GA-4: SPECIAL POLITICAL & DECOLONIZATION COMMITTEE

Study Guide OUTLINE

Welcome Letter from the USG Introduction to the Committee Definition of Key Words and Abbreviations 1. AGENDA ITEM A: Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial CountriesBUILDER and Peoples AND DESTROYER OF THE UNION: “ANTAGONISM” 1.1. Introduction to the Agenda Item 1.2. Background 1.3. Introduction to the Present Subjects of the Issue 1.3.1. Colonialism 1.3.2. Neocolonialism 1.3.3. Development 1.4. North America 1.4.1. Bermuda 1.4.2. The British Virgin Islands 1.4.3. Virgin Islands 1.4.4. Turks and Caicos 1.5. 1.5.1. CONFERENCE 2020 1.5.2. Anguilla 1.6. Oceania 1.6.1. French Polynesia 1.6.2. New Caledonia 1.7. Africa: Western Sahara 1.8. Europe: Gibraltar 2. Important Matters for the Member States of the UN 3. The Questions Resolution Should Cover

4. Agenda Item B: Discussing and Determining the Status of Private Military Companies (PMC) in the Contemporary World 4.1. Introduction to the Agenda Item 4.1.1. Explanation of PMCs 4.1.2. Services of PMC 4.2. Background 4.3. Controversy of PMCs BUILDER AND DESTROYER OF THE UNION: 4.3.1. The Legitimisation“ANTAGONISM” of the Usage Force 4.3.2. Violation of Human Rights 4.3.3. The Harm of State Sovereignty 4.4. Present Private Military Companies: Major Parties Involved 4.5. Points to be Addressed 5. Further Reading 6. Bibliography

CONFERENCE 2020

Welcome Letter from the USG

Most Esteemed Participants,

I sincerely welcome you all to the fifth edition of Kartal Anadolu Imam Hatip Lisesi Model United Nations Conference. My name is Asude Serra Yıldırım, I am a junior from Cağaloğlu Anadolu Lisesi and I will be serving as the Under Secretary-General responsible from the Special Political and Decolonisation Committee. BUILDER AND DESTROYER OF THE UNION: This document has been prepared“ANTAGONISM” to acquaint the issues that you will be discussing during the upcoming four days. It is expected from you, to make very detailed research in the preparation period, especially based on your representative countries - considering this document does not comprise any political aspect of member countries.

I would like to show my gratitude to the Secretary-General Dilara Koç and the Deputy Secretary-General Emir Yılmaz for giving me the chance to be the Under Secretary-General of this committee and being there in every circumstance that we struggle with. I would also like to thank my dearest academic assistant Sude Albayrak for her magnificent efforts on this document because I would not think of a better associate to fit in. Not to neglect, thanks to our academic member, Bilge Bostanbaşı, whose ambition excites me.

I wish you, attendants of KAIHLMUN'20, the best of everything and I wish you will have the greatest of experiences throughout the conference. Should you have any questions or concerns, you can contact me via [email protected]

Yours Sincerely, CONFERENCE 2020

Asude Serra YILDIRIM

Introduction to the Committee

Special Political and Decolonisation Committee is the Fourth Committee of the General Assembly of the United Nations. It was created in the consequence of World War II in order to deal with non-independent regions under the surveillance of the UN. Formally, SPECPOL is consolidation among the seventh “Special Political Committee” with the Fourth Committee. As its name implies, the committee deals with a variety of issues ranging from decolonisation to refugees and to outer space. The mandate of the SPECPOL committee can be found in ArticleBUILDER 73 of the UNAND Charter DESTROYER which states: “Members OF THE of UNION: the United Nations which have or assume responsibilities for the administration of people who have not yet attained a full measure of self-government,“ANTAGONISM” recognise the principle that the interest of these territories is paramount”.

Nowadays, most are independent UN nations. However, SPECPOL continues to act on its decolonisation command and to facilitate negotiations on the 17 recognised “non- self-governing territories” by the UN. SPECPOL also holds discussions on a range of topics that used to matter other committees of the General Assembly. This committee meets annually in October and sends its declarations to the General Assembly Plenary in order to be adopted authoritatively.

In KAIHLMUN 2020, we will be simulating the discussions on two very intriguing topics diplomats hold at SPECPOL meetings, in order to advance each nation’s interests. It is important to remember that SPECPOL decisions are non-binding and the main purpose of the committee is to recommend possible actions that could promote a positive outcome. Since international political issues are central to the committee, it is important to keep in mind and respect national sovereignty.

CONFERENCE 2020

Definitions of Key Words and Abbreviations

Colonialism: The belief in and support for the system of one country controlling another.

Decolonisation: The process in which a country that was previously a (controlled by another country) becomes politically independent.

Neocolonialism: Political control by a rich country of a poorer country that should be independent and free to govern itself.

Independence: Freedom from being governed or ruled by another country.

Territory: An area of land, or sometimes sea, that is considered as belonging to or connected with a particular country.

Military: Relating to or belonging to the armed forces.

Integrate: To mixBUILDER with and join AND a society DESTROYER or a group of people OF THE, often UNION:changing to suit their way of life, habits, and customs. “ANTAGONISM”

Referendum: A vote in which all the people in a country or an area are asked to give their opinion about or decide an important political or social question.

Sovereignty: The power of a country to control its own government.

Slavery: The activity of legally owning other people who are forced to work for or obey.

Inhabitant: A person living in a particular place.

Settlement: A place where people come to live or the process of settling in such a place.

Trafficking: The act of buying or selling goods or people illegally.

Garrison: A group of soldiers living in or defending a town or building, or the buildings that the soldiers live in. CONFERENCE 2020

Annexation: A possession that is taken of a piece of land or a country, usually by force or without permission.

