DOCSLIB.ORG

6793 Babesch 79 03 Van Der Meer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
6793 Babesch 79 03 Van Der Meer BABesch 79 (2004) Etruscan origins Language and archaeology L.B. van der Meer Abstract The recently regenerated, vexed question of Etruscan origins should be related to the fact that the Etruscan, Raetic and Lemnian languages have strong resemblances. According to M. Pallottino the languages originally belonged to a Mediterranean, non-Indo-European language dating back to the time of the Eneolithic Rinaldone- culture, which is partially of East-European origin. ‘Orientalists’ suppose that Tyrsenians (Etruscans) emigrated from (North) Western Asia Minor, or the North Aegean area, to Italy around the turn of the 12th century BC. C. de Simone (1996) reasons that Etruscans from southern Etruria settled on Lemnos before or around 700 BC. However, the differences between Etruscan, Raetic and Lemnian show that these languages evolved during some time on their own spot. The question is: did they have a common ancestor, and if so, where and when? What are the implications for the question of the origins? Can archaeologists solve the problem? Which sources are most reliable: linguistic, archaeological or philological-historical evidence? The linguistic evidence is strongly in favour of the orientalist theory. The question of Etruscan origins is extremely dif- around 600 BC.2 As a result the Etruscan language ficult because there is no linguistic evidence earlier may, in principle, have been spoken in Etruria and than from around 700 BC. Etruscan inscriptions in the Po valley at least from the beginning of the Etruria date after 700 BC, in the Raetic area around Villanova-period (Iron Age) from around 900 BC 500 BC (written in the oldest Venetic alphabet), and onward. Since there is no cultural break between on Lemnos to the second half of the 6th century Protovillanova culture (PVN = Final Bronze Age, BC. The question of Etruscan origins originated c. 1100-900 BC),3 and the Villanova culture, the already in antiquity. Herodotus (1.94) tells that language may have been spoken already from Tyrsenians came from Lydia to the country of the 1100 BC onward. Umbrians (after the Fall of Troy, c. 1200 BC). In As there was only a tiny Protovillanovan pres- the same book (1.57) he situates Tyrsenians in ence near Frattesina but a large Villanova culture northern Greece to the south of the Pelasgans of in the Po-area near Bologna, it can be assumed the Hellespont area. In a long discourse Dionysius that the Raetic language has developed from Etrus- of Halicarnassus (1.26.29-30) refutes the old opin- can between c. 900 and c. 600 BC or maybe even ions that the Etruscans were Tyrsenians or Pelas- earlier. Livy writes that the Raeti were of Etruscan gans or Lydians. His conclusion can be summarised origin, that they had preserved the sonum linguae, in that the Etruscans were autochthonous. How- nec eum incorruptum (‘the sound of the language but ever, literary sources are not completely reliable not incorrupted’).4 The Raeti were isolated from because they are not contemporaneous and they the Etruscan area since around 600 BC, probably may be biased.1 We know for example that the by the invading Celts. Later on, around 500 BC, origin of the Romans from Troy as described in they used the old-fashioned Venetic alphabet.5 literary sources from the 5th century BC onwards, Since there already is a difference between active is a myth. past tense ending on -ce/-ke and a passive on -e Let us first cast an eye on the question of the in 7th century BC Etruscan inscriptions and not in relationship between Etruscan and Raetic. Raetic where both forms are active, the splitting of the languages must be dated before 700 BC. ETUSCAN AND RAETIC The same holds true for male Raetic gentilicia ending on -nu, and female ones ending on -na, It is now generally accepted that the Villanovans while in Etruria the male endings are on -na(s), were proto-Etruscans and spoke Etruscan, for an and the female on -nai. Consequently, somewhere Etruscan inscription with local names occurs on between 900 and 700 BC Etruscan and Raetic must a