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Home , Clarion angelfish, Holacanthus, Holacanthus passer, Pomacanthus zonipectus, Roca Partida

Proposal on Inclusion of clarionensis in Appendix II (unofficial translation)

http://www.reef2rainforest.com

SEAFDEC Expert Meeting on the Commercially- exploited Aquatic Species 16-17 May 2016, Windsor Suites Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand

Taxonomy

Class: Order: Family Genre: Holacanthus Species: Holacanthus clarionensis (Gilbert, 1890) Common names: Clarion

2 productividad primaria, profundidad de zona eufótica y salinidad, además de la batimetría y tipo de suelo (MODIS-Aqua, 2002-2012; WOA09-NOAA, 2015; GEBCO, 2015; Moreno, et al., 1998; Productivity, 2015; van Heuven, et al., 2011). El modelo se corrió empleando “randomseed” con un 25% de registros de prueba y los resultados indicaron que el análisis de área bajo la curva de características operativas (AUC) fue mayor que la que se daría por el azar, por lo que el desempeño del modelo es adecuado (Reyes- Bonilla y Martínez, 2016). En la Figura 1 (der.) se muestra el mapa logístico resultante de este modelado.

Distribution • Found in the Eastern Central Pacific, Revillagigedo Archipelago () • Occasional presence in Bahia de Banderas and () Revillagigedo Archipelago Habitat • and rocky reefs, blocks, walls and cliffs • Within 30m depth • ‘station cleaning’ with blankets

Figura 1. Izquierda: Datos de ocurrencia actual de la especie H. clarionensis(Manta (círculos rellenos)birostris y reg)istros de individuos transeúntes de la especie (círculos vacíos). Derecha: Mapa de probabilidad de ocurrencia actual de la especie H. Biologicalclarionensis (corte characteristics al 0.5 de probabilidad). Fuente: Reyes-Bonilla y Martínez (2016)

• HábitatIndividual growth rate (k) is 0.46 and maximum length of 211 mm Se localiza en un ámbito marino demersal, asociado a arrecifes coralinos y rocosos, así como bloques, • paredesSexual y acantilados.maturity is Los between individuos 1.5comúnmente & 2.5 yrs se (sizes encuentran 10 dentroto 13 decm), los primeroslongevity 30 is m 10 de yrs • profundidadReproduces (Pyle ettwice al., 2010 a ayear). Suelen & polygynicaparecer a unos mating 3-5 m sobresystem el fondo, en las llamadas “estaciones de limpieza”, donde se acercan a las mantas (Manta birostris) para consumir sus parásitos externos • (Michael,Juveniles 1993). are solitary and territorial while adults are vagile (free-swimming)

3.showing2 Caracterí sintic asgroups biológi cofas up to 30 individuals Actualmente se desconoce la ecología de H. clarionensis. Según Froese y Pauly (2014), la tasa de • crPopulationecimiento individual of the (k) deArchipelago H. clarionensis is es less de 0.46 than y su 10% longitud of máximajuvenile, (Linf) so de recruitment211 mm. Tomando occurs en cuenta estos datos, la tendencia de la familia Pomacanthidae, una proporción de sexos de 1:1 y una loningitud shallow máxim aareas de 20 orcm .deeper Bailly (2014) than trazó the una coral curva reef de crecimientozone , donde se determinó que la 3 madurez sexual del pez ángel clarión se alcanza entre los 1.5 y 2.5 años de vida (tallas de 10 a 13 cm), y su longevidad esperada es de 10 años.

En el Archipiélago de Revillagigedo, los adultos liberan células sexuales en la superficie en primavera y otoño por lo que se considera que la especie se reproduce dos veces por año (Weiss, 1986). Es probable que el sistema de apareamiento sea poligínico (Moyer et al., 1983). Los juveniles son solitarios y territoriales, los adultos son vágiles mostrándose en grupos de hasta 30 individuos (De la Torre, 2014). Las observacioens de campo de Reyes y Martínez (2016) entre 2010 y 2014, indican que la población del Página 3 de 12

Archipiélago de Revillagigedo tiene menos de 10% de juveniles, por lo que el reclutamiento ocurre en zonas someras o más profundas que el cuerpo arrecifal.

