke, Frank Garosi, Charles Postel, Brian Schoen, and Mona Siegel, encouraged me through their words and deeds to become a historian. Robert Dimit and Robin Nagle offered me further encouragement at New York University. Without the advice of Peter Wosh, I would have not been able to obtain a foothold as a scholar, and his continued support has been one of the things keeping me going throughout this project. At the University of California, Riverside, I have had the fortunate experience of having many scholars whom have been willing to offer their support over the last seven years. Randolph Head, Ray Kea, Robert Patch, and Kiril Tomoff have combined to serve as examples of the model scholar. Lynda Bell and James Brennan have always offered their support when I needed it most, while Catherine Allgor, Rebecca Kugel, and Dana Simmons have offered their attention beyond what logic would demand. Special thanks belong to Susan Komura, Iselda Salgado, and the rest of departmental staff, without whom neither I nor anyone else would have been able to function. The support of my peers has been one of the things I have been able to take away the most as part of working on this project. Natalie Anderson-Patch, Carlos Dimas, iv Nicolette Rohr, and Kevin Whalen have been especially supportive, and have in various ways shown their kindness and interest while this project has been ongoing. Julia Bourbois, Steven Duncan, Jeno Kim, Ulices Pina, Karen Raines, and Matthew Rivera all helped me keep my sanity during the particularly heated atmosphere of my first years in the program, while David Buhl, George Curley, Kristen Hayashi, Emily McEwen, Megan Suster, Jennifer Thornton, Heather VanMouwerik, David Wagner, Colin Whiting, and Zita Worley have all provided much at various times. I also wish to thank the participants of the Bosch Archival Summer School for Young Historians, especially Mischa Honeck, Peter Lee, Kyle Mays, and Victoria Tafferner, for their advice and support, both as part of the Summer School and beyond. I have received much in terms of financial support in order to accomplish this project. The History Department at the University of California, Riverside, through travel and research grants, funded research in New York, Boston, Detroit, and the District of Columbia. The Center for Ideas and Society at the University of California, Riverside funded a stay at the Rockefeller Archive Center, while a Graduate Research Mentorship Fellowship supported three months in Chicago. The Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan offered the Mark C. Stevens Researcher Travel Fellowship for the use of their collections. The New England Regional Fellowship Consortium, through their support, enabled research at the Boston Athenaeum, the Historic New England Genealogical Society, the Baker Library at Harvard Business School, and Harvard Law Library’s Special Collections. The writing of this dissertation was supported by a Dissertation Year Fellowship from the University of California, Riverside. v Janet Moores, Maria Mendoza, and the staff at Interlibrary Loan at Rivera Library at the University of California, Riverside, in collaboration with their peers at many other universities, has enabled me to read much I would have not been able to access otherwise. Hundreds of archivists, librarians, and staff at dozens of repositories played a role in the writing of this dissertation, with special thanks to Mary Warnement at the Boston Athenaeum, Ellen Connolly at the Boston Public Library, Betsy Boyle, Kate Viens, and Conrad Wright at the Massachusetts Historical Society, Linda Skolarus at the Benson Ford Research Center, Diane Hatfield and William Wallach at the Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan, and Edwin Moley at the Harvard Law Library for services well beyond the call of duty. In the eighteen months I spent on the road, I came into the debt of various people who were willing to let me stay with them while working on this project. I wish to thank Elisabetta and Elio Ippolito, Maki Yamamoto, Brian Sloan, Dario Collado, Amanda Dehnert, Kyle Huxley, Lison Drummond, Dayana Argoti, and Alicia Dickerson for taking me into their homes during that time. My dissertation committee has done much to make this a better work on the whole. Devra Weber has always pushed me to engage in the most careful analysis that I can, and to not settle for simple statements. Michael Alexander has offered much insight into the process of forming an argument. Martin Johnson has done much to encourage me to think of the value of this work beyond the field of history. Molly McGarry served on my oral examining committee, and has since then offered much support and has served as a welcome sounding board for ideas concerning the project. vi My extended family has always been willing to offer their support throughout this project, and have in many ways made this a more pleasant experience. Special thanks go to Catherine Curran, Michael Curran, and Thomas Fehr, who have always been interested in my exploits; Susan Haussler, who made time in an unfamiliar part of the country; and to Elizabeth Fehr, who through her own experiences has offered a perspective on this project that has been of great interest. Finally, there are three people who, more than any others, deserve thanks concerning this project. My mother and father believed in me when no one else would, and have understood better than anyone else the importance of this project. Through their experiences with municipal government, they have made it clear how the local matters, and have understood the ups and downs of the academic life better than anyone else I have known. Catherine Gudis has served as the ideal dissertation advisor: willing to offer her attention on matters connecting directly and indirectly with the dissertation, and being able to push to make this a work understandable by a broader audience while at the same time respecting the importance of the underlying project. It is my hope that this work fulfills the trust that they have placed in this project for all of these years: any faults in this are mine and mine alone. vii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of Thomas James Fehr Sr. (1923-2015) Who was most eagerly awaiting this work of anyone I knew viii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Anxious Electorate: City Politics in Mid-1920s America by Russell MacKenzie Fehr Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in History University of California, Riverside, June 2016 Dr. Catherine Gudis, Chairperson The 1920s has had a reputation as being a fallow period in the history of American urban politics, having the image of being a decade when business elites and urban political organizations held undisputed hegemony over urban politics. This vision, however, is one that falls apart under close examination: neither of these groups held power to the degree that this image implies, and it was based on a belief that the decade generally was a conservative interlude between interesting times. Rather, the 1920s was a period of serious contestation politically, with issues of class, religion, and ethnicity serving as fault lines dividing the population and giving a rancorous tone to local political practices. Three case studies serve to demonstrate the contested nature of urban politics during the period. In 1923 Chicago, a combination of political scandal, hard times, and ethnic tensions led to a reform wave in Chicago, with three candidates offering different reform visions for Chicago, demonstrating the ways in which various ethnic and religious communities interpreted the concept of reform. In 1924 and 1925 Detroit, the Ku Klux ix Klan rose and fell as a political force, taking advantage of a combination of recent trends in Detroit politics towards an ideology of political Protestantism and the presence of large numbers of non-elite Protestants who felt neglected by the leading factions in Detroit politics. 1925 Boston witnessed the breakdown of ethno-religious solidarity, as the Boston Irish, heavily divided by matters of class and spatial location, splintered their vote between several major candidates, enabling the election of a Yankee Republican as mayor. Combined, these three case studies demonstrate the contested nature of city politics during the period, showing how ethnic and religious matters served to create a heated political environment. These events had lasting impact: machine dominance in Chicago, political ill-will in Detroit, and ethnic political realignment in Boston all held roots in these elections. They also offer a way to understand national politics, as the roots of the New Deal urban coalition, the limitations of class politics, and changing ethnic politics all have roots in these events.
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