Villanova amphoriskos at Bologna dating from have split, maintaining however many structural 51 resemblances. Most probably Raetic has to be con- sidered as having originated and split from Etruscan in northern Italy in the prehistoric phase. I do not agree with H. Rix and M. Pallottino that Etruscan, Raetic and Lemnian all belong to a Proto- Tyrsenian, pre-non-Indoeuropean language. Next the relationship between Etruscan and Lemnian should be considered. THE WEST-EAST MIGRATION (DE SIMONE’S THEORY) Since 1996 De Simone has repeatedly put forward the theory that Etruscans from Southern Etruria (Caere region) have occupied Lemnos from around 700 BC or maybe even earlier. The Lemnian lan- guage is evident by inscriptions on the famous Stele of Kaminia and some graffiti from Hephaistia and Chloe, all dating from the second half of the 6th century BC, before Athens conquered the island around 500 BC. De Simone’s arguments are based upon the structural resemblances between both languages. The onomastic formula Aker Tavarsio Vanalasial (name, patronymicum [gentilicium?] and matronymicum) and the formula indicating the period of a magistrate in the pertinentive case, as visible in the words Holaiesi Fokiasiale seronaiθ (‘during the time that Holaie the Phokaian was magistrate’ or ‘during the magistrature of Holaie the Phokaian’), would only be explainable from the Etruscan-Italic perspective.6 Both formulas could not have been used on Lemnos without influence of the onomastic system and the pertinentive for- mula in Etruscan. However, both suppositions are wrong. a) In the Etruscan of the 7th and 6th centuries BC the ending -iu of a patronymicum (comparable with Lemnian Tavars-io) does not occur, whereas it occurs only much later. In archaic Etruscan the name would have been Tavarsie- s (cf. Lemnian Holaie-s). b) There is no proof whatsoever that serona (seronai would be a supposed locative) is a substantive and serona-i-θ a double locative. Seronai is more likely to be a verb in the past tense like sivai, arai and aomai. The comparison with the Etruscan A formula zilci : vel[u]si : hulxniesi (4th century 1 holaie·:s ·: naθσ. siasi : BC) is not convincing because it does not explain 2 maras ·: mav σ the the ending -θ in Lemnian serona-i-θ. 3 ialxvei:s ·: avi:s 4 eviσθ ·: seronaiθ Moreover, De Simone does not pay attention to 5 sivai the differences between Lemnian and Etruscan, 6 aker : tavarsio e.g., the gen. -il in morina-il. 7 vanalaσial ·: seronai ·: morinail Fig. 1. Stele of Lemnos. Athens, National Museum. B 1 holaiesi ·: okiasiale : seronaiθ : eviσθ ·: toverona[i? 2?]rom : haralio : sivai : eptesio : arai : tis : oke : Fig. 2. Stele of Lemnos, inscription and transcription. 3 sivai : avis : sialxvis : marasm : avis : aomai : 52 On top of that even more objections to De Dionysos, dealing with Tyrsenian pirates, un- Simone’s theory can be made. If the Etruscans fortunately, cannot be dated. It may date from the would have occupied Lemnos around 700 BC, the Hellenistic period. M. Gras suggests that the pres- Lemnian language would have shown the past ence of Villanova-material in continental Greece tense endings on -ce or -ke, which is not the case: (e.g. helmets in Olympia) in the 8th century BC may it has -ai. In 7th century BC Etruscan inscriptions show the presence of Etruscan pirates in the the -ce/-ke ending is abundantly present; there Aegean area but it is unlikely that pirates dedicated are only two or three possible verb endings on -ai, precious objects to Greek gods. Moreover, there are which can be dated between c. 650 and 600 BC.7 no traces of VN- or Etruscan artefacts on Lemnos. Moreover, Lemnian would have shown the female Italian fibulae (not VN-fibulae) of the 8th century genitive on -as (cf. 7th century BC Etruscan Velelias, BC on Lemnos may have arrived there by com- genitive of Velelia) instead of -al (Vanalasial), and mercial traffic. The material culture of Lemnos does the patronymicum tavarsie-s (cf. Holaie-s) instead not show any trace of VN- or Etruscan culture. of tavarsio (Etruscan patronymica or gentilicia on Gras states: ‘aucun tesson retrouvé dans l’île n’est -iu are late). The encliticum -m occurs in Etruscan étrusque’; possible similarities between VN-materal later than in Lemnian. It may be of Lydian origin. and material on Lemnos are vague.10 Nevertheless Moreover, the enclitica -c and -a may be of Gras does not exclude the arrival of Etruscan Anatolian origin too.8 Lemnian has avi:s and avis pirates on Lemnos: ‘ces pirates dont parle Strabo (probably genitive: ‘of the year’) while Etruscan 6.2.2 d’après Ephore, qui fréquentent le Détroit de has avil (nominative) and avils (genitive). This Messina au milieu du VIIIe siècle et gênent l’instal- difference can be explained when these forms lation des Grecs en Sicile sont, pour ainsi dire, les originate from a common proto-language, which mêmes qui vont jusqu’à Athènes et Lemnos.’11 had the root av(i)-. In Etruscan avil probably orig- L. Beschi states that the Tyrsenian culture on inated like words as vacil, acil from the roots vac- Lemnos is homogeneous from around 800 BC until and ac-. With respect to numerals on -alv- (si- around 500 BC.12 This would fit perfectly with the alve(i)s: of sixty (sa = six)) I agree with Rix that date of Homer’s life in the 9th century BC as sug- the difference between Lemnian sialveis or gested by Ruijgh.13 Beschi supposes that the sialvis and Etruscan sealls is due to a late devel- Tyrsenians migrated from the North Aegean area opment of double genitive (-ls) in Etruscan itself.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Umbria from the Iron Age to the Augustan Era
    UMBRIA FROM THE IRON AGE TO THE AUGUSTAN ERA PhD Guy Jolyon Bradley University College London BieC ILONOIK.] ProQuest Number: 10055445 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10055445 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract This thesis compares Umbria before and after the Roman conquest in order to assess the impact of the imposition of Roman control over this area of central Italy. There are four sections specifically on Umbria and two more general chapters of introduction and conclusion. The introductory chapter examines the most important issues for the history of the Italian regions in this period and the extent to which they are relevant to Umbria, given the type of evidence that survives. The chapter focuses on the concept of state formation, and the information about it provided by evidence for urbanisation, coinage, and the creation of treaties. The second chapter looks at the archaeological and other available evidence for the history of Umbria before the Roman conquest, and maps the beginnings of the formation of the state through the growth in social complexity, urbanisation and the emergence of cult places.
    [Show full text]
  • 0. Introduction L2/12-386
    Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Revised Proposal to Encode Additional Old Italic Characters Source: UC Berkeley Script Encoding Initiative (Universal Scripts Project) Author: Christopher C. Little ([email protected]) Status: Liaison Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Replaces: N4046 (L2/11-146R) Date: 2012-11-06 0. Introduction The existing Old Italic character repertoire includes 31 letters and 4 numerals. The Unicode Standard, following the recommendations in the proposal L2/00-140, states that Old Italic is to be used for the encoding of Etruscan, Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, North Picene, and South Picene. It also specifically states that Old Italic characters are inappropriate for encoding the languages of ancient Italy north of Etruria (Venetic, Raetic, Lepontic, and Gallic). It is true that the inscriptions of languages north of Etruria exhibit a number of common features, but those features are often exhibited by the other scripts of Italy. Only one of these northern languages, Raetic, requires the addition of any additional characters in order to be fully supported by the Old Italic block. Accordingly, following the addition of this one character, the Unicode Standard should be amended to recommend the encoding of Venetic, Raetic, Lepontic, and Gallic using Old Italic characters. In addition, one additional character is necessary to encode South Picene inscriptions. This proposal is divided into five parts: The first part (§1) identifies the two unencoded characters (Raetic Ɯ and South Picene Ũ) and demonstrates their use in inscriptions. The second part (§2) examines the use of each Old Italic character, as it appears in Etruscan, Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, South Picene, Venetic, Raetic, Lepontic, Gallic, and archaic Latin, to demonstrate the unifiability of the northern Italic languages' scripts with Old Italic.