3.3 Características morfológicas El cuerpo de H. clarionensis es comprimido; los juveniles son de color naranja-café con líneas angostas azules a un costado del cuerpo, y dos más en la cabeza de color azul brillante que desaparecen con el crecimiento del individuo. Los adultos tienen el cuerpo de color café-naranja vivo, en la cabeza muestran un tono café más oscuro y detrás de ésta se muestra un área ancha color naranja brillante. Las aletas son color naranja-amarilla, las aletas dorsal y pélvica tienen los bordes de color azul, su aleta pectoral es color amarilla intenso. Las hembras son más grandes, redondas y presentan colores menos intensos que los machos (Bailly, 2014; Froese y Pauly, 2014; Robertson y Allen, 2014; Figura 2 arriba). Tienen boca pequeña (1 cm de ancho), con dientes en forma de cerdas de cepillo. El preopérculo tiene el margen vertical serrado, y entre el preopérculo y el opérculo hay una espina por el borde. Radios dorsales XIV, 17-19; radios anales III, 18-19; radios pectorales 17-18. Aletas dorsal y anal terminan en un filamento; aleta caudal con borde recto, línea lateral débilmente desarrollada que termina debajo de la base de la dorsal. Escamas grandes (50 en serie lateral), regularmente distribuidas, ásperas que poseen levantamientos distintivos en la parte expuesta (De la Cruz-Agüero, 1997; Allen y Robertson, 1994; Figura 2 abajo).

3.4 Función de la especie en el ecosistema De acuerdo con sus hábitos alimenticios, es un importador y exportador de energía y materia dentro de los arrecifes (Holmlund y Hammer, 1999). Es posible que por su abundancia en el Archipiélago de Revillagigedo, pueda controlar la densidad de algas sobre el sustrato, lo cual colabora para prevenir fenómenos como el cambio de fase (Waldie et al., 2011). Es el principal pez limpiador de las mantas (Manta birostris). Esta especie se considera omnívora (nivel trófico 2.6) y se alimenta de esponjas, tunicados,Morphological hidrozoos, crustáceos, characteristics moluscos, zooplancton y & algunas Role algas. of Su the relación consumo/biomasa corresponde a un valor de 26.0, que implica que la cantidad de alimento que el pez debe consumir anualmente para vivir es de casi 30 veces su peso (Froese y Pauly, 2014; Sala et al., 1999). species in the ecosystem

a Juvenile b Adult ) ) Lateral line eye mouth preopercle operculum Caudal fin Pectoral fin 4 Anal fin Página 4 de 12

Habitat trends • No information on the current status of the habitat where the species is found Population size • Based on IUCN, 99% of population is in the Revillagigedo Archipelago and 1% is in other areas • Lower average density 0.0001 ind/m2 for Baja California while 0.0049 ind/m2 at Revillagigedo Archipelago • It was estimated that a total of 60,701 individuals, of which 10,668 live in the coasts of Baja California Sur whereas the range is approximately 13,365 km2 • Overall average density of 0.00454 ind/m2 was estimated 5 Structure of the population and trends • Proportion of juveniles in reef areas of the Revillagigedo Archipelago is less than 10% of the population • Average size in is between 16 and 20 cm, which is equivalent to an approximate age of 3 to 4 yrs • Density of the species declined 95% in the late 90s in Revillagigedo due to strong collecting in sport fishing • “Vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List • IUCN assesses the population as stable since the founding of ‘Revillagigedo Archipelago Biosphere Reserve’ and ‘Cabo Pulmo National Park’ where exploitation of ornamental fish is not allowed • During late 2007-2013, abundance in Cabo Pulmo has fallen to undetectable levels (less than 1 ind/ha) and no longer have observed individuals of the species in recent years • The annual surveys considered scenarios of model fisheries extraction with 800 ind/year and estimated reduced longevity from 10 to 4 years 6 Geographic Trends

• Geographic range is small, native to Mexico in the Revillagigedo Archipelago (Socorro Islands, Clarion, San Benedicto and Roca Partida) and on the coasts of Baja California Sur and Clipperton Islands (France) • There is no published information indicating whether historically the areas of distribution had increased or decreased as effects by habitat alteration or climate change

7 Threats

• Natural hazards; El Niño, hurricanes and tropical storms • Heavy fishing pressure while the absence of continuous population monitoring make it difficult to assess the impact of fishing on the species • Martinez Torres (2014) evaluated the level of vulnerability of species to fishing and habitat loss through the biological characteristics, found that H. clarionensis is highly vulnerable with 75 out of 100 for loss of habitat while fishing was 26 out of 100