Nomadic: Moving from one place to another rather than living in one place all of the time.

Mercenary: A soldier who fights for any country or group that pays them.

NSGT (Non-Self-Governing Territories): Territories whose people have not yet attained a full measure of self-government.

GDP (Gross Domestic Product): The total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.

USVI (United States Virgin Islands): A group of Caribbean islands and an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States.

Monopoly: Exclusive ownership through legal privilege, command of supply, or concerted action. BUILDER AND DESTROYER OF THE UNION:

PMSC (Private Military and Security“ANTAGONISM” Companies): Private companies providing armed combat or security services for financial gain.

USS Cole bombing: An act of terrorism against USS Cole, a guided-missile destroyer of the United States Navy, on 12 October 2000, while she was being refuelled in Yemen's Aden harbour.

1. AGENDA ITEM A: Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

1.1. Introduction to the Agenda Item

Being ruled by a nation or a group is described as the colonist or the imperial power, while the nation comprising defeated becomes the colony. This domination competition that colonial nations utilise to exploit other nations for their personal profit, impose their culture, religion and education, use their resources; even physically settle there is colonisation. CONFERENCE 2020 After countless wars fought between colonists and colonies, a wave of decolonisation swept across the planet in the 20th century, liberating the majority of nations from colonial rule and establishing their independent status. There was a political revolution later the establishment of the United Nations in 1945, safeguarded the territories of all nations and maintained international peace. Nevertheless, there are still 16 territories that are under the colonial rule of the , the United States of America and . These relations are known as ‘‘Residual Colonialism’’. These regions have not succeeded self- government yet and are labelled as Non-Self-Governing Territories that together account for 2 million people under colonial rule. The territories include Western Sahara, the Falkland Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, the United States Virgin Islands, Gibraltar, French Polynesia, and others.

1.2. Background

At the United Nations SPECPOL, decolonisation is a composite of two committees, one of which was the decolonisation committee which, unsurprisingly, was involved with matters encouraging, aiding and hastening decolonisation throughout the world. That purpose and mandate have led forward into the current SPECPOL, whose work is closely connected with seeking to overcome colonialism. The problem of decolonisation is crucial and central to the work of SPECPOL not only because of the aims of these committees but further from the broader perspectiveBUILDER of the United AND Nations. DESTROYER The UN Charter OF adopts THE the UNION: principles of equality, independence and the right to self-determination. “ANTAGONISM”

The declaration made by the General Assembly in 1960 was brilliant not only for recognising and affirming these underlying principles but also for recognising that colonialism occurred in many different displays. Accordingly, it “Solemnly proclaims the necessity of bringing to speedy and unconditional end colonialism in all its forms and manifestations.”

1.3. Introduction to the Present Subjects of the Issue

1.3.1. Colonialism

The background of colonialism is a complicated and often misunderstood issue. Different colonising countries had their own particular practices of invasion or assimilation and colonised countries distributed with these processes with differing degrees of resistance. Some of the preferred methods of colonisation were through direct and indirect rule, as well as treating the process as a civilising commission -a concept which still lives on through development aid to this day-. SomeCONFERENCE de-colonised countries 2020 such as the semi-autonomous city- state Hong Kong have transitioned well into independence and have a powerful, distinct social and economic character. On the other hand, countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo were violated of their natural resources and the people were subject to grievously brutal and dehumanising human rights violations; which caused their de- colonisation and transition into independence to be turbulent and troubled with a whole range of social, economic and deeper cultural issues which continue to the present day.

1.3.2. Neocolonialism

Colonialism in itself is concerned with outsider examination or effect of a country, whether culturally, socially or politically. This has traditionally been observed in some sort of direct territorial control or indirect political control, both of which enable a foreign country to impose measures upon the colonised country. Nonetheless, the currency of this form of

colonialism is on the dissolution, with the rising independence of countries and collapsing of old royal empires. In its place has risen an insignificantly another form of colonialism. Neo- colonialism possibly own the same general result of foreign control over social, cultural and political norms, yet creates this into economic means rather than making use of physical mechanisms such as conflict and occupation. This is of concern not only because of its colonialist essence but also because its impacts and outcomes have become more possible and disguised in the surface of global free trade.

1BUILDER.3.3. Development AND DESTROYER OF THE UNION: “ANTAGONISM” Considering possible solutions to poverty in the underdeveloped world, it must be taken into account that the global south is having to expand under far cry from circumstances when compared to how expansion happened in the north. Dependency theory denounced development thinking because of its historical inclinations – for hiding historical relations and rejecting the relation among development and underdevelopment. Modernisation did not occur separately from the remainder of the worlds past, it was a consequence of the exploitation of the global south.

1.4. North America

1.4.1. Bermuda

Territory: Bermuda is a Non-Self-Governing territory, as defined under the charter of the United Nations, governed by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

History: First discovered in the early 1500s by Spanish explorer Juan de Bermúdez, Bermuda was not settled until 1609, whenCONFERENCE the British ship the Sea 2020Venture wrecked on the reef off Bermuda's shores on its way to Jamestown, Virginia. Although the majority of survivors succeeded to advance to their target, three survivors stayed on. In three years, Bermuda became a British territory and it has persisted one to this day.

Bermuda's first capital, the Town of St. George, was settled in 1612 and is currently the oldest continually inhabited English city in the Americas. Settled as it is between the United States. and the United Kingdom, Bermuda has played a prominent part in the two countries' political and military histories, hosted various diplomatic conferences between world leaders. In 1952, British troops withdrew Bermuda and in 1968 the territory was assigned a new constitution that, while keeping British rule, allowed self-government.