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Main Groups of People Settled on Or Near the Italian Peninsula and Influenced Roman Civilization
    Three main groups of people settled on or near the Italian peninsula and influenced Roman civilization. The Latins settled west of the Apennine Mountains and south of the Tiber River around 1000 B.C.E. While there were many advantages to their location near the river, frequent flooding also created problems. The Latin’s’ settlements were small villages built on the “Seven Hills of Rome”. These settlements were known as Latium. The people were farmers and raised livestock. They spoke their own language which became known as Latin. Eventually groups of these people united and formed the city of Rome. Latin became its official language. The Etruscans About 400 years later, another group of people, the Etruscans, settled west of the Apennines just north of the Tiber River. Archaeologists believe that these people came from the eastern Mediterranean region known as Asia Minor (present day Turkey). By 600 B.C.E., the Etruscans ruled much of northern and central Italy, including the town of Rome. The Etruscans were excellent builders and engineers. Two important structures the Romans adapted from the Etruscans were the arch and the cuniculus. The Etruscan arch rested on two pillars that supported a half circle of wedge-shaped stones. The keystone, or center stone, held the other stones in place. A cuniculus was a long underground trench. Vertical shafts connected it to the ground above. Etruscans used these trenches to irrigate land, drain swamps, and to carry water to their cities. The Romans adapted both of these structures and in time became better engineers than the Etruscans.
    [Show full text]
  • A Near Eastern Ethnic Element Among the Etruscan Elite? Jodi Magness University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
    Etruscan Studies Journal of the Etruscan Foundation Volume 8 Article 4 2001 A Near Eastern Ethnic Element Among the Etruscan Elite? Jodi Magness University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/etruscan_studies Recommended Citation Magness, Jodi (2001) "A Near Eastern Ethnic Element Among the Etruscan Elite?," Etruscan Studies: Vol. 8 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/etruscan_studies/vol8/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Etruscan Studies by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Near EasTern EThnic ElemenT Among The ETruscan EliTe? by Jodi Magness INTRODUCTION:THEPROBLEMOFETRUSCANORIGINS 1 “Virtually all archaeologists now agree that the evidence is overwhelmingly in favour of the “indigenous” theory of Etruscan origins: the development of Etruscan culture has to be understood within an evolutionary sequence of social elaboration in Etruria.” 2 “The archaeological evidence now available shows no sign of any invasion, migra- Tion, or colonisaTion in The eighTh cenTury... The formaTion of ETruscan civilisaTion occurred in ITaly by a gradual process, The final sTages of which can be documenTed in The archaeo- logical record from The ninTh To The sevenTh cenTuries BC... For This reason The problem of ETruscan origins is nowadays (righTly) relegaTed To a fooTnoTe in scholarly accounTs.” 3 he origins of the Etruscans have been the subject of debate since classical antiqui- Tty. There have traditionally been three schools of thought (or “models” or “the- ories”) regarding Etruscan origins, based on a combination of textual, archaeo- logical, and linguistic evidence.4 According to the first school of thought, the Etruscans (or Tyrrhenians = Tyrsenoi, Tyrrhenoi) originated in the eastern Mediterranean.
