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Residency and Diel Movement Patterns of the Endangered Scalloped Hammerhead Sphyrna Lewini in the Revillagigedo National Park

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Residency and Diel Movement Patterns of the Endangered Scalloped Hammerhead Sphyrna Lewini in the Revillagigedo National Park Received: 10 October 2019 Accepted: 12 December 2019 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14239 BRIEF COMMUNICATION FISH Residency and diel movement patterns of the endangered scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini in the Revillagigedo National Park Alejandro Aldana-Moreno1,2 | E. Mauricio Hoyos-Padilla2,3,4 | Rogelio González-Armas1 | Felipe Galván-Magaña1 | Alex Hearn4,5 | A. Peter Klimley4,6 | William Winram7 | Edgar Eduardo Becerril-García1,2 | James T. Ketchum2,4,8 1Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Abstract Baja California Sur, Mexico This study is the first description of the residency and diel movements of Sphyrna 2 Pelagios Kakunjá A.C, La Paz, Baja California lewini at the Revillagigedo National Park, Mexico. Eleven adult scalloped hammer- Sur, Mexico – 3Fins Attached, Colorado Springs, heads of total length 200 300 cm were monitored using acoustic telemetry during Colorado, USA 2013–2015 at four sites at San Benedicto Island. Diel and residency patterns were 4 MigraMar, Olema, California, USA described based on 58,055 detections by four autonomous receivers. The sharks dis- 5Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, played high daytime residency in two of the four sites, with movements away into Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador the pelagic environment at night. This study generates a baseline for effective moni- 6 Biotelemetry Consultants, Petaluma, toring to improve the conservation and management of an iconic but endangered California, USA species at this marine reserve. 7Watermen Project, Geneva, Switzerland 8Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del KEYWORDS Noroeste, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico conservation, Eastern Tropical Pacific, endangered species, site fidelity, telemetry Correspondence James T. Ketchum, Pelagios Kakunjá A.C., Baja California Sur, La Paz, Mexico. Email: [email protected] Funding information International Community Foundation, Grant/ Award Number: 200309722; WWF/Fundación Telmex-Telcel; WWF/Fundación Telmex Telcel, Grant/Award Number: OM84 3; WWF/ Fundación Carlos Slim, Grant/Award Number: GCa2016-10 4; Watermen Project, Grant/ Award Number: none The scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834) is a 180 and 220 cm total length (TL) for males and females, respectively, at critically endangered coastal pelagic shark (Rigby et al., 2019) known to onset of sexual maturity (Anislado-Tolentino & Robinson-Mendoza, aggregate at seamount and oceanic islets throughout its distribution 2001; Bejarano-Alvarez et al., 2011). Early studies describing the move- (Gallagher & Klimley, 2018). In the Mexican Pacific, studies have ments of this species were carried out by Klimley (Klimley, 1987; focused mostly on the analysis of dead animals captured by the fisheries Klimley et al., 1988; Klimley et al., 1993; Klimley & Nelson, 1981, 1984) department (Bejarano-Alvarez et al., 2011). These studies have shown using acoustic telemetry in the Gulf of California. that S. lewini prefers bony fishes and cephalopods (Flores-Martínez More recently, archival and acoustic tags were deployed on juve- et al., 2017) and has a moderate growth (k = 0.13 per year) and a size of nile scalloped hammerheads for a study on nursery areas of this J Fish Biol. 2020;1–6. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jfb © 2019 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles 1 2 FISH ALDANA-MORENO ET AL. species on the west coast of Mexico (Hoyos-Padilla et al., 2014; (Protocol number 16022, UC Davis Institutional Animal Care and Use Rosende-Pereiro & Corgos, 2018). An adult scalloped hammerhead Committee). Divers reported the approximated size and sex by the tagged with a pop-up archival tag was shown to move out of the Gulf presence of claspers in males and the absence of these structures in of California and while doing so dive into the anoxic layer of the water females (Compagno et al., 2005). column (Jorgensen et al., 2009). Nonetheless, other than this there is Residency index was calculated for each of the tagged sharks little information regarding the movements of adult S. lewini, especially by dividing the number of days on which a shark was detected with in pelagic ecosystems such as the Revillagigedo National Park (RNP). the number of days elapsed from tagging to the last detection. A The aim of this study was to report the first observations of the resi- value of 1 indicates that sharks were always present, whereas dency and diel movements of S. lewini at the RNP to provide general 0 indicates periods of absence from the study site (Espinoza et al., insights into its key areas for monitoring and conservation. 