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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting MANAGING POLITICAL LIBERALIZATION AFTER MULTIPARTY ELECTIONS: REGIME TRAJECTORIES IN BURKINA FASO, CHAD, AND SENEGAL By DANIEL EIZENGA A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Daniel Eizenga To my parents, Kris and Jeff ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I must thank Leo Villalón, my dissertation supervisor, mentor, colleague and dear friend. Months before the deadline to apply to the PhD program in the Department of Political Science at the University of Florida, I sent an e-mail to Leo expressing my desire to work on Islam in West Africa and its relationship to democracy. He took the time to schedule a call with me—I assume to see if I was serious—and I took the time to read a number of his publications—to prove to him that I was. From that moment on, I have never once ceased to be amazed by Leo and I consider myself truly fortunate to have studied and collaborated with him. His intellect, feedback, ceaseless energy, and commitment to cultivating PhD students here from the United States, but also from Africa, are only a few of the admirable qualities which I hope rubbed off on me during my time as his student. It is not an understatement to say that it is very much thanks to Leo that I have found success. I established a network of friends and colleagues through the Sahel, Europe and the United States, largely thanks to his inherent ability to bring people together. His friendliness towards and respect for others has opened up doors for me in at least six foreign countries and the knowledge that his door will always be open is a constant comfort. No one else has influenced my thinking on and understanding of the Sahel to the same extent. In addition to the many academic, bureaucratic, cultural and historical lessons I have taken from Leo, I would like to mention three important life lessons which stand out and served me extraordinarily well during my fieldwork: 1) talk to anyone who will talk you; 2) eat anything other people eat; and 3) sleep anywhere you can. Finally, I should also note that his inveterate editing skills significantly improved my dissertation and that his theoretical creativity over the years fundamentally shaped my trajectory to receiving a Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. 4 There are many others to acknowledge and thank for their parts in the production of this dissertation and I will, undoubtedly, fail to mention some, but I am grateful for all the help that I have received along the way. The Center for African Studies has served as a wonderful academic home. African Studies has been my academic passion for nearly half of my life and I cannot think of a better place to cultivate an expertise in this domain than at the CAS in Gainesville. Over the years, Todd Leedy, Corinna Greene, Ike Akinyemi, and Tricia Kuhn each played important roles in resolving the many administrative puzzles which arise as a PhD student. The on-going Baraza speaker series has exposed me to different disciplines, sub-regions, and scholars from all over the world providing me with a ceaseless stream of stimulating intellectual discourse on Africa. In particular, conversations with Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, Roman Loimeier, Pierre Englebert, Adrienne LeBas, Roland Marchal and Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan influenced my dissertation in different ways. It is also through the Center for African Studies that I became connected to the Islam in Africa Working Group and the African Studies Quarterly internal review editorial board, two groups which contributed to my intellectual development and where I interacted with faculty and graduate students from a variety of disciplines. Numerous University of Florida faculty from the Center for African Studies have made an impact on me as a scholar. I would like to express my gratitude to a few including: Rene Lemarchand, Brenda Chalfin, Dan Reboussin, Luise White and Hunt Davis. The Department of Political Science served as an excellent community of which to be part and a wonderful place to learn. Many faculty influenced my development through seminars early on and contributed to the ideas developed in this dissertation. In particular, I would like to acknowledge, Larry Dodd, Connor O’Dwyer, Baderdine Arfi, Dan O’Niell, and Ken Wald for important lessons. I also owe special thanks to many graduate students from my cohort for their 5 friendship, debates, and criticisms. Emily Pukuma, Anna Mwaba, Chesney McOmber, Seaton Tarrant, Kevin Funk, Jon Whooley, and Mauro Caraccioli all provided support, encouragement and inspiration at varies points throughout this time. I would like to thank the different department chairs, associate chairs and graduate coordinators for excellent administrative help especially, Bryon Moraski, and Michael Martinez. I would also like to thank the Department’s staff, particularly our Graduate Secretary, Sue Lawless-Yanchisin. From the moment that I