The Wave Energy Converter Design Process: Methods Applied in Industry and Shortcomings of Current Practices
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Primary Energy Use and Environmental Effects of Electric Vehicles
Article Primary Energy Use and Environmental Effects of Electric Vehicles Efstathios E. Michaelides Department of Engineering, TCU, Fort Worth, TX 76132, USA; [email protected] Abstract: The global market of electric vehicles has become one of the prime growth industries of the 21st century fueled by marketing efforts, which frequently assert that electric vehicles are “very efficient” and “produce no pollution.” This article uses thermodynamic analysis to determine the primary energy needs for the propulsion of electric vehicles and applies the energy/exergy trade-offs between hydrocarbons and electricity propulsion of road vehicles. The well-to-wheels efficiency of electric vehicles is comparable to that of vehicles with internal combustion engines. Heat transfer to or from the cabin of the vehicle is calculated to determine the additional energy for heating and air-conditioning needs, which must be supplied by the battery, and the reduction of the range of the vehicle. The article also determines the advantages of using fleets of electric vehicles to offset the problems of the “duck curve” that are caused by the higher utilization of wind and solar energy sources. The effects of the substitution of internal combustion road vehicles with electric vehicles on carbon dioxide emission avoidance are also examined for several national electricity grids. It is determined that grids, which use a high fraction of coal as their primary energy source, will actually increase the carbon dioxide emissions; while grids that use a high fraction of renewables and nuclear energy will significantly decrease their carbon dioxide emissions. Globally, the carbon dioxide emissions will decrease by approximately 16% with the introduction of electric vehicles. -
Optical Character Recognition - a Combined ANN/HMM Approach
Optical Character Recognition - A Combined ANN/HMM Approach Dissertation submitted to the Department of Computer Science Technical University of Kaiserslautern for the fulfillment of the requirements for the doctoral degree Doctor of Engineering (Dr.-Ing.) by Sheikh Faisal Rashid Dean: Prof. Dr. Klaus Schneider Thesis supervisors: Prof. Dr. Thomas Breuel, TU Kaiserslautern Prof. Dr. Andreas Dengel, TU Kaiserslautern Chair of supervisory committee: Prof. Dr. Karsten Berns, TU Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern, 11 July, 2014 D 386 Abstract Optical character recognition (OCR) of machine printed text is ubiquitously considered as a solved problem. However, error free OCR of degraded (broken and merged) and noisy text is still challenging for modern OCR systems. OCR of degraded text with high accuracy is very important due to many applications in business, industry and large scale document digitization projects. This thesis presents a new OCR method for degraded text recognition by introducing a combined ANN/HMM OCR approach. The approach provides significantly better performance in comparison with state-of-the-art HMM based OCR methods and existing open source OCR systems. In addition, the thesis introduces novel applications of ANNs and HMMs for document image preprocessing and recognition of low resolution text. Furthermore, the thesis provides psychophysical experiments to determine the effect of letter permutation in visual word recognition of Latin and Cursive script languages. HMMs and ANNs are widely employed pattern recognition paradigms and have been used in numerous pattern classification problems. This work presents a simple and novel method for combining the HMMs and ANNs in application to segmentation free OCR of degraded text. HMMs and ANNs are powerful pattern recognition strategies and their combination is interesting to improve current state-of-the-art research in OCR. -
2017 2030 a Forward Looking Primary Energy Factor for A
A forward looking Primary Energy Factor for a greener European Future What is the Primary Energy Factor and why does it exist? The Primary Energy Factor (PEF) connects primary and final energy. It indicates how much primary energy is used to generate a unit of electricity or a unit of useable thermal energy. It allows for comparison between the primary energy consumption of products with the same functionality (e.g. heating) using different energy carriers (particularly electricity vs. fossil fuels). Electricity is a final energy carrier, produced from different primary energy sources like fossil fuels (gas, coal), nuclear and renewables (hydro, wind, solar). Currently a PEF of 2.5 is used as a “conversion factor" to express electricity consumption/savings in primary energy consumption/savings, regardless of the type of energy source used to produce it (also when the electricity comes from renewables). The current conversion factor implies that 1 unit of electricity requires an input of 2.5 units of primary energy. This assumes all power generation in the EU to have a 40% efficiency (100 / 2.5 = 40) – even non-dispatchable renewables from which energy is harnessed without the combustion of fuel. A PEF of 2.5 is too high and does not reflect the reality of power generation. The need to update the PEF to 2.0 The Commission has decided to review the PEF value and methodology in the Energy Efficiency Directive to better reflect the EU energy mix, in particular today’s share of renewable energy in electricity generation and its strong increase in the near future . -
