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Ahmed Draia University – Adrar Faculty of Arts and Languages Department of English Language and Arts Ahmed Draia University – Adrar Faculty of Arts and Languages Department of English Language and Arts Research Paper Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for a Master Degree inLinguistics and Didactics Presented by: Supervised by: Hassan Hachim Yusuf Pr. BouhaniaBachir Board of Examiners: Pr. Bouhania Bachir Supervisor Mr. Omari Mohamed Chair Person Mr. Keddouci Othman Examiner Academic Year: 2017/2018 Acknowledgements To begin with, I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Bouhania Bachir for his unflagging support and his accurate guide. I would also like to acknowledge his prompt feedback. Without his effort and the knowledge he gave me during my three years of study, this research paper would not have been chosen and worked on. Finally, I would also like to express my gratitude to Mr Omari Mohamed, Miss Nadia Mansouri, and Miss Oumeyma Kerthiou for the knowledge they instilled in me. i Dedication I dedicate this work to my beloved mother who made me who I‟m today, and to my dear brothers and sisters. I would also like to dedicate this piece of work to my friends Daoud Abdelkerim Hamad, Hassan Ahmat Djamaladine, and Bokhit Bichara Nassour. ii Abstract The present research paper aims to work out the progressive language shift that is taking place within the Beri youth. Most young Beria speakers‟ discussions take place in local Arabic. Many issues were explored in this piece of work. The main concerned issues are: The reason behind code-switching, language maintenance, and language attitude. The last issue tackled is to find out if Beria is fading away. In order to reach the goal, a questionnaire was formulated as an instrument to collect data. 100 informants participated in this research paper. They were selected from two different geographical areas: Algeria and Chad. The data analysis and discussions of the results confirmed that the majority of the participants questioned have a deficiency in Beria hence the use of local Arabic between Beria speakers. The analysis has also shown that girls compared to boys have a negative attitude towards Beria. Also, the analysis showed that the majority of the participants said Beria is fading away. Keywords: Beria, Local Arabic, Beri, and Language attitude and maintenance iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………….I Dedication ………………..……………………………………………………………………ii Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………..iii Table of contents ……………………………………………………………………..............IV List of tables …………………………………………………………………………..............V List of figures ………………………………………………………………………………...VI General Introduction………………………………………………………….……………...1 Chapter One: Sociolinguistic Situation of Chad Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 The location of Chad ................................................................................................... 4 1.2 The ethnic groups in Chad………………………………………………………...…4 1.3 The status of French and Arabic in Chad.................................................................... 6 1.3.1- The French language .............................................................................................. 6 1.3.2- The Arabic language ............................................................................................... 6 1.4- Chadian Arabic .......................................................................................................... 8 1.5- The Zaghawa community .......................................................................................... 9 1.5.1-The origin of Zaghawa ............................................................................................ 9 1.5.2- Language name and language classification ........................................................ 11 Distribution of the speech community ........................................................................... 12 iv 1.6- Is Beria a dialect or language? ............................................................................... 13 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter Two: The Literature Review Introduction ……………………………………………………………….......……….17 2.1- Bilingualism…………………………………………………….............................17 2.2 - Code-switching and code mixing ………………………………….…….…….21 2.2.1- Definition of code………………………………………………….…...……21 2.2.2- Code-switching……………………………………………………....……….21 2.2.3- Beria-Arabic code-switching……………………………………..….....…… 25 2.3- Code-mixing ……………….…………………………………….………........….25 2.4-The difference between code-switching and code-mixing……….........………….26 2.5- Borrowing …………...………………………………………………..........…......28 2.6 - Language attitude…………………………………………..…………….......….30 2.7- Language shift and language maintenance……...…….………………….......…..31 Conclusion…………………………………………………….........………….........…36 Chapter three: Data Analysis Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 38 3.1-Aim of the Research ................................................................................................. 38 3.2-Hypotheses ............................................................................................................... 39 3.3-The Participants ........................................................................................................ 39 3.4-The research instrument…...……………………………………………………….39 3.5- Data Analysis ........................................................................................................... 40 v 3.6- Discussion of the results .......................................................................................... 52 Limitations ...................................................................................................................... 53 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 54 General Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 56 References ....................................................................................................................... 57 Appendixes ..................................................................................................................... 61 List of Tables Table 3.1 Sex……………………………………………………………………………….41 Table 3.2 Participants‟ division according to their age …………………………………….41 Table 3.3 Status ……………………………………………………………………………..42 List of figures Figure 3.1 The reasons of code switching ……………………………………………………43 Figure 3.2 Participants‟ interlocutors ………………………………………………………...44 Figure 3.3 Language used outside home ……………………………………………………..45 Figure 3.4 The frequency of code switching among the participants…...……………………46 Figure 3.5 Language competency…………………………………………………………….47 Figure 3.6 How conscious or unconscious is informants mind during code switching ….......48 Figure 3.7 Language attitude ………………………………………………………………...49 Figure 3.8 Language maintenance …………………………………………………………...50 Figure 3.9 The category of age the most exposed to local Arabic…………………………....51 Figure 3.10 Participants‟ standpoint vis-à-vis the future of Beria……………………………52 vi General Introduction There might probably be more than one language in almost any society. People move from one place to another for social, economic or political reasons. That is why in every country there might be more than one language. More than 134 languages are listed in Chad. All of them are in mutual interaction. The population of Chad is connected by local Arabic, which is also called Chadian Arabic. Due to its tremendous role within the Chadian society, it is having an impact on other Chadian languages among which we have Beria. The contact between languages has always brought something new. It can either, within speech communities, give birth to bilinguals, trilinguals, or to a great extent cause language shift. The speech community of Beria is in full contact with Arabs either in Sudan or Chad. Whenever a minority group comes into contact with a majority group, there is likely to be a change on one side as far as their language use is concerned. In the speech community Zaghawa, the linguistic behaviour of the youth is harmful to their dialect. A progressive language shift within the community of Zaghawa (Beri) is noticed. However, there are some notwithstanding the impact of local Arabic who try to maintain Beria. The aim of this research is to work out the progressive language shift that is taking place among the youths of Zaghawa. To do so, we should pose a series of questions: - How often do the Beri youth code-switch? - What are the reasons behind code-switching between Beria speakers? - Is Beria fading away? To explore these questions, a questionnaire as a research tool to collect data will be formulated. This questionnaire will then be handed to participants and some will receive online [1] questionnaire owing to the distance. The total number of the participants is 100. These participants will be selected from two different areas (Algeria and Chad). In this piece of work three chapters are going to be tackled: the first chapter will be about the sociolinguistic situation of Chad for one cannot study a language without having scant knowledge of the concerned community; the second chapter is about sociolinguistic phenomena
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