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Studi Pengaruh Letusan Abu Vulkanik Gunung Marapi Di Sumatra Barat Tanggal 3 Agustus 2011

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Studi Pengaruh Letusan Abu Vulkanik Gunung Marapi Di Sumatra Barat Tanggal 3 Agustus 2011 Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi, Vol. 6 No. 3, Desember 2015: 119-210 JURNAL LINGKUNGAN DAN BENCANA GEOLOGI Journal of Environment and Geological Hazards JLBG ISSN: 2086-7794 Akreditasi LIPI No. 692/AU/P2MI-LIPI/07/2015 e-mail: [email protected] Studi Pengaruh Letusan Abu Vulkanik Gunung Marapi di Sumatra Barat Tanggal 3 Agustus 2011 Terhadap Hasil Pengukuran Gas SO2 dan Partikel (Pm10 Dan Tsp) di Stasiun Pemantau Atmosfer Global Bukit Kototabang The Study On The Effect Of Mount Marapi Eruption Volcanic Ash In West Sumatra (3 August 2011) On The Results Of Measurement Of SO2 Gas And Particle (Pm10 And Tsp) In The Global Atmosphere Watch Of Bukit Kototabang Station Agusta Kurniawan Stasiun Pemantau Atmosfer Global (SPAG) Bukit Kototabang Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika-Sumatra Barat, Indonesia Naskah diterima 21 Mei 2015, selesai direvisi 02 Oktober 2015, dan disetujui 15 Oktober2015 2015 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRAK Makalah ini bertujuan memberi gambaran tentang perlunya sinergi dan harmonisasi antar sektor dalam perencanaan dan pengelolaan tata ruang. Studi kasus dilakukan di kawasan Dieng Plateau menggunakan metode pendekatan survei lapang- an dan analisis. Tekanan populasi di kawasan ini telah menyebabkan terjadinya tekanan lahan yang memicu peningkatan aktivitas di sektor pertanian, khususnya komoditas kentang. Aktivitas tersebut disertai dengan pemanfaatan pupuk organik maupun anorganik untuk meningkatkan produktivitas. Hasil analisis lima dari enam sampel air sumur di sekitar lokasi studi menunjukkan kadar nitrat dan COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) yang tinggi. Tingginya kadar nitrat dan COD dalam air sumur memberikan indikasi yang cukup kuat yaitu telah terjadi kontaminasi air akibat aktivitas pertanian. Oleh karena itu, untuk mencapai kesinambungan sumber daya di Dieng Plateau, maka perlu adanya sinergi dan harmonisai antarsektor, khususnya sektor sumber daya air dan lahan. Kata kunci: COD, Dieng Plateau, nitrat, produktivitas pertanian ABSTRACT This paper aims to provide an overview of the need for the synergy and harmonize between sectosr in the spatial planning and its management. The case study was conducted in Dieng Plateau using the method of survey and analytical approach. The population pressure influenced the land pressure in this location. It has triggered the increase of agricultural activities, particularly in potato commodities. Its activities use organic and inorganic fertilizers to improve productivity. The analysis result of five of six water samples taken from the shallow dug well around the Dieng Plateau showed the high concentration of nitrate and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand). High concentration of nitrate and COD in water sample provides a strong enough indication that water con- tamination occurred as a result of the agricultural activities. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainability of resources in the Dieng Plateau, hence the synergy and harmony between sectors are needed, especially water and land resources sectors. Keywords: COD, Dieng Plateau, nitrate, agricultural activitie 199 Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi, Vol. 6 No. 3, Desember 2015: 119-210 PENDAHULUAN SPAG Bukit Kototabang Gunung Marapi Stasiun Pemantau Atmosfer Global (SPAG) Bukit Kototabang merupakan satu-satunya Stasiun Peman- Gunung Marapi secara adminstratif berlokasi di tau Atmosfer Global di Indonesia dari Stasiun Pe- dua kabupaten, yaitu Kabupaten Agam dan Kabu- mantau Atmosfer Global (berskala global) yang ada paten Tanah Datar, Provinsi Sumatra Barat (Gambar di dunia (Gambar2) (Kurniawan , 2014). 1). Kecamatan Banuhampu Sungai Puar di Kabu- paten Agam dan Kecamatan Pariangan, Kecamatan SPAG Bukit Kototabang merupakan implementasi Batipuh, Kecamatan X Koto di Kabupaten Tanah program Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) yang di- Datar. Gunung Marapi merupakan gunung api Tipe cetuskan oleh World Meteorological Organization A (Strato). (WMO) sebagai upaya untuk melakukan monitoring terhadap kondisi atmosfer secara global. Sampai saat Menurut laporan Badan Nasional Penanggulan Ben- ini,25September 2013, ada tiga puluh stasiun sejenis cana, Gunung Marapi di Sumatra Barat mulai ada yang ada di dunia yang bertugas untuk memperoleh peningkatan aktivitas sejak tanggal 3 Agustus 2011 data atmosferik dan kualitas udara di daerah dengan pukul 09.00 WIB (http://www.bnpb.go.id/website/ tipe remote atau daerah dengan kondisi udara yang asp/berita_list.asp?id=636). Material yang dilontar- relatif bersih dan jauh dari aktivitas antropogenik. kan ke atmosfer saat letusan adalah gas dan material Stasiun Pemantau Atmosfer Global (SPAG) Bukit vulkanik (Robock, 2002). Selain itu, emisi letusan Kototabang merupakan salah satu stasiun penga- gunung api juga mengeluarkan gas-gas halogen, se- matan referensi udara bersih (Gambar 3). perti HCl dan HF yang memperkuat deposisi asam (Delmelle drr., 2001). Untuk kawasan Asia, SPAG Bukit Kototabang meru- pakan satu dari empat stasiun GAW selain Minami- Gambar 1. Profil Gunung Marapi dan Stasiun Pemantau Atmosfer Global (SPAG) Bukit Kototabang 200 Studi Pengaruh Letusan Abu Vulkanik Gunung Marapi di Sumatra Barat Tanggal 3 Agustus 2011 Terhadap Hasil Pengukuran Gas SO2 dan Partikel (Pm10 Dan Tsp) di Stasiun Pemantau Atmosfer Global Bukit Kototabang - Agusta Kurniawan Gambar 2. Lokasi Stasiun Pemantau Atmosfer Global (berskala global) di dunia. (Sumber: www.gawsis.de). Gambar 3. Kondisi lingkungan sekitar di Stasiun Pemantau Atmosfer Global (SPAG) Bukit Kototabang yang masih bersih (sebagai latar belakang adalah Gunung Singgalang). 201 Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi, Vol. 6 No. 3, Desember 2015: 119-210 torishima (Jepang), Mount Waliguan (China), dan METODE PENELITIAN Danum Valley (Malaysia). Posisi astronomis dan Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meng- geografis Indonesia memberikan fenomena tersend- gunakan agregat harian yang terbagi menjadi dua: iri dalam bidang sains atmosfir. Kenyataan bahwa data pembanding, yaitu data harian sebelum letu- Indonesia merupakan negara maritim yang terletak san abu vulkanik Gunung Marapi pada 1-30 