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Civilization and Its Fate STUDIA PHILOSOPHICA WRATISLAVIENSIA Supplementary Volume, English Edition 2013 Edited by Adam Chmielewski, Roman Konik Damian Leszczyński, Artur Pacewicz WROCŁAW 2013 Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia Supplementary Volume, English Edition 2013 Edited by Adam Chmielewski, Roman Konik, Damian Leszczynski,´ Artur Pacewicz Publishers Instytut Filozofii Uniwersytetu Wroc lawskiego Polskie Forum Filozoficzne ⃝c Copyright by Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia 2013 The Editor-in-chief Adam Chmielewski Editorial Team Roman Konik Damian Leszczynski´ Artur Pacewicz Secretary Urszula Lisowska Niniejsza praca naukowa zosta la sfinansowana w ramach programu Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyzszego_ pod nazwa¸,,Narodowy Program Rozwoju Humanistyki" za po´srednictwem grantu nr 31H 11 0059 80 w latach 2012{2013. The present issue of the quarterly journal Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia has been financed from the grant no 31H 11 0059 80 of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland, within the framework of the National Pro- gramme of the Development of Humanities in the years 2012{2013. Editorial Office Instytut Filozofii Uniwersytetu Wroc lawskiego ul. Koszarowa 3 51{149 Wroc law e-mail: [email protected] www.studiaphilosophica.pl ISSN 1895{8001 ISBN 978{83{933495{04{1 (e-book) ISBN 978{83{933495{05{8 Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia Supplementary Volume, English Edition 2013 Contents Adam Chmielewski, Editor's Foreword .................................... 7 History of Philosophy Artur Pacewicz, Wisdom { Knowledge { Belief. The Problem of Demarcation in Plato's \Phaedo" ................... 11 Miko laj Domaradzki, Lucius Annaeus Cornutus' Ethnographic Investigations Into Mythology ....................................... 25 Metaphysics Marek Piwowarczyk, On the Difference Between Inseparability and Dependence ..................................................... 43 Wojciech Ma lecki, David Wall, Narrative Necessity ..................... 61 Epistemology and Philosophy of Science Stanis law Judycki, Arguments in favour of Global Antirealism . 75 Marek Rosiak, The Truth { a Correspondence, Coherence or Unconcealment? ................................................. 91 Robert Pi lat, Truth as Internal Norm of the Statement . 103 Mateusz Kotowski, Toulmin's Evolutionary Theory of Scientific Development: The Study of a Failure ............................... 121 Ethics and Philosophy of Politics Richard Kearney, Forgiveness at the Limit: Impossible or Possible? . 143 Urszula Lisowska, How to Appear to be Perceived Ethically { Martha Nussbaum's Ethical Conception from the Perspective of Political Aesthetics .............................................. 157 6 Contents Damian Leszczynski´ , Positive basis of negative freedom. Notes on Isaiah Berlin's concept Jon Mills, Civilization and its Fate . 175 Jon Mills, Civilization and Its Fate ...................................... 195 Jeffery L. Nicholas, Toward a Radical Integral Humanism: MacIntyre's Continuing Marxism .................................. 223 Andrew N. Carpenter, Historical Materialism, Ideological Illusion, and the Aristotelian Heart of Marx's Condemnation of Capitalism . 243 Aesthetics Adam Chmielewski, Political Aesthetics and the Urban Change . 289 Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia Supplementary Volume, English Edition 2013 Editor's Foreword The present issue of the Supplementary Volume is a continuation of the project of the staff of the Polish language quarterly Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia. The English language edition of our journal has been made possible by the grant No 31H 11 0059 80 awarded to our team by the Poland's Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the framework of the National Programme of the Development of Humanities (M. P. No 86, 1014). As the first volume, which was published precisely a year ago, it is aimed at promoting Polish philosophical thought abroad. Also, as in the first issue, most of the papers included in this volume were authored by the Polish philosophers who have contributed to our journal ever since its establishment in 2006. It also features contributions by philosophers from other countries. I would like to ex- press my thanks to the authors of this volume and to the people involved in this project: Professors Damian Leszczy´nskiand Roman Konik, Dr. Artur Pacewicz, and Urszula Lisowska M.A. I also thank Mr. Jacek S lupskiwho translated several papers, and Mr. Grant Hennessy, who edited some of the papers for the present is- sue. I would also like to thank Ms. Julita Mrzyg l´odfor her assistance in managing the financial aspect of our project. Adam Chmielewski Professor, Editor-in-Chief History of Philosophy Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia Supplementary Volume, English Edition 2013 ARTUR PACEWICZ University of Wroc law Wisdom { Knowledge { Belief. The Problem of Demarcation in Plato's Phaedo* Abstract The aim of the present paper is to show how Plato suggested demar- cating between knowledge and other kinds of human intellectual activities. The article proposes to distinguish between two ways of such a demarcation. The first, called `the external demarcation', takes place when one differen- tiates between knowledge and non-knowledge, the rational and non-rational or the reasonable and non-reasonable. The second, called `internal', marks the difference within knowledge itself and could be illustrated by the dif- ference between the so called hard and soft sciences. The analyses lead to the following conclusions. Plato refers to the whole of human intellectual activity as doxa, which is divided into two spheres. The first of them is knowledge proper whose criterion is phronesis. Three other kinds of doxa are derived from knowledge proper: 1) the traditional peri phuse¯os investi- gation (called also sophia); 2) popular doxai concerning virtues; 3) wisdom of the antilogikoi. The difference represents the external demarcation. There may be, however, a difference in the scope of knowledge proper (the internal demarcation). If the peri phuse¯os investigators were able to explain the field of values, the result of their investigation could be acknowledged as knowl- edge, although it would still be characterized as inferior due to its being based on senses. What is interesting about knowledge proper is that it is not firm and reliable but only hypothetical. It does not determine the skep- tical reading of the Phaedo but it indicates that Plato has just begun his own philosophical project (which is still in progress) and the knowledge presented in the dialogue is his first positive suggestion how to solve the problem of demarcation. When observing scientific life from a sociological perspective, one can clearly notice the important role played in modern society by various `specialists', partic- ularly if their area of expertise is exact sciences. We believe physicists when they * This paper is a slightly revised and extended version of the text written in Polish and published in the volume: U. Wollner, M. Taliga (eds.), Poznanie a demark´acia, Tribun 2011, pp. 42{61, pp. 87{99. 12 A. Pacewicz, Wisdom { Knowledge { Belief... claim that the universe came into being billions of years ago. It seems rational to assume that the Earth came into existence and initially was devoid of any life, which then appeared and evolved in such a way that it led to the emergence of homo sapiens. But it appears also irrational that man was created by God, that UFOs exist or that the fate of humans is written in the stars. The above examples indicate the first aspect of demarcation that I would like to discuss. I will refer to it as `external demarcation'. This seems to be the most frequently represented as- pect in modern epistemological reflection, as part of which a criterion is sought for differentiating science from that which is not science, and which can be contained in weak convictions or in irrational faith (both these areas may be contained in the concept of metaphysics, broadly understood1). Scientists tell us that there is no scientific proof for the existence of God or UFOs, or a scientific confirmation of the verifiability of claims made by astrologers. When seeking a criterion that, as mentioned above, would have a nature of external demarcation, one desires to des- ignate the area of scientific cognition and to separate it from other, `non-scientific’ domains. This obviously translates into the need to formulate an appropriate con- cept (conditions) of scientific knowledge, which concept becomes in fact the very scientific criterion. The other demarcation aspect I will call `internal' and this might also be re- garded as a weaker form of the previous aspect. It presupposes that there exists a group of convictions that, with a certain degree of probability, most people regard as science, and the problem of demarcation arises precisely in this area. An ex- ample of this type of differentiation is the criticism of psychology by psychiatry or the criticism of representatives of arts by representatives of exact sciences. In the first case (external demarcation), it is about the differentiation between science and non-science, between that which is rational and irrational (reasonable and unreasonable2), in the other case, it is rather about the dispute about the form of that which is scientific (science { pseudoscience or better { worse science), in which for instance attention is paid to accuracy or the method of investigation (deduction-induction) as criteria for hierarchization (hard science { soft science). One may ask the question,
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