8 Utilization and trade Domestic utilization • With remarkably colorful, and its characteristics placed the species as a major international market for ornamental aquarium use • Several methods for collecting ornamental fish; snorkeling, scuba diving and surface supply diving, no specific gear • Once captured, they are taken to nurseries and placed in tanks for subsequent packaging and foreign trade • about 1% of species of ornamental fish captured in the country are sold in the domestic market • 3,171 individuals were permitted to be captured (2007- 2013), this does not include losses during capture and transport 9 Legal trade • 99% of species of ornamental fish captured in Mexico is exported to the United States, mainly California • The is the highest price in the international market, exceeding $2,000, while in Mexico it costs between $200 and $500/ind and 2,751 ind has been authorized for export to US (2007-2013) • Based on the Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) report, shipment total volume of 2,705 fish were imported (2008-2014) from Mexico, however, some shipments were seized in 2009

10 Illegal trade • The high economic value generated by the species, coupled with its limited distribution, make it attractive to catch • Populations found in the southern part of the Baja California Peninsula, have apparently decreased, which may indicate indirectly that the population is small and could not sustain the fishery • In 1995, illegal shipment of 160 fish from Mexico to the United States, while 80 specimens previously exported to Japan • It is possible that illegal trade in H. clarionensis exist due to lack of identification materials (possibility of confusion with Hypsypops rubicundus or Garibaldi)

Holacanthus clarionensis Hypsypops rubicundus

http://www.wetwebmedia.com http://www.flamboyantlyfishyfotos.com 11 Legal instruments • National level 1980s ü H. clarionensis fishery had started in the central and northern Pacific and in the Gulf of California ü The legal scheme was "commercial fishing permits" granted by the delegations of each State Fishing ü The volume was recorded by weight and not individuals, catching ornamental organisms considered of little relevance, therefore there are no formal and continuous records 1995 ü Fisheries Act and Regulations impose the use of the resource under the regime of "Fishing Permit Development" which aims for educational aquariums and market aquarium purposes 2002 ü Mexican Official Standard species at risk currently in force, H. clarionensis placed in the category of “subject to special protection” and is required for management plan • International level; no information 12 Species management • Management measures ü In 2002, the Fisheries Act and Regulations (repealed in 2007), ceased to impact on fish species so the Clarion fish under the jurisdiction of the General Wildlife Act (LGVS), therefore the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT, 2013) manages the resources ü The Directorate General of Wildlife is responsible for granting fishing permits for capture of H. clarionensis ü Areas of capture in the Gulf of California: 1) Isla San Francisquito located in the Upper Gulf (28 ° N), 2) Loreto Bay is located in the center of the Gulf (25 ° N), 3) the Bay of La Paz (24 ° N), however, capture permits have not been issued at Isla San Franscisquito nowadays 13

Population monitoring

• There are no programs on permanent monitoring of the species, while there are ongoing fish censuses conducted since 2003 and 2005 in the "Cabo Pulmo National Park" and "Holy Spirit Archipelago National Park” that have yielded information useful for knowing the status of H. clarionensis in Mexico

14 Control measures International • No information, in addition to CITES, of measures to control the transboundary specimens of H. clarionensis National • "Subject to special protection" under the General Law on Wildlife • The extractive use can only be done under the conditions of sustainability prescribed in Articles 83 to 85 • Stipulated the generation of information to licensees through a Management Plan (specific objectives, goals, success indicators, sampling/monitoring, management measures habitat, population and specimens of the species)

15 Captive breeding and artificial propagation

• 1990s, efforts on captive breeding of H. clarionensis but not good results • A private company ‘Bali Aquarich’ has achieved in captive- breeding Habitat conservation • Although there are no programs specifically aimed at the conservation of the species, biosphere reserve (Revillagigedo Archipelago, Colima) and (Cabo Pulmo, Baja California Sur) National Park, is indirectly protecting the habitat

16 Information on similar species

Holacanthus passer • Central Gulf of California to northern Peru, including the , Galapagos, Malpelo and • Hybrid between the Angel King (H. passer) and the Clarion angelfish (H. clarionensis), observed in the http://www.danasojnm.top/passer-angelfish/ Revillagigedo Islands

Pomacanthus zonipectus Hypsypops rubicundus

http://www.wikiwand.com http://www.flamboyantlyfishyfotos.com 17 Thank you for your kind attention

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