Currency: Lifestyle and Economic Conditions: The Bermudian economy evolved over the years from agriculture to shipbuilding to salt trading until the 20th century, when Bermuda's tourism economy, along with its export of Bermuda onions and lilies, began to thrive. Today, tourism is Bermuda's second-largest industry (cruise ships dock here regularly), behind international business and financial services (primarily re-insurance).

Although Bermuda's first settlers were British, the island's population quickly became racially and culturally diverse due to the slave trade as well as an influx of immigrants from Portugal and theBUILDER West Indies. AND Today, DESTROYER most of Bermuda's OF 61,00 THE0 residents UNION: haughtily trace their motives to British, African and Caribbean bloodlines. “ANTAGONISM”

Portuguese is widely spoken here, but English is the main language. Still, the conversation of Bermudiansis so loaded with idioms that frequent exchanges can confuse foreigners. Bermudian language—like its way of being—has a way all its own.

1.4.2. The British Virgin Islands

Territory: The British Virgin Islands is a Non-Self-Governing Territory under the Charter of the United Nations governed by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

History: Although the British Virgin Islands have been inhabited since 1500 BC, their first officially documented citizens were the Arawaks who came from South America around the year 100 BC. The Caribs relocated the Arawaks during the 15th century, not long before first spotted the Virgin Islands in 1493. Privateering and piracy were dominant on the British Virgin Islands during the 17th century, when the French, Spanish, Dutch, and British all fought over control of these strategically significant islands. The British eventually won and have managedCONFERENCE to have control over the2020 BVI since 1672. One of history’s most infamous pirates, Blackbeard, was based on Tortola during the 1700s.

Currency: Lifestyle and Economic Conditions: Sugarcane and cotton were the main industries unto 1834 destruction of slavery. After many harsh hurricanes demolished the British Virgin Islands’ sugarcane mills and plantations, most agriculturists either sold or outright gave up their holdings to their afresh freed slaves. One of the longest surviving British Virgin Islands sugarcane mills, the 1780 Lower Estate Sugar Works, (Station Avenue, Road Town) is now a thriving museum and art gallery.

The British Virgin Islands were part of the Leeward Islands Colony until 1959 and became an autonomous territory in 1967. The 1960s also marked the birth of the tourism industry, when Laurence Rockefeller constructed the territory’s first luxury resort. The

population is primarily made up of blacks descended from African slaves. The number of Puerto Ricans and persons from the continental United States has increased in recent years.

Less than half of the U.S. Virgin Islands population is native-born. The traditional language of the islands is English—much of it talked in a dialect termed Calypso, which varies slightly from island to island but is jointly understandable among most West Indians. Some French is heard on St. Thomas and there are many Spanish-speaking people on St. Croix, where many Puerto Ricans have lived. BUILDER AND DESTROYER OF THE UNION: 1.4.3.United States Virgin“ANTAGONISM” Islands

Territory: The United States Virgin Islands is a Non-Self-Governing Territory under the Charter of the United Nations. As an unincorporated, organised territory of the United States of America, it is governed by the Office of Insular Affairs of the United States, Department of Interior.

History: The Caribs had taken control of St. Croix, then called ‘‘Ay Ay’’, when Christopher Columbus voyaged into Salt River on his second journey in 1493, maintaining the islands for . The conflict among the Indians and Columbus is recognised as the first insurgency in the New World. After renaming the island Santa Cruz, Columbus headed north where he spotted a chain of islands. He announced they would be named Las Once Mil Virgenes (11,000 virgins) in recognition of Ursula, martyrised by the Huns for rejecting to wed a pagan prince.

In 1954 the Organic Act of the Virgin Islands was revised and became the basis for the islands’ current governing formation. In 1970 the first popularly chosen president took office and in 1976 the islands were givenCONFERENCE the right to draft a constitution, 2020 subordinate to approval by the U.S. Congress and the president. A number of constitutional conventions took place over the next decades, however, none of the drafts they constructed had managed to achieve confirmation. In 2007 a fifth convention was assembled and in 2009 it submitted its draft to U.S. President Barack Obama for consideration. The U.S. government turned it to the territory the next year with advised differences and in 2012 the convention started gathering to consider revisions to the report.

Currency: Lifestyle and Economic Conditions: Tourism, trade, other services, and rum production are the primary economic activities of the US Virgin Islands (USVI), accounting for most of its GDP and employment. The USVI receives between 2.5 and 3 million tourists a year, mostly from visiting cruise ships. The islands are vulnerable to damage from storms, as evidenced by the destruction from two major hurricanes in 2017. Recovery and rebuilding have continued, but full recovery from these back-to-back hurricanes is years away.

After letting the slaves go and the discovery of the sugar beet, agriculture in the islands declined. The industrial revolution dropped the requirement for the islands as a shipping port, thus changing the economic situation. Little was understood of the islands until World War I when the United States realised their strategic position and negotiated the purchase of the islands from Denmark for $25 million in gold. Although the islands were bought in 1917, it wasn’t until 1927 that citizenship was given to Virgin Islanders.

About three-fourths of the population is black, and between one-tenth and one-fifth is white. English BUILDERis the official language,AND DESTROYER but some French OFis spoken THE on UNION: St. Thomas and Spanish is spoken on St. Croix between Puerto Rican emigrants. “ANTAGONISM”

1.4.4. Turks and Caicos

Territory: The Turks and Caicos Islands is a Non-Self-Governing Territory under the Charter of the United Nations governed by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

History: Shortly after Columbus arrived in 1492, the Lucayan civilization disappeared and the islands remained sparsely populated for around 30 years. Throughout this time, the salt- making industry was born. Bermudians came to Turk’s & Caicos to collect the salt and bring it back to Bermuda. Salt was a valuable property back then since it was used not only for seasoning food but for storing it as well. The shallow waters encircling the islands were ideal for salt raking but difficult for naval travel and more than 1000 ships were wrecked during the travel to and from.