Cap Height Body X-Height Crossbar Terminal Counter Bowl Stroke Loop
Cap Height Body X-height -height is the distance between the -Cap height refers to the height of a -In typography, the body height baseline of a line of type and tops capital letter above the baseline for refers to the distance between the of the main body of lower case a particular typeface top of the tallest letterform to the letters (i.e. excluding ascenders or bottom of the lowest one. descenders). Crossbar Terminal Counter -In typography, the terminal is a In typography, the enclosed or par- The (usually) horizontal stroke type of curve. Many sources con- tially enclosed circular or curved across the middle of uppercase A sider a terminal to be just the end negative space (white space) of and H. It CONNECTS the ends and (straight or curved) of any stroke some letters such as d, o, and s is not cross over them. that doesn’t include a serif the counter. Bowl Stroke Loop -In typography, it is the curved part -Stroke of a letter are the lines that of a letter that encloses the circular make up the character. Strokes may A curving or doubling of a line so or curved parts (counter) of some be straight, as k,l,v,w,x,z or curved. as to form a closed or partly open letters such as d, b, o, D, and B is Other letter parts such as bars, curve within itself through which the bowl. arms, stems, and bowls are collec- another line can be passed or into tively referred to as the strokes that which a hook may be hooked make up a letterform Ascender Baseline Descnder In typography, the upward vertical Lowercases that extends or stem on some lowercase letters, such In typography, the baseline descends below the baselines as h and b, that extends above the is the imaginary line upon is the descender x-height is the ascender. -
Total Energy Consumption by Fuel, EU-27
EN26 Total Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel Key message Fossil fuels continue to dominate total energy consumption, but environmental pressures have been reduced, partly due to a significant switch from coal and lignite to relatively cleaner natural gas in the 1990s. The share of renewable energy sources remains small despite an increase in absolute terms. Overall, total primary energy consumption increased by an average of 0.6 % per annum during the period 1990-2005 (9.8 % overall) thus counteracting some of the environmental benefits from fuel switching. Rationale The indicator provides an indication of the environmental pressures originating from energy consumption. The environmental impacts such as resource depletion, greenhouse gas emissions, air pollutant emissions and radioactive waste generation strongly depend on the type and amount of fuel consumed. Fig. 1: Total energy consumption by fuel, EU-27 1800 1600 1400 1200 Renewables Nuclear 1000 Coal and lignite Gas 800 Oil 600 400 Million tonnes of oil equivalents 200 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Data source: EEA, Eurostat (historic data) 1. Indicator assessment Total primary energy consumption in the EU-27 increased by 9.8 % between 1990 and 2005. Over the same period, the share of fossil fuels, including coal, lignite, oil and natural gas, in primary energy consumption declined slightly from 83 % in 1990 to 79.0 % in 2005, although fossil fuel consumption increased in absolute terms (by more than 4 %). The use of fossil fuels has considerable impact on the environment and is the main cause of greenhouse gas emissions. -
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS Desktop Publishing Terms Overview
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS Desktop Publishing Terms Overview GOAL: Produce a reference guide demonstrating desktop publishing (DTP) terms. Crosswalk Measurable Learner to Show-Me Instructional Activities Assessment Objectives Standards Define terms related to desktop CA1, 2.1 Accurately define at least 15 Use the Desktop Publishing Terms publishing. A1 alphabetized desktop publishing terms to assessment to evaluate the definitions Import text files and word CA1, 2.1 be used as a reference guide. Students provided of each term. Also evaluate processing documents into will select terms from a listing generated the ability to demonstrate the specified publications. C2 by the instructor or other provided terms; the use of appropriate desktop Set margins. B1 CA1, 2.1 source(s). The terms will be displayed publishing layout and design with text, Create columns. B2 CA1, 2.1 in an appropriate easy-to-read format graphics, columns, and gutters Set guttering. B3 CA1, 2.1 according to DTP concepts. Each effectively manipulated; the use of Create an effective focal point. CA1, 2.1 definition is to demonstrate the term appropriately selected graphics to B6 used, e.g., drop cap will begin with a represent definitions; proper font Utilize pasteboard. B7 CA1, 2.1 drop cap. Effective DTP layout and selection and sizing; and the use of the Import graphics from various CA3, 2.7 design are to be used in margins, focal number of terms and graphics specified. sources (e.g., software-specific point, columns and gutters, etc. A The ability to provide an error-free library, other applications, minimum of 5 related graphics are to be document will also be assessed. -