was accepted into the program, to the moment that I submitted my dissertation for final review, Sue has been an excellent resource, tireless professional, and kindhearted individual who has helped to insure that I reach the end of the PhD program successfully. The Department of Political Science is lucky to have her. Both the Department of Political Science and the Center for African Studies have also generously supported my research and professional development financially with pre-dissertation fieldwork trips to Senegal, Burkina Faso, and Chad as well as numerous travel awards supporting travel to present my research at professional conferences. I received two academic year Foreign Language Area Studies (FLAS) Fellowships and two summer FLAS Fellowships to study Arabic through the Center for African Studies from the United States Department of Education. This funding directly contributed to my ability to study Arabic and become familiar with culture and society in North West Africa. Three excellent Arabic language instructors, Soraya Bouguettaya, As part of my pre-dissertation ! شكرا جزيﻻ :Esameddin Alhadi, Youseff Haddad, deserve a hearty research in Senegal, Sidy Gueye helped to enhance my French conversational skills through a daily tête-à-tête at the West Africa Research Center (WARC) in Dakar. During this stay in Dakar, Abdoulaye Niang and his family hosted me and will always have my thanks for their 6 patience and teranga. Without these invaluable individuals my language skills would have surely been a research weakness rather than a strength. I should note that in addition to the funding I received for the FLAS fellowships, I also benefited from working with the Trans-Saharan Elections Project (TSEP), funded by a grant from the United States Department of State Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. This grant made possible a number of exchanges with elections specialists in six Sahel countries— Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad. It is thanks to this grant that I was able to meet representatives from each of these countries and travel to Senegal for the first time in March 2013. Later that year in July, I received a fellowship from the American Political Science Association to attend the APSA Africa Workshop in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso organized by Leo Villalón (University of Florida), Ken Wald (University of Florida), Augustin Loada (University of Ouagadougou), Enis Ahmed (CEDEJS Sudan) and Mahaman Tidjani Alou (Abdou Moumouni University). My dissertation fieldwork research was made possible through generous funding awarded from the United States Department of Defense through the Minerva Initiative as grant FA9550- 12-i-0433 to study the intersection of processes of political reform with socio-religious change in affecting the prospects for stability in Burkina Faso, Chad, Senegal, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger. I should acknowledge here that we obtained IRB approval from the University of Florida Institutional Review Board 02 under the protocol #2014-U-0338 as well as approval from the Human Research Protection Official Review process from the Research Oversight and Compliance Division of the Department of the United States Air Force under protocol number FOS20140014H. The Principal Investigator of the grant was Leonardo A. Villalón who selected three PhD students, including myself, as co-investigators. In addition to this dissertation, this 7 grant supported the dissertations of Mamadou Bodian and Ibrahim Yahaya Ibrahim. The three of us have engaged in countless hours of discussions, planning and debates and I fear that I have gained disproportionately from the two of them. They deserve special acknowledgement for their roles in my development as a scholar and my expertise on the Sahel. More than any other graduate student colleagues, Mamadou and Ibrahim have shared in the struggles and successes that went into my dissertation. Their input is irreplaceable. The list of those who deserve my thanks for their help and guidance during my fieldwork is too long to fully recount here. I would like to highlight a few key individuals without whom none of this would have been possible. In Senegal, Mamadou Bodian, Abdoulaye Niang, Charlotte Manga, and Alassane Sow facilitated my various comings and goings. Abdoul Karim Sango, Touwendenda Zongo, Abdoul Karim Saidou, Paul Koalaga and especially Abdel Kader Ouédraogo were helpful and generous during my trips to Burkina Faso. And finally, Abdermane Ali Gossoumian, Laura Le Floch, Mahamat Moussa, Ladiba Gondeu, and Remadji Hoinathy have each contributed multiple times to my experiences in Chad. Above all, I am grateful for their friendship, advice and willingness to share their experiences with me during my travels. Rather than list names, I would like to thank, the numerous officials, colleagues, friends, neighbors, and all others who took the time to meet with me to discuss politics and society in their respective country.
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