In 1706, the French and the Spanish invaded the Turks & Caicos Islands from the Bermudians. Four years later the British declared the islands for Bermuda but in subsequent years the area became essentiallyCONFERENCE a shelter for pirates and 2020 British Loyalists fleeing the American Revolution. Ultimately, Britain held the island country by the end of the century as part of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1766, after being commanded by the Spanish, French and British - Turks & Caicos became part of the Bahamas colony and was placed under the Bahamian government. Efforts to unite the two distinct communities did not succeed and in 1874 after “the Great Bahamas Hurricane” destroyed much of the chain of islands, the Turks & Caicos Islands became provinces to the British Crown Colony of Jamaica. Jamaica won freedom from Britain in 1962 and so Turks & Caicos then became a British Crown territory on its own, also is one now.

Currency: Lifestyle and Economic Conditions: The main sectors of the economy are tourism and economic services. The Territory’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2016 in terms of current expenses was evaluated at $950.4 million, up from $893.5 million in 2015. It was not continuously the early 1980s when Club Med Turkoise Resort revealed that Providenciales – and Turks & Caicos in general – began to become an attractive place in tourism. After then,

frequently more improvement has taken form and the small, salt raking island country of Turks & Caicos has developed into what is immediately becoming recognised as one of the world’s premier beach stops.

Nearly more of nine/tenths of the population is African. The official language is English.

1.5. South America BUILDER AND DESTROYER OF THE UNION:

1.5.1. Falkland Islands“ANTAGONISM”

Territory: The Falkland Islands, also known as Malvina, is a Non-Self-Governing Territory governed by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which has been on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, since the year 1946.

History: The islands were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans. France established a colony on the islands in 1764. In 1765, a British captain claimed the islands for Britain. In early 1770 a Spanish leader came from Argentina with five ships and 1400 soldiers pushing the British to leave . Britain and Spain nearly went to war over the islands, but the British chose to withdraw its residence from many overseas settlements in 1774. Spain, which had a garrison at Puerto Soledad on East Falklands, administered the garrison from until 1811 when it was forced to withdraw by forces emerging from the . In 1833, the British turned to the Falkland Islands. Argentina attacked the islands on 2 April 1982. The British countered with an expeditionary force that attacked the Argentines to retreat.

Currency: Lifestyle and EconomicCONFERENCE Conditions: Historically 2020 based on high-quality wool production, since 1986 the Falkland Islands economy has been overshadowed by the Fishing industry 1600 ‘land-based’ tourists visiting by air yearly to appreciate the Islands bizarre wildlife and wholesome atmosphere. Tourism is the second-largest contributor to the Islands economy. In 1995 the Falkland Islands Government declared the first permissions to explore for hydrocarbons in the waters around the Falkland Islands. The first practical oil exploration was made in May 2010, making it further likely that the Falkland Islands will have a long term hydrocarbons business in the future.

The population consists formerly of Falklanders of British descent and they mostly speak in English.

1.5.2. Anguilla

Territory: Anguilla is a Non-Self-Governing Territory and governed by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

History: Anguilla was colonised by British settlers from St. Christopher (St. Kitts) in 1650 and is a British territory since then. In 1882, Anguilla was merged with St. Christopher and Nevis as a separate British subordinate colony. The inhabitants opposed the association with many protests andBUILDER efforts to depart AND from DESTROYER the alliance with OF St. THEChristopher. UNION: Outcomes were finally reached in 1967 when the Anguillans“ANTAGONISM” ousted the St. Christopher policemen and announced the country's independence, declining to recognise any additional authority of the state administration of St. Christopher. After two years of discussions, British troops were sent in to take control. In 1980, the country was properly parted from Nevis and St. Christopher and located under literal British rule; in 1982 a new Anguillan constitution was ratified.

Currency: Lifestyle and Economic Conditions: Agriculture is of minor importance; only a small part of the land is under farming. The main economic activities rotate around tourism and financial services. The citizens are mostly of African origin and the official language is English.

1.6. Oceania

1.6.1. French Polynesia

Territory: French Polynesia is a Non-Self-Governing Territory under the Charter of the United Nations and is governedCONFERENCE by France. 2020

History: The five archipelagoès were joined into a new national entity by the gradual process of French victory and occupation, starting with Tahiti in 1843 and terminating with the annexation of the Austral assembly in 1900. The French government and the centralisation of authority, employment, transportation and assistance in Papeete committed to the development of national status.

French Polynesian status is more Polynesian than French, but many residents are proud of their involvement to French culture and feel a connection with French-speaking cultures around the world. Residents who support freedom from France advocate a reaction to a more traditional Polynesian culture.

Fights between the majority Polynesian ethnic group and the minority European and Chinese are because of economic imbalances within those people and determined cultural varieties. Violence opposite parts of ethnic minorities remain rare and systematic perception against the members of any ethnic group is not obvious.

Currency: Lifestyle and Economic Conditions: Within the urban core of Papeete, there are some industrial zones. The port field of Fare involves a number of boat-building and ship- repair institutions, as well as major building material suppliers. There are only a few factories in French Polynesia:BUILDER a beer and AND soft drinkDESTROYER bottling enterprise OF THEand a few UNION: tiny textile printing workshops in Papeete, a fruit juice bottling factory on the neighbouring island of Moorea, as an example. Additional major industrial“ANTAGONISM” activities involve administration of landfills, hydroelectric power and water disinfection, all of which are government programs. Tourism is also an influential industry in the territory.