Thermophotovoltaic Energy in Space Applications: Review and Future Potential A
Thermophotovoltaic energy in space applications: Review and future potential A. Datas , A. Marti ABSTRACT This article reviews the state of the art and historical development of thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion along with that of the main competing technologies, i.e. Stirling, Brayton, thermoelectrics, and thermionics, in the field of space power generation. Main advantages of TPV are the high efficiency, the absence of moving parts, and the fact that it directly generates DC power. The main drawbacks are the unproven reliability and the low rejection temperature, which makes necessary the use of relatively large radiators. This limits the usefulness of TPV to small/medium power applications (100 We-class) that includes radioisotope (RTPV) and small solar thermal (STPV) generators. In this article, next generation TPV concepts are also revisited in order to explore their potential in future space power applications. Among them, multiband TPV cells are found to be the most promising in the short term because of their higher conversion efficiencies at lower emitter temperatures; thus significantly reducing the amount of rejected heat and the required radiator mass. 1. Introduction into electricity. A few of them enable a direct conversion process (e.g. PV and fuel cells), but the majority require the intermediate generation A number of technological options exist for power generation in of heat, which is subsequently converted into electricity by a heat space, which are selected depending on the mission duration and the engine. Thus, many kinds of heat engines have been developed within electric power requirements. For very short missions, chemical energy the frame of international space power R&D programs. -
Word 2010 Basics I
Microsoft Word Fonts [email protected] Microsoft Word Fonts 1.0 hours Format Font ............................................................................................. 3 Font Dialog Box ........................................................................................ 4 Effects ................................................................................................ 4 Set as Default… .................................................................................. 4 Text Effects .............................................................................................. 5 Format Text Effects Pane ................................................................... 6 Typography .............................................................................................. 7 Advanced Font Features .......................................................................... 8 Drop Cap ................................................................................................. 8 Symbols .................................................................................................... 9 Class Exercise ......................................................................................... 10 Exercise 1: Simple Font Formatting ................................................. 10 Exercise 2: Advanced Options .......................................................... 12 Exercise 3: Text Effects, Symbols, Superscript, Subscript ................ 13 Exercise 4: More Formats ............................................................... -
Path to a Baseline Proposal for Copper and Backplane PMD Clauses
November 2014 IEEE 802.3 25 Gb/s Ethernet Study Group 1 Path to a baseline proposal for copper and backplane PMD clauses Adee Ran Intel October 2014 November 2014 IEEE 802.3 25 Gb/s Ethernet Study Group 2 Introduction • This presentation aims at laying out the required components of a cable/backplane PMDs baseline proposal: • Suggested editorial structure • Technical components that require some work • Choices that do not seem obvious • The three objectives accepted by the study group in the September interim serve as the foundation: November 2014 IEEE 802.3 25 Gb/s Ethernet Study Group 3 General ideas • Assume a new clause will be created for a single-lane copper cable PMD • Refer back to clause 92 wherever appropriate • Assume a new clause will be created for a single-lane backplane PMD • Refer back to clause 93 wherever appropriate • Share structure and content between the backplane and cable PMD clauses where possible • Possible new concepts for the cable PMD: • More than one PMD “class” (exact definition has to be decided), so multiple electrical specifications • More than one loss budget, so multiple channel constructions • Choice of using FEC, possibly two FEC types, possibly different PCS encodings • Choice of MDIs Note: “class” used here temporarily until we decide on nomenclature (type, subtype, optional feature, or combinations ) November 2014 IEEE 802.3 25 Gb/s Ethernet Study Group 4 General structure – copper cable clause Subclauses of clause 92 (Boldface text means a possibly non-obvious change; strikethrough text means subclause can be omitted) 1. Overview 2. PMD service interface 3. -