    [Show full text]
  • Etruscan Winged “Demons”
    First in Flight: Etruscan Winged “Demons” Marvin Morris University of California, Berkeley Classical Civilizations Class of 2016 Abstract: Etruscan winged Underworld figures (commonly referred to as winged “demons”) represent one of the most fascinating and least understood aspects of funerary iconography in ancient Etruria. Their function, along with their origin, has long been the subject of scholarly debates. However, over the last two decades, scholars have begun to take a closer look at these chthonic figures. Recent scholarship has begun to provide answers to many of the most fundamental questions concerning their role, even if disagreements remain over their murky origins. Expanding on interpretations that have cast new light on how these winged (and non winged) Underworld figures functioned, questions concerning Etruscan religious beliefs and funerary ideology can now be reconsidered. Introduction: Iconography and Ideology Etruscan winged Underworld figures (commonly referred to as winged “demons”) represent one of the most fascinating and least understood aspects of funerary iconography in ancient Etruria. Their function, along with their origin, has long been the subject of scholarly debates. However, over the last two decades, scholars1 have begun to take a closer look at these chthonic figures. Recent scholarship has begun to provide answers to many of the most fundamental questions concerning their role, even if disagreements remain over their murky origins2. Expanding on interpretations that have cast new light on how these winged (and non winged) Underworld figures functioned, questions concerning Etruscan religious beliefs and funerary ideology can now be reconsidered. One such question concerns the sudden increase in the appearance of winged “demons” that begins to occur around the end of the fifth century BCE.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ancient People of Italy Before the Rise of Rome, Italy Was a Patchwork
    The Ancient People of Italy Before the rise of Rome, Italy was a patchwork of different cultures. Eventually they were all subsumed into Roman culture, but the cultural uniformity of Roman Italy erased what had once been a vast array of different peoples, cultures, languages, and civilizations. All these cultures existed before the Roman conquest of the Italian Peninsula, and unfortunately we know little about any of them before they caught the attention of Greek and Roman historians. Aside from a few inscriptions, most of what we know about the native people of Italy comes from Greek and Roman sources. Still, this information, combined with archaeological and linguistic information, gives us some idea about the peoples that once populated the Italian Peninsula. Italy was not isolated from the outside world, and neighboring people had much impact on its population. There were several foreign invasions of Italy during the period leading up to the Roman conquest that had important effects on the people of Italy. First there was the invasion of Alexander I of Epirus in 334 BC, which was followed by that of Pyrrhus of Epirus in 280 BC. Hannibal of Carthage invaded Italy during the Second Punic War (218–203 BC) with the express purpose of convincing Rome’s allies to abandon her. After the war, Rome rearranged its relations with many of the native people of Italy, much influenced by which peoples had remained loyal and which had supported their Carthaginian enemies. The sides different peoples took in these wars had major impacts on their destinies. In 91 BC, many of the peoples of Italy rebelled against Rome in the Social War.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological and Literary Etruscans: Constructions of Etruscan Identity in the First Century Bce
    ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND LITERARY ETRUSCANS: CONSTRUCTIONS OF ETRUSCAN IDENTITY IN THE FIRST CENTURY BCE John B. Beeby A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: James B. Rives Jennifer Gates-Foster Luca Grillo Carrie Murray James O’Hara © 2019 John B. Beeby ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT John B. Beeby: Archaeological and Literary Etruscans: Constructions of Etruscan Identity in the First Century BCE (Under the direction of James B. Rives) This dissertation examines the construction and negotiation of Etruscan ethnic identity in the first century BCE using both archaeological and literary evidence. Earlier scholars maintained that the first century BCE witnessed the final decline of Etruscan civilization, the demise of their language, the end of Etruscan history, and the disappearance of true Etruscan identity. They saw these changes as the result of Romanization, a one-sided and therefore simple process. This dissertation shows that the changes occurring in Etruria during the first century BCE were instead complex and non-linear. Detailed analyses of both literary and archaeological evidence for Etruscans in the first century BCE show that there was a lively, ongoing discourse between and among Etruscans and non-Etruscans about the place of Etruscans in ancient society. My method musters evidence from Late Etruscan family tombs of Perugia, Vergil’s Aeneid, and Books 1-5 of Livy’s history. Chapter 1 introduces the topic of ethnicity in general and as it relates specifically to the study of material remains and literary criticism.