Most of the people throughout the islands may be classified as Polynesian, although many are also of partly European or Asian origin. Whites of European, notably French, origin and Han Chinese per spread about one/eighth of the community. The official languages are French and Tahitian, although other Polynesian languages are generally used.

1.6.2. New Caledonia

Territory: New Caledonia is a Non-Self-Governing Territory under the Charter of the United Nations and being governed by France.

History: New Caledonia was discovered in 1774 by the British navigator James Cook, who christened the land “New Caledonia” because the wild landscape of the Main Island made him remind of his local, Scotland.CONFERENCE 2020

He noted that the country was populated by Melanesians (ancestors of the Kanaks).On 24 September 1853, Rear Admiral Febvrier Despointes joined New Caledonia on French side to forestall any movement by the British. New Caledonia has been French ever since. The city of Noumea, the present capital of New Caledonia, was established in 1854. In the 1980s, the country was thrilled by the fight between the antagonists and advocates of independence. The Noumea Accord, which was settled in 1998, afforded for a practically sovereign status and delayed the last election on independence to a date between 2015 and 2018.

Currency: Lifestyle and Economic Conditions: On the economic front, engineer Jules Garnier began working nickel-metal mineral in 1894. It was only from 1960 onwards that the boom years of nickel production performed a major position in raising New Caledonia's economic development. Today, New Caledonia’s economy is driven by three key areas: the

mining industry - nickel, magnesium, iron, cobalt, chromium and manganese, financial transfers from France and tourism.

Melanesians make more than two/fifths of the population up and Europeans about one/third. The usage of regional languages remains powerful, although French is completed its prevalence in the schools.

1.7. Africa: Western Sahara BUILDER AND DESTROYER OF THE UNION:

Territory: Western Sahara is contested“ANTAGONISM” between Morocco and the Polisario Front and its legal status continues incomplete. The United Nations grants it to be a non-self-governing territory. Officially, Morocco is governed by a constitutional monarchy.

History: When Spain began to colonise the area from 1884, Western Sahara was inhabited by these wandering peoples, who were politically and culturally organised in tribes and under chiefs accountable to serve them. Spain got its independence over Western Sahara not because it was a land without a master, terra nullius, but within deals arranged with local rulers.

While Spain was the colonial of the territory of Western Sahara, it did not have efficient power over the people of the area. The Saharawis countered colonisation and there were bloody crashes till they were ‘pacified’ in 1934. Nevertheless, at this time, and within the 1940s, the Spanish governed only a few agreements, none of which was more extended than a medium-sized village. El Aaiun (Laayoune), now the capital of Western Sahara, was not built until 1940. Between 1956 and 1958 there were protests in Western Sahara and bloody clashes among the Spanish and the Saharawi resistance. CONFERENCE 2020 In 1963, the UN included Western Sahara in the list of countries to be decolonised and asserted the right of the Saharawi people to self-determination. In 1966 the UN, for the first of many times, passed a resolution calling for this self-determination to be exercised by referendum. The conclusion is that the materials and information presented do not establish any tie of territorial sovereignty between the territory of Western Sahara and the Kingdom of Morocco or the Mauritanian entity. Thus the Court has found no legal ties of such a nature as might affect the application of resolution 1514 in the decolonization of Western Sahara and, in particular, of the principle of self-determination through the free and genuine expression of the will of the peoples of the Territory.’

Currency: Lifestyle and Economic Conditions: Western Sahara has a small market-based economy whose main industries are fishing, phosphate mining, tourism, and pastoral nomadism. The territory's arid desert climate makes sedentary agriculture difficult, and much

of its food is imported. The Moroccan Government administers Western Sahara's economy and is a key source of employment, infrastructure development, and social spending in the territory. Western Sahara's unresolved legal status makes the exploitation of its natural resources a contentious issue between Morocco and the Polisario. Morocco and the EU in December 2013 finalized a four-year agreement allowing European vessels to fish off the coast of Morocco, including disputed waters off the coast of Western Sahara. As of April 2018, Moroccan and EU authorities were negotiating an amendment to renew the agreement.

The peopleBUILDER of Western AND Sahara DESTROYER speak the Ḥassānīya OF dialect THE of UNION: Arabic, also spoken in northern Mauritania, and Spanish. They are of mixed Arab-Berber descent, but many consider themselves Arab. “ANTAGONISM”

1.8. Europe: Gibraltar

Territory: Gibraltar is a Non-Self-Governing Territory and governed by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

History: British overseas territory occupying a narrow peninsula of Spain’s southern Mediterranean coast, just northeast of the Strait of Gibraltar, on the east side of the Bay of Gibraltar and directly south of the Spanish city of La Línea. It is connected to Spain by a low, sandy isthmus.Gibraltar is a heavily fortified British air and naval base that guards the Strait of Gibraltar, which is the only entrance to the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean. Since the 18th century, Gibraltar has been a figure of British naval power and it is mostly heard in that meaning as “the Rock.”

With the advancement of the Suez Canal in 1869, Gibraltar increased its own strategic importance and its status as a provisioningCONFERENCE gate was greatly 2020 improved. Since World War II the British military garrison and naval dockyard have proceeded to be a significant piece of Gibraltar’s economy and naval orders of the NATO often use the port facilities.

The catchment ceased to be used as a source of potable water in the 1990s when a desalinization plant established in the 1980s was increased, but it still is used as a service reservoir. Gibraltar has heated and nearly rainless summers; soft winters during which there is usually fit rain; and warm, moderately rainy, transitional seasons. The territory is subordinate to solid easterly blows.