G-2: Total Primary Energy Supply
G-2: Total primary energy supply 1) General description ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1) Brief definition .................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2) Units of measurement ................................................................................................................... 2 1.3) Context………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2 2) Relevance for environmental policy ......................................................................................... 2 2.1) Purpose ................................................................................................................................................ 2 2.2) Issue ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 2.3) International agreements and targets ................................................................................. 3 a) Global level ............................................................................................................................................ 3 b) Regional level ........................................................................................................................................ 3 c) Subregional level ................................................................................................................................. -
Digital Desktop Publishing Course Code: 5176
DIGITAL DESKTOP PUBLISHING COURSE CODE: 5176 COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course brings together graphics and text to create professional level documents and publications. Students create, format, illustrate, design, edit/revise, and print publications. Improved productivity of digitally produced newsletters, flyers, brochures, reports, advertising materials, catalogs, and other publications is emphasized. OBJECTIVE: Given the necessary equipment, supplies, and facilities, the student will be able to successfully complete all of the following core competencies for a course granting one unit of credit. RECOMMENDED GRADE LEVELS: 10–12 COURSE CREDIT: 1 Carnegie unit PREREQUISITE: Computer Applications or Integrated Business Applications 1 RECOMMENDED SOFTWARE: Adobe InDesign COMPUTER REQUIREMENT: One computer per student OTHER APPLICABLE SOFTWARE: Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Publisher, and Microsoft Word RESOURCES: www.mysctextbooks.com A. SAFETY 1. Review school safety policies and procedures. 2. Review classroom safety rules and procedures. 3. Review safety procedures for using equipment in the classroom. 4. Identify major causes of work-related accidents in office environments. 5. Demonstrate safety skills in an office/work environment. B. STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS 1. Identify the purpose and goals of a Career and Technology Student Organization (CTSO). 2. Explain how CTSOs are integral parts of specific clusters, majors, and/or courses. 3. Explain the benefits and responsibilities of being a member of a CTSO. 4. List leadership opportunities that are available to students through participation in CTSO conferences, competitions, community service, philanthropy, and other activities. October 2014 5. Explain how participation in CTSOs can promote lifelong benefits in other professional and civic organizations. C. TECHNOLOGY KNOWLEDGE 1. Demonstrate proficiency and skills associated with the use of technologies that are common to a specific occupation. -
A New Wave of Evidence: the Impact of School, Family, and Community
SEDL – Advancing Research, Improving Education A New Wave of Evidence The Impact of School, Family, and Community Connections on Student Achievement Annual Synthesis 2002 Anne T. Henderson Karen L. Mapp SEDL – Advancing Research, Improving Education A New Wave of Evidence The Impact of School, Family, and Community Connections on Student Achievement Annual Synthesis 2002 Anne T. Henderson Karen L. Mapp Contributors Amy Averett Deborah Donnelly Catherine Jordan Evangelina Orozco Joan Buttram Marilyn Fowler Margaret Myers Lacy Wood National Center for Family and Community Connections with Schools SEDL 4700 Mueller Blvd. Austin, Texas 78723 Voice: 512-476-6861 or 800-476-6861 Fax: 512-476-2286 Web site: www.sedl.org E-mail: [email protected] Copyright © 2002 by Southwest Educational Development Laboratory (SEDL). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from SEDL or by submitting a copyright request form accessible at http://www.sedl.org/about/copyright_request.html on the SEDL Web site. This publication was produced in whole or in part with funds from the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, under contract number ED-01-CO-0009. The content herein does not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of Education, or any other agency of the U.S. government, or any other source. To the late Susan McAllister Swap For more than 20 years, Sue worked tirelessly with both parents and edu- cators, exploring how to develop closer, richer, deeper partnerships.