Fungi Boletus edulis Bull. ex Fr. King bolete Boletaceae Ecology Description: Native. Cap 8-30 cm wide, convex or bun shaped, brown to yellow brown; undercap pore sponge- like, white when young, then yellowish brown; stalk 8-25 cm long, 2-7 cm thick, white to brown; flesh thick, does not turn blue when bruised; spore print olive Boletus edulis brown. Range and distribution: Temperate forests throughout Cultivation: Not cultivated in North America. Northern Hemisphere. Widespread and locally common; Transplant viability: Techniques under development in solitary or in groups. Europe and New Zealand. Associations: Conifers, especially spruce species in the Pacific Northwest. Collection Habitat: Terrestrial, woods, and edges. Part harvested: Mushroom (fruiting body, sporocarp). Successional stage: Clearcutting eliminates fruiting until a new stand is established. Harvest techniques: Plucked or cut. Harvested when young or else becomes riddled with insect larvae. Ecological relations: Forms ectomycorrizae with range of conifer and hardwood species. Fire ecology is un- Harvest season: During fruiting season locally. known. Regeneration after harvest: Perennial mycelium and ectomycorrhizae. Biology Flowering and fruiting: Main fruiting in autumn, espe- Uses and Products cially on the coast. A complex of similar species fruit Common uses: As food, specialty food in restaurants. from spring through autumn at high elevations. Indigenous uses: As part of diet, cooked on hot stones, Seed: Wind-dispersed spores. baked, or fried. Vegetative reproduction: Mycelia might be trans- Common products: Fresh or dried food product. ported by insects or animals to establish new colonies. New harvestable parts are produced from a perennial Types of markets: Specialty food markets, restaurants, mycelium and export to Europe. 129 Fungi Comments and Areas of Concern References Long-term reduction of spore dispersal. Effects of tim- Arora (1986, 1991), Moerman (1998b), Molina et al. ber management on productivity and managing stands (1993) to sustain and enhance production. 130 Fungi Cantharellus spp. Chanterelle Cantharellaceae C. formosus Corner, Pacific golden chanterelle C. subalbidus Smith & Moorse, White chanterelle Ecology Description: Native. Trumpet shaped; orange to yel- low-orange cap 3-15 cm wide, concave or wavy when mature; gills veinlike with folds and ridges running down Cantharellus stalk, same color as cap or paler; solid stalk 2-10 cm long; 0.5-3 cm wide; spore print creamy or yellow; odor fruity like apricots. White chanterelle is off-white, bruis- es yellow orange, and is more robust. Vegetative reproduction: Mycelia might be trans- ported by insects or animals to establish new colonies. Range and distribution: Edible chanterelle species New harvestable parts are produced from a perennial widespread globally. Cantharellus formosus and mycelium. C. subalbidus restricted to coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. Singly, but often in groups, occa- Cultivation: Not cultivated in North America. sionally in fused clusters. Transplant viability: Commercial cultivation not yet Associations: Douglas-fir/hemlock forests. achieved, although methods are being developed in Sweden. Habitat: Terrestrial, conifer forests; C. formosus com- mon in young stands, but similar (undescribed) species may be an old-growth associate. White chanterelles in Collection conifer forests and somewhat higher elevations. Part harvested: Mushroom (fruiting body, sporocarp). Successional stage: Regenerated stands must be 15 Harvest techniques: Plucked or cut. Dirty base re- years or older before fruiting resumes. moved before placing in collection container. Ecological relations: Forms symbiotic relations with Harvest season: From summer through autumn. roots of forest trees through ectomycorrhizae. Regeneration after harvest: Regeneration is from perennial mycelium and ectomycorrhizae. Better regen- Biology eration if these are not disturbed. Flowering and fruiting: Fruits in cool, moist weather, summer through autumn. Uses and Products Seed: Wind-dispersed spores. Common uses: Food for personal use and in restaurants. 