Currency: Lifestyle and Economic Conditions: Because of lack of space on the peninsula, there is no farming. There is a small amount of light manufacturing, however, the main reservoirs of earnings are the provisioning of ships and military personnel, tourism, and the re-export trade. Tourism was excited through the large-scale extension of the hotel, beach

facilities and gambling casinos. The port amenities occupy most of the western shore and a portion of land reclaimed from the sea. Income taxes and customs duties produce most of Gibraltar’s income. The United Kingdom supplies a notable amount of development support. Principal expenditures include social services, public works, and municipal services. Gibraltar joined the European Economic Community (later succeeded by the EU) with the United Kingdom in 1973.

English is the official language of government and education, though most Gibraltarians areBUILDER bilingual in ANDEnglish DESTROYER and Spanish and many OF speakTHE an UNION: English vernacular known as Yanito (Llanito), which is influenced by Spanish, Genoese, and Hebrew. “ANTAGONISM”

2. Important matters for the Member States of the UN

-Different approaches to decolonisation and ways to accelerate the process

-The rate of representation of the populations of non-self-governing territories in the decision-making process with regards to various fields

-The economic activities that affect their financial policy

-Adopt effective and peaceful actions to promote the independence of those territories, while balancing different financial and political interests

3. The questions that resolutionCONFERENCE should cover their 2020 answers

-What can be done to promote and encourage transparency and cooperation between states?

-What can the international community do to solve riots and sorts in the most peaceful manner, when it comes to independence?

-What can decrease the effect of foreign intervention?

-In any way, may the conditions complicate or eased according to the matter? What should be done?

4. Agenda Item B: Discussing and determining the status of Private Military Companies (PMC) in the contemporary world

4.1 Introduction to the Agenda Item

4.1.1.BUILDERExplanation AND of PMC DESTROYER OF THE UNION: “ANTAGONISM” PMSCs are a private section that provides armed security service. Since the end of the Cold War, the development of PMCs has been increasing quickly, especially in the last two decades. However, more and more states and organizations have discovered many questions of this international trend. The main problem of PMC is the lack of regulations or laws, both within the country and internationally, which creates many vague spaces while addressing the PMCs issue: private military contractor is not defined traditionally as the ‘mercenary’, so the current international law cannot be used directly on PMC; these contractors are only regarded as “armed civilians”.

Furthermore, PMCs violate the monopoly of countries to regulate forces. Without essential public scrutiny, it is hard to clarify responsibility while national interests or human rights are harmed. Also, PMCs are commercial-oriented, which means they do business for anybody who could afford to hire them. It might cause the cause of war more easily, which indirectly aids the development of anti-nation actions such as terrorist attacks. The development of PMCs has met a cross intersection, and an intergovernmental consensus is needed to step on a new way.

4.1.2. Services ofCONFERENCE PMC 2020

Nowadays, as patterns of war become more and more complicated, the services that PMSC provide diverse as well：

● Base support: Preserving the grounds, running dining facilities, performing laundry services, transportation, etc.

● Military Training and Consultant

● Security guard：Keeping diplomats, officials, and military facilities safe.

● Maritime security

● Peace industry：Operations to maintain peace , where they are either engaged by States that are not willing or not able to send their own military crew to support peacekeeping efforts or by the UN.

BUILDER AND DESTROYER OF THE UNION: 4.2 Background “ANTAGONISM”

The origin of Private Military Company is considered to be when British captain David Stirling founded Special Air Service (SAS) in order to fight Germans during World War 2. The unconventional way of SAS made it part of the Government. The members of SAS founded several new private companies to provide military service later in 1960-1970s.

With the cutting of the national defence budget, countries started trusting private military companies to improve the efficiency of armies, which resulted in the rapid growth of PMCs in both size and numbers.The atmosphere of the global political changed after the end of Cold War.

During the Iraq war in 2003, the USA successfully cooperated with Blackwater Worldwide. It represented the new ground of private military industry; it generated much discussion and criticism, and what is the next step of this emerging industry is still misty.

4.3 Controversy of PMCs CONFERENCE 2020 4.3.1. The Legitimisation of the Usage Force

In a modern democracy, civilians give the government the authority to manage the country. With the sole right to found force, government guarantees its power and creditability. Laws and regulations set by the state are valid only if when they are enforced. Instead, if the state loses control of its monopoly, then its necessary task for the country to survive like tax collecting will be challenged. Since that the willingness to obey the obligation is low, the country is unable to operate, which results in a vacuum for a non-state actor to take control.

Nonetheless, after the blossom of PMCs, the most idea that the country should maintain a monopoly is challenged. Some states are trying to outsource the part-task of their militaries, such as intelligence gathering and logistics, for the purpose of saving the military

budget. The trend of PMCs brings in two argument：First of all, tasks like information collecting will increase the dependency on PMCs. When intelligence-gathering jobs are handled by the powerful minority, the benefit of a peculiar group will be overemphasized. Also, if important information is leaked, it may threaten national security.

Second, without essential democracy scrutiny, PMCs are hard to supervise which could cause abuses.

4.3.2.BUILDER Violation AND of the DESTROYERHuman Rights OF THE UNION: “ANTAGONISM” In 2007, in Baghdad/Iraq, employees of Blackwater which is a US-based company were in a shooting incident in Nisoor Square. In conclusion, 17 civilians were killed and more than 20 people were wounded, including women and children. Local eyewitnesses report the use of arms from vehicles and rocket fire from a helicopter which belongs to Blackwater. Ever since this incident, the problems of human rights violation have been spotlighted.