    [Show full text]
  • World Script Symposia 2014
    World Script Symposia 2014 On the relation between speech and writing: The case of the Latin alphabet and the Romance languages Julien Eychenne Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Writing • Writing probably represents Homo Sapiens’ greatest cultural achievement • It makes it possible to represent, and therefore store, human thoughts and thus detach them from the constraints of real-time communication • It enables us to pass on information from one generation to the next, often in an unaltered form • It has allowed a tremendous growth in terms of cultural production and shared knowledge • See development of science and technology Speech and writing • Writing is a relatively recent invention in the history of Humanity • Recent estimates situate the apparition of spoken language around -100,000 • Writing frst appeared some 5,200 years ago in Mesopotamia (nowadays Iraq) • There are between 3,000 and 6,000 languages in the world, many of which are not written • Non-pathological humans spontaneously learn to talk, whereas writing requires explicit training Outline • Origins of the Latin alphabet • From Latin to the Romance languages • Writing in contemporary society • Conclusion ORIGINS OF THE LATIN ALPHABET The origins of Latin • Latin is an Indo-European language, related to the majority of languages spoken in Europe and Northern India • It was spoken in the Latium province (modern Italy), more specifcally in the city of Rome, from around 700 BC • It is related to a small group of dialects spoken in the Italic peninsula (the Italic branch),
    [Show full text]
  • Etruscan News 20
    Volume 20 20th ANNIVERSARY ISSUE Winter 2018 XXIX Conference of Etruscan and of Giacomo Devoto and Luisa Banti, Italic Studies and where he eventually became Luisa L’Etruria delle necropoli Banti’s successor as Professor of Etruscan Studies at the University of rupestri Florence. Tuscania-Viterbo For twenty years he was the October 26-28, 2017 President of the National Institute of Reviewed by Sara Costantini Etruscan and Italic Studies, with me at his side as Vice President, and for ten From 26 to 28 October, the XXIX years he was head of the historic Conference of Etruscan and Italic Etruscan Academy of Cortona as its Studies, entitled “The Etruria of the Lucumo. He had long directed, along- Rock-Cut Tombs,” took place in side Massimo Pallottino, the Course of Tuscania and Viterbo. The many schol- Etruscology and Italic Antiquities of the ars who attended the meeting were able University for Foreigners of Perugia, to take stock of the new knowledge and and was for some years President of the the problems that have arisen, 45 years Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae after the first conference dedicated to Classicae (LIMC), for which he wrote interior Etruria. The first day’s activi- more than twenty entries. ties, which took place in the Rivellino Cortona, member of the Accademia dei Giovannangelo His activity as field archaeologist Theater “Veriano Luchetti” of Tuscania, Lincei and President of the National Camporeale included the uninterrupted direction, with excellent acoustics, had as their Institute of Etruscan and Italic Studies; 1933-2017 since 1980, of the excavation of the main theme the historical and archaeo- he died on July 1 of this year.
    [Show full text]
  • Etruscan News 19
    Volume 19 Winter 2017 Vulci - A year of excavation New treasures from the Necropolis of Poggio Mengarelli by Carlo Casi InnovativeInnovative TechnologiesTechnologies The inheritance of power: reveal the inscription King’s sceptres and the on the Stele di Vicchio infant princes of Spoleto, by P. Gregory Warden by P. Gregory Warden Umbria The Stele di Vicchio is beginning to by Joachim Weidig and Nicola Bruni reveal its secrets. Now securely identi- fied as a sacred text, it is the third 700 BC: Spoleto was the center of longest after the Liber Linteus and the Top, the “Tomba della Truccatrice,” her cosmetics still in jars at left. an Umbrian kingdom, as suggested by Capua Tile, and the earliest of the three, Bottom, a warrior’s iron and bronze short spear with a coiled handle. the new finds from the Orientalizing securely dated to the end of the 6th cen- necropolis of Piazza d’Armi that was tury BCE. It is also the only one of the It all started in January 2016 when even the heavy stone cap of the chamber partially excavated between 2008 and three with a precise archaeological con- the guards of the park, during the usual cover. The robbers were probably dis- 2011 by the Soprintendenza text, since it was placed in the founda- inspections, noticed a new hole made by turbed during their work by the frequent Archeologia dell’Umbria. The finds tions of the late Archaic temple at the grave robbers the night before. nightly rounds of the armed park guards, were processed and analysed by a team sanctuary of Poggio Colla (Vicchio di Strangely the clandestine excavation but they did have time to violate two of German and Italian researchers that Mugello, Firenze).