131 Fungi Indigenous uses: Only two documented cases in west- Comments and Areas of Concern ern North America. Long-term reduction of spore dispersal. Effects of tim- Common products: Fresh or canned mushrooms. ber management on productivity and managing stands Occasionally dried and exported. to sustain and enhance production. Types of markets: Specialty produce markets, restau- rants, and export to Europe. References Arora (1986, 1991), Molina et al. (1993) 132 Fungi Leucangium carthusianum Tuslane & Tuslane Oregon black truffle Helvellaceae Leucangium carthusianum Ecology Cultivation: Not cultivated in North America other than informal inoculation trials. Description: Native. Potato-shaped, underground fruit- ing body, 0.5-4.5 cm broad, round to irregular, minutely Transplant viability: Anecdotal evidence of spore warty; dark brown to black; interior solid with pockets slurries enhancing production; not confirmed of fertile tissue, marbled with paler sterile veins, whitish statistically. when young, becoming gray to green-gray; aroma of pineapple. Collection Range and distribution: Pacific Northwest and Eu- rope. Singly or small groups. Part harvested: Truffle (fruiting body, sporocarp). Associations: Douglas-fir forests. Harvest techniques: Litter and duff layers are raked. Dogs can be used to sniff out ripe truffles. Look for Habitat: Underground with Douglas-fir in the North- rodent digs. Disturbed duff and litter should be re- west, other tree genera in Europe. placed. Marketing unripe truffles can diminish product reputation. Successional stage: Most common in young dense plantations at low elevations and valley margins; often Harvest season: From October through February. on private land. Regeneration after harvest: Perennial mycelium and Ecological relations: Forms mycorrhizae with Dou- ectomycorrhizae. glas-fir. Fire ecology unknown. Uses and Products Biology Common uses: Flavoring, added to sauces, popular Flowering and fruiting: Late fall through early spring. gourmet item in restaurants. Seed: Spores. Sporulates underground; odor induces Indigenous uses: None documented. mammal mycophagy. Spores dispersed in feces. Common products: Fresh, frozen, and preserved in Vegetative reproduction: Mycelia might be trans- oil. ported by insects or animals to establish new colonies. New harvestable parts are produced from perennial Types of markets: Restaurants. mycelium. 133 Fungi Comments and Areas of Concern References Damage to soil, tree roots or truffle mycelium from Arora (1986), Molina et al. (1993) deep raking. Possible spread of root rot fungi on rake tines. 134 Fungi Morchella spp. Morel Morchellaceae M. elata Fr.:Fr. sensu Weber (1995), Natural or black morel Ecology Description: Native. Many species. The black morel has a fertile head, 2-17 cm high, 2-6 cm wide, round to cone-shaped, honeycombed with pits and ridges; grayish Morchella tan to brown to black; pits lighter color than ridges; cap ingrown to stalk, minutely grandular stalk 1.5-10 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, without a sack or cup at base; color Vegetative reproduction: New harvestable parts are from ivory to tan; cap and stem hollow. produced from a perennial mycelium. Pseudosclerotia serve as nutrient storage structures. Range and distribution: Various species widespread throughout North America; natural or black morel Cultivation: Small cultivation industry in North (M. elata) common in intermountain West. Widespread; America. solitary to clustered. Transplant viability: Spores generate readily in culture, Associations: Mixed conifers at mid to high elevations. but difficult to fruit, some commercial cultivation, mycelium can be purchased to establish “patches.” Habitat: Terrestrial, forested, and previously forested areas; streamsides, and burned or disturbed areas. Collection Successional stage: Early to late successional; some species fruit perennially, others in large flushes after Part harvested: Fruiting body. fires, tree death, or ground disturbance. Harvest techniques: Cut with a knife about 1.5 cm Ecological relations: Most species saprobic, some may from the ground to obtain clean specimens. Leave the be facultatively mycorrhizal; complex life cycles. Large mycelium in the ground and undisturbed. Some of the flushes of some morel species fruit for the first spring or mushrooms are left, especially old ones (spores mature two after fires. late). Search areas disturbed the previous year by log- ging, fire, or tree death. Biology Harvest season: From spring through summer. Flowering and fruiting: Fruiting in spring and summer Regeneration after harvest: Unknown mechanism, after snowmelt. possibly perennial pseudosclerotia, mycelium, mycor- rhizae, or spores. Seed: Wind-dispersed spores. 135 Fungi Uses and Products Comments and Areas of Concern Common uses: Food. Multiple species with differing ecological relations. Potentially reduced spore dispersal among species that Indigenous uses: Documented uses not found. only fruit episodically after disturbance. Common products: Dried or fresh mushroom prod- ucts. References Types of markets: Specialty produce markets, restau- Arora (1986, 1991), Mizerak (1998), Molina et al. rants, and export to Europe. (1993), Weber (1988) 136 Fungi Tricholoma magnivelare (Peck) Redhead Matsutake, American matsutake, pine mushroom Tricholomataceae Ecology Description: Native. White robust mushroom; stem is solid, firm, and fibrous;