Furthermore, PMCs are suspects of the involvement in torture: Arbitrary detention, health damage, and human trafficking. Take Blackwater for instance. According to a congressional report on the behaviour of Blackwater in Iraq, Blackwater guards were accused of being involved in nearly 200 escalation-of-force incidents which involved shots being fired from 2005 to 2010. These disordered behaviours of private contractors during the war show the lack of adequate regulations and the connivance of government.

In addition to the violation of citizens, human rights of PMCs’ employees should be noticed, too. PMCs often put their contractors’ life at risk. On the 31 of March in 2004, Iraqi insurgents ambushed two SUVs, killed 4 armed Blackwater contractors in Fallujah. Dead bodies were hung by local peopleCONFERENCE above a bridge across 2020the Euphrates. PMCs neglect the safety of employees and did not provide necessary means in order to carry out the mission.

4.3.3. The harm of state sovereignty

As PMC being a private firm, it relies on commerce institutions. In other words, PMCs could do many things in the grey area of international laws.

States or terrorists can take advantage of PMCs so as to influence other countries’ position and policies, One major example is Colombia. PMCs aid US corporations to maintain influence by planting informants within locals and intervene in the humanitarian assistance program funds. With the help of PMCs, one can interfere with the operation of a state, even the head of a country. The worst circumstance is that if terrorists or anti-

government activists work together with PMCs, it would lead to even more conflicts than before.

4.4. Present Private Military Companies: Major Parties Involved

4.4.1. Academi

Territory: AcademiBUILDER was founded AND in DESTROYER1997 by Erik Prince OF as Blackwater THE UNION: USA in North Carolina. It is an American private military company to provide armed security services, training support to military and law“ANTAGONISM” enforcement organizations. In 2010, the company was renamed to Academi.

History: Academi is the largest organization of its kind in the world. The income of Academi mercenaries comes from participation in several armed conflicts, about 90 percent of its earnings the company receives from contracts with the US government. Academi PMC had its first government contract right after the USS Cole bombing in October 2000 on the coast of Yemen.

In 2002, Blackwater Security Consulting was formed. BSC's first action was to procure 20 men with secrecy in order to protect the CIA headquarters and another base which was responsible for hunting Osama bin Laden. Its fighters also took part in military operations in Afghanistan. However, there is practically no information on its activities during this period, as the US government was not intended to disclose information regarding its acts.

Scandalous fame of the company acquired after the massacres during its participation in the war in Iraq. The company received extensive disrepute in 2007 when a group of its workers killed 14 Iraqi people andCONFERENCE injured 20 people in Nisour2020 Square, Baghdad. After this incident four guards were convicted in a U.S. court. In addition, there were claims that the company is engaged in arms smuggling. Thus, in particular, a loud scandal occurred in March 2010, when more than five hundred Kalashnikov rifles and other weapons disappeared from American warehouses in Afghanistan. In September, several employees of the company were charged with illegal arms trafficking. On the other hand, Blackwater took part in rescue operations to eliminate the consequences of the most devastating hurricane in the history of the United States “Katrina”, which was sent to a rescue team which includes about two hundred employees on September 1, 2005.

In 2012, the mayor of Liberty City called Prince to train 10,000 local law enforcement to help fight unorganized mafias and crime families across Liberty City and get the city under control by stopping all illegal activities such as drug trafficking, gun smuggling, human trafficking, murder, extortion and illegal gambling.

In 2016, Ali al-Houthi who is the former President of the Revolutionary Committee, said that a Tochka missile hit on a Saudi-led command centre in Ma'rib. It resulted in the death of over 120 mercenaries of Blackwater on January 17 as well as other material losses. Also in 2016, two hundred Sudanese mercenaries from Blackwater were killed in Yemen in an attack by Yemeni forces on January 31.

4.4.2. G4S

Territory: G4S,BUILDER founded in 2004, AND is DESTROYERa British multinational OF security THE UNION: services company that is headquartered in London, .“ANTAGONISM” It is the second-largest private security company in the world. It has operations in more than 90 countries.

History: The company provides a range of services including the supply of security workers, monitoring equipment, response units and secure prisoner transportation. G4S also works with overseas governments to provide security.

From 2006 to 2008, the company was the object of criticism of trade unions, whose leaders argued that subsidiaries do not respect human rights and labour safety standards.

In 2009, a prisoner from Western Australia died, who was transported by company employees in a car not equipped with air conditioning and without access to water. But then the criminal case was chosen not to wind. In the same year, the infamous robbery of the Västerborg helicopter happened. After the analysis of the robbery, the policemen and employees of the company were subjected to sharp criticism.

In the same year, employees of the Australian G4S office announced a strike due to the fact that the company did notCONFERENCE care about the working 2020 conditions of personnel and did not pay a decent salary. This led to the threat that the entire judicial system of the Australian state of Victoria was threatened.

In 2011, the company’s management signed the UN Global Compact, which is an international standard to promoting business act, including labour protection, human rights, fighting corruption and the protection of environment.

4.4.3. DynCorp

Territory: DynCorp, recently DynCorp International, is an American global service provider.

History: DynCorp started as an aviation company, the company also provides flight operations support, training and mentoring, international development, security and conservation of land vehicles.

After the expansion of the company, it was divided into several main groups: energy, contract, aviation and government services. By 1986, it became the leader in the defence order market in North America. During the war in Iraq, DynCorp was engaged in conducting search and rescue operations, deploying rapid reaction forces, medical evacuation. BUILDER AND DESTROYER OF THE UNION: In 2010, the company set up“ANTAGONISM” a special department to provide humanitarian assistance in post-conflict and conflict zones and carry out reforms. Thus, the specialists of the company helped to strengthen the state financial management in Ghana, restore peaceful life in Uganda, organize anti-corruption programs in Malawi, Madagascar and Nigeria.

In the company “DynCorp” also did not do without scandals. Thus, in the late 90’s, her employees were accused of pedophilia and child trafficking.In addition, employees of the firm who worked in Bosnia and Herzegovina were accused of sex trafficking in 2000. Despite the fact that all the participants in the crimes were sent into retirement, none of them was brought to justice.

In 2001, Ecuadorian farmers accused DynCorp staff of spraying herbicides daily, which had a negative impact on the health of the local population and on yields. Then there was another scandal claim: The company employees who trained police in Afghanistan, utilized child abuse and took drugs.

4.4.4. FDG Corp CONFERENCE 2020 Territory: FDG Corp (Fort Defense Group Corporation) is an American military private company. It was founded in 1996 by Marines A. Rodriguez. Its headquarters are in Jacksonville.

History: The company has concentrated its main activities in virtually all hot spots in the world such as Somalia, the Gulf of Aden, Iraq, Guinea-Bissau, Israel, Palestine, Gaza and Afghanistan. The company is engaged in the provision of services such as the protection of ships and cargo, military logistics, maritime and land transportation, the training of special units and security teams for operations in high-risk areas, military counseling. A special role in the organization is assigned to the FDG SEAL division, which includes swimmers-guards who can counter terrorism on a high professional level both on the water and under it.

The company’s fame brought operations for the transportation of humanitarian and military cargo to Africa, the protection of roadblocks in the province of Iraq Anbar in 2006– 2007, escorting American missions in the Gaza Strip in 2007, the security of the delegation of veterans in Afghanistan during the opening of the 9th Roteh memorial in 2011.

In 2010, the company underwent significant legal and organizational-staff changes to optimize operations in Afghanistan and Iraq.

4.4.5. MPRIBUILDER AND DESTROYER OF THE UNION: “ANTAGONISM” Territory: Another American private military company is MPRI. In 1987, it was founded by retired general V. Lewis. MPRI was based in Alexandria, Virginia.

History: MPRI is a global provider of private military contractor services.This company on a commercial basis is engaged in advising on the management and reform of the army in Iraq, the selection and purchase of weapons in Georgia, resolves situational and operational problems, humanitarian operations and military exercises. The firm provides services to the US government and the authorities of other states, acting in concert with the Pentagon and the CIA. .

It is well known that in Bosnia and Afghanistan the company’s employees fought in the Islamic brigades. There are claims that in fact,they fought under the direct leadership of the CIA. Thus, the American government, not interfering officially in political processes, achieved its goals.

In 2012, Serb public organizations protested against the company, accusing MPRI of involvement in the genocide of CONFERENCESerbs in 1995 in Croatia 2020because before the special operation, the company specialists were training soldiers and officers of the armed forces of Croatia.

Currently, MPRI is the main conductor of US policy in Africa. At the moment, the company participates in several programs to create a collective rapid reaction force that can conduct humanitarian and peacekeeping operations on the continent.

4.4.6. Aegis Defence Service

Territory: Aegis Defence Services, founded in 2002, is a British private military company with overseas offices in Afghanistan, the United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Somalia and Mozambique.

History: The main customer of the company is the American government. Employees of this company are engaged in security activities in the aerospace, diplomatic and government sectors, as well as in the mining and oil and gas industries.

In 2005, Aegis Defense Services seemed involved in a scandal, a video appeared on the Internet, at which the company’s employees shot at the peaceful Iraqi population. The company’s management did not admit blame, but the Pentagon refused further cooperation.

Currency: Currently,BUILDER the firm AND has a contractDESTROYER with the US OF government, THE UNION: which provides security in Iraq. It also provides armed“ANTAGONISM” services for the US government and UN missions.

4.5. Points to Be Addressed

-What is the difference between mercenaries and private military companies?

-Should PMCs be used in the front-line missions? Should PMCs be limited to defensive attack?

-How to monitor the activities of PMCs?

-What kinds of methods should be adopted to regulate the PMCs: Harness, Prohibition or others?

-Should the United Nations use PMCs on peacekeeping? CONFERENCE 2020 -Should there be any limitations for the usages?

5. Further Reading https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/15/opinion/global/the-trauma-of-colonialism.html https://unu.edu/publications/articles/residual-colonialism-in-the-21st-century.html https://voxeu.org/article/economic-impact-colonialism https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/

https://theconversation.com/us/topics/colonialism-2090 https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/colonialism/ https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/berlin-1884-remembering-conference-divided- africa-191115110808625.html https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/britainBUILDER AND DESTROYER-forcefully OF THE-depopulated UNION:-archipelago- 190225082624527.html “ANTAGONISM” https://www.trtworld.com/americas/are-private-military-contractors-any-different-from- mercenaries-20680 https://gsdrc.org/document-library/the-private-military-company-a-legitimate-international- entity-within-modern-conflict/

6.Bibliography

https://www.scienceabc.com/social-science/colonisation-territories-still-colonised.html https://www.britannica.com/topic/WesternCONFERENCE-colonialism/ 2020-American-empire https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-colonies/How-colonization-took-place https://www.pambazuka.org/human-security/history-western-sahara-conflict https://www.lonelyplanet.com/tahiti-and-french-polynesia/history https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/43/Anguilla-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html

https://medium.com/smartaim-tech/war-for-money-leading-private-military-companies-of- the-world-eab9f9fe2de8 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312278647_Human_rights_violations_committed_b y_private_military_and_security_companies_an_international_law_analysis https://www.globalpolicy.org/pmscs/51834-the-role-of-private-military-and-security- companies-in-modern-warfare-impacts-on-human-rights.html BUILDER AND DESTROYER OF THE UNION: “ANTAGONISM”

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