    [Show full text]
  • Reading Death in Ancient Rome
    Reading Death in Ancient Rome Reading Death in Ancient Rome Mario Erasmo The Ohio State University Press • Columbus Copyright © 2008 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Erasmo, Mario. Reading death in ancient Rome / Mario Erasmo. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8142-1092-5 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8142-1092-9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Death in literature. 2. Funeral rites and ceremonies—Rome. 3. Mourning cus- toms—Rome. 4. Latin literature—History and criticism. I. Title. PA6029.D43E73 2008 870.9'3548—dc22 2008002873 This book is available in the following editions: Cloth (ISBN 978-0-8142-1092-5) CD-ROM (978-0-8142-9172-6) Cover design by DesignSmith Type set in Adobe Garamond Pro by Juliet Williams Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI 39.48-1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Figures vii Preface and Acknowledgments ix INTRODUCTION Reading Death CHAPTER 1 Playing Dead CHAPTER 2 Staging Death CHAPTER 3 Disposing the Dead 5 CHAPTER 4 Disposing the Dead? CHAPTER 5 Animating the Dead 5 CONCLUSION 205 Notes 29 Works Cited 24 Index 25 List of Figures 1. Funerary altar of Cornelia Glyce. Vatican Museums. Rome. 2. Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus. Vatican Museums. Rome. 7 3. Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus (background). Vatican Museums. Rome. 68 4. Epitaph of Rufus.
    [Show full text]
  • Etruscan: an Archaic Form of Hungarian (Book Summary) by Mario Alinei
    Etruscan: an archaic form of Hungarian (book summary) by Mario Alinei The Hungarian translation of my book Etrusco: una forma arcaica di ungherese, il Mulino, Bologna, 2003, has been published by ALL PRINT Kiadó, Budapest, 2005, with the title: Ancient link: the Magyar-Etruscan linguistic relationship 1 In the two volumes reproduced in the following figure, which came out respectively in 1996 and 2000, I have illustrated the Palaeolithic Continuity Theory (PCT) on Indo-European, Uralic and Altaic languages. This theory has been advanced independently, and/or is at present followed by such scholars as the Belgian prehistorian Marcel Otte (Un. of Liège), the German archaeologist Alexander Häusler (Univ. of Halle), the French linguist Jean Le Du (Univ. of Brest), the Spanish linguist Xaverio Ballester (Univ. of Valencia), the Italian linguists Gabriele Costa (Univ. of Terni), Francesco Benozzo (Univ. of Bologna), Franco Cavazza (Univ. of Bologna) and others. The main point of the PCT is that Indo-European, Uralic and Altaic people belong to the groups of Homo sapiens who have populated Eurasia since Palaeolithic times. 2 The PCT has an important predecessor in the URALIC CONTINUITY THEORY (uralilainen jatkuvuusteoria), currently accepted by the great majority of Uralic linguists and archaeologists. According to this theory Uralic populations belonged to the groups of Homo sapiens sapiens who had settled in Europe in Palaeolithic times. They were thus already in Eastern Europe during the last Glacial (13.000 b.C.), and moved to the North at the time of the deglaciation (9.000 b.C.), in order to continue their culture of specialized hunters and fishermen (see figure).
    [Show full text]