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Los Caminos De Yucatán En La Encrucijada Del Siglo Xvi

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Los Caminos De Yucatán En La Encrucijada Del Siglo Xvi CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES Y ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES EN ANTROPOLOGÍA SOCIAL LOS CAMINOS DE YUCATÁN EN LA ENCRUCIJADA DEL SIGLO XVI T E S I S QUE PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAESTRO EN HISTORIA P R E S E N T A RICARDO ESCAMILLA PERAZA DIRECTORA DE TESIS: DRA. VALENTINA GARZA MARTÍNEZ MÉRIDA, YUCATÁN, AGOSTO DE 2012 ÍNDICE ÍNDICE.......................................................................................................................................................... 1 AGRADECIMIENTOS ..................................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................................................... 4 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA Y PREGUNTAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN ........................................................... 4 DIMENSIONES DEL ESTUDIO .......................................................................................................................... 5 Espacio ....................................................................................................................................................... 6 Tiempo ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 JUSTIFICACIÓN ............................................................................................................................................... 9 OBJETIVO GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Objetivos específicos ................................................................................................................................ 10 ESTADO DEL ARTE......................................................................................................................................... 11 ENFOQUE TEÓRICO ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Conceptos y ejes de análisis ..................................................................................................................... 15 Cultura ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 HIPÓTESIS ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 METODOLOGÍA ............................................................................................................................................ 18 Fuentes .................................................................................................................................................... 19 CAPÍTULO I: CONTEXTO GEOGRÁFICO Y DEMOGRÁFICO ............................................................................ 24 I.1 YUCATÁN, “UNA DE LAS MÁS PEDREGOSAS DEL UNIVERSO”. CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL MEDIO FÍSICO ..... 26 I.2.1 Flora ................................................................................................................................................. 31 I.2.2 Fauna ............................................................................................................................................... 33 I.3 CAMINOS PRECOLONIALES MAYAS ......................................................................................................... 42 I.3.1 Inferencias de intercambios de largo alcance .................................................................................. 44 I.3.2 Construcción de caminos mayas ...................................................................................................... 47 I.3.3 Interpretaciones de los caminos mayas ........................................................................................... 52 I.3.4 Caminos y fronteras, los sacbeo’ob como marcadores de territorialidad ....................................... 54 CAPÍTULO II: LAS MARCHAS DE LA CONQUISTA CASTELLANA .................................................................... 59 II.1 EL RECORRIDO DE CORTÉS AL SUR DE YUCATÁN (1524-1525) ................................................................ 60 II.1.1 Los puentes del capitán “Malinche ................................................................................................. 66 II.1.2 El caballo-trueno ............................................................................................................................. 69 II.1.3 La Retirada ...................................................................................................................................... 70 II.2 TRES INTENTOS DE CONQUISTA Y SUS RUTAS ........................................................................................ 75 II.2.1 Primeras Rutas 1527-1529 .............................................................................................................. 77 II.2.2 Segunda entrada: 1530 a 1535 ....................................................................................................... 81 II.2.3 La ocupación permanente (1535-1548) .......................................................................................... 89 CAPÍTULO III: LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LOS CAMINOS COLONIALES .............................................................. 98 III.1 LOS CAMINOS EN LA LEGISLACIÓN INDIANA ......................................................................................... 99 III.1.1 La libertad de tránsito .................................................................................................................. 100 1 III.1.2 Hospedaje para los viajeros ......................................................................................................... 100 III.1.3 Tasaciones para el transporte...................................................................................................... 101 III.2 LA APLICACIÓN DE LA NORMATIVIDAD INDIANA DE CAMINOS EN YUCATÁN ..................................... 102 III.3 LA TRANSPORTACIÓN DURANTE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN DE QUIJADA (1561-1565) .............................. 104 CAPÍTULO IV: CAMINOS A LA SALVACIÓN ................................................................................................ 113 IV.1 XIBAL-BÉH AL XIBALBÁ, CAMINO AL INFRAMUNDO MAYA ................................................................. 115 IV.2 LA EXPANSIÓN MISIONERA ................................................................................................................. 119 IV.2.1 La visita del padre comisario fray Alonso Ponce en Yucatán (1587-1588) .................................. 128 CAPÍTULO V: CAMINOS AL MAR ............................................................................................................... 146 V.1 EL MEDITERRÁNEO AMERICANO .......................................................................................................... 146 V.2 RECURSOS LITORALES .......................................................................................................................... 151 V.3 CALZADA DE SISAL ................................................................................................................................ 152 V.4 TRANSPORTACIÓN SOBRE LOS CAMINOS DE AGUA ............................................................................. 155 V.5 LA ENCRUCIJADA ATLÁNTICA: LOS ENCLAVES NAVALES ...................................................................... 160 CAPÍTULO VI: LOS CARGADORES MAYAS ................................................................................................. 168 VI.1 PROTECCIÓN A LOS TAMEMES ............................................................................................................ 168 VI.2 EQUIPOS PARA LA TRAVESÍA ............................................................................................................... 175 VI.3 LA MÍMESIS DEL VIAJERO EN SU ENTORNO ......................................................................................... 179 VI.4 HUELLAS DE CAMINOS EN EL CAMINANTE .......................................................................................... 184 CONSIDERACIONES FINALES .................................................................................................................... 189 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .......................................................................................................................................... 194 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS La presente investigación pudo llevarse a cabo gracias al financiamiento otorgado por el Programa de Becas Nacionales del CONACYT Desde luego, deseo agradecer a los investigadores del CIESAS de la Unidad Peninsular y de las demás unidades que participaron en la revisión y corrección de la tesis, la Dra. Valentina Garza Martínez directora de la tesis, Dra. Clara Elena Suarez al maestro Juan Manuel Pérez Ceballos, de la Unidad D.F, el sinodal externo Dra. Mónica Chávez del CIRS-UADY, Dr. Carlos Macías, Dr. Pedro Bracamonte director de la Unidad, Dra. Gabriela Solís coordinadora del programa de posgrado, a mis profesores de la maestría, Dra. Paola Peniche, Dra. Laura Machuca, Dr. Mario Trujillo Bolio por sus aportaciones, al personal de la unidad en especial a la Secretaria Técnica del Programa de Posgrado en Historia de la Unidad Peninsular María Concepción Ramos
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