2015). Circular diagrams were generated to describe diel patterns The RNP is considered the largest marine reserve in North Amer- between daytime (06.00–19.00 hours) and night-time (19.00–- ica, which includes four volcanic islands—Socorro, San Benedicto, 06.00 hours). In addition, a Raoʼs spacing test was applied to Roca Partida and Clarion—spanning 148,000 km2 (CONANP, 2017). describe data uniformity throughout the day (Batschelet, 1981; Scientific expeditions were carried out at the RNP where an array of Lund & Agostinelli, 2007). 12 acoustic receivers (VR2W, VEMCO Ltd., Nova Scotia, Canada) Nine female and two male hammerheads, with size 200–300 cm were installed around the four volcanic islands between 2009 and TL, were tagged (Table 1). Shark activity was recorded by all four 2013 (Figure 1a). Four receivers were installed at sites known as receivers deployed at SBI, but not by the eight receivers deployed Boiler, Canyon, Lava Flow and Cuevitas at San Benedicto Island (SBI; around the other islands of the archipelago. 19 180 3200 N; 110 480 4400 W; Figure 1b) in 20-40 m depth. At this A total of 58,055 acoustic detections were recorded for all tagged island, 11 mature scalloped hammerheads were tagged in 2013 by sharks. The minimum number of detections per male shark was 368 in scuba and free diving. Ultrasonic transmitters with unique identifying 12 days, whereas the maximum number for a female was 23,957 in codes (VEMCO V16, 69.0 kHz) on a stainless-steel barb and tether 807 days (Table 1). The Canyon site reported 72.46% of the detec- were attached externally to the dorsal musculature of each shark. tions (n = 42,066), followed by Lava Flow 22.27% (n = 12,926), Boiler Ethics and tagging procedures followed an animal care protocol 5.08% (n = 2950) and Cuevitas 0.35% (n = 203). 30° 19.33° 1 25° MEXICO GULF OF 2 MEXICO 19.30° 20° 15° PACIFIC OCEAN 115° 110° 105° 100° 95° 90° 3 4 110.80° 19.5° REVILLAGIGEDO ARCHIPELAGO SAN BENEDICTO 19° Roca Parda Socorro 18.5° Clarion 114.5° 114° 113.5°113° 112.5°112° 111.5° 111° FIGURE 1 (a) Revillagigedo National Park (boundary given as blue rectangle). (b) The four Revillagigedo islands with black dots indicating the locations of the acoustic receivers (see solid coloured circles) for each island, with an inset showing San Benedicto Island with higher spatial resolution with the locations of the four acoustic receivers: (1) Boiler, (2) Cuevitas, (3) Canyon and (4) Lava Flow ALDANA-MORENO ET AL. FISH 3 TABLE 1 Acoustic detections and biological data of the 11 adult scalloped hammerhead sharks tagged in San Benedicto Island during 2013–2014 Days Days ID Sex TL Tagging day Detections Initial date Final date detected monitored HH1 F 300 1 July 2013 797 9 January 2013 5 February 2013 27 802 HH2 F 300 1 August 2013 3690 8 January 2013 27 April 2013 109 803 HH3 F 300 1 September 2013 4612 4 January 2013 25 March 2014 445 807 HH4 F 200 1 October 2013 3638 9 January 2013 2 January 2014 358 802 HH5 F 200 1 October 2013 797 8 January 2013 19 February 2013 42 803 HH6 F 270 1 November 2013 2475 11 January 2013 15 May 2013 124 800 HH7 M 270 1 November 2013 413 10 January 2013 25 January 2013 15 801 HH8 F 250 1 December 2013 23,957 12 January 2013 23 September 2014 619 799 HH9 F 220 1 December 2013 14,136 11 January 2013 22 March 2015 800 800 HH10 M 250 1 December 2013 368 12 January 2013 24 January 2013 12 799 HH11 F 280 3 July 2013 3172 8 March 2013 3 November 2013 240 744 TL, total length (cm). 23 0/24 1 23 0/24 1 1222 2 22 2 300 40 21 3 21 3 30 20 200 4 20 4 20 100 19 5 19 10 5 18 6 18 6 17 7 17 7 16 8 16 8 15 9 15 9 14 10 14 10 13 12 11 13 12 11 0/24 0/24 3 23 1 4 23 1 22 5000 2 Acousc detecons Acousc 22 2 21 3 1500 4000 21 3 20 3000 4 1000 20 4 2000 19 5 500 1000 19 5 6 18 18 6 17 7 17 7 FIGURE 2 Number of acoustic detections per 16 8 16 8 hour of 11 scalloped hammerhead sharks tagged in San Benedicto Island, Mexico: (1) Boiler (n = 2950), 15 9 15 9 (2) Cuevitas (n = 203), (3) Canyon (n = 42,066) and 14 10 14 10 13 11 13 11 (4) Lava Flow (n = 12,926). Day, Night 12 12 The hammerheads spent most of the day within range of the was significantly higher at Canyon, with values ranging from 0.01 to receiver locations. A higher number of detections were observed 0.57, and at Lava Flow, from 0.00 to 0.38, than at Boiler and Cuevitas, during the morning, 06.00–12.00 hours, in Canyon and Lava Flow, with values ranging from 0.00 to 0.01 and from 0.00 to 0.04, respec- and during the afternoon, 12.00–18.00 hours, in Boiler and tively (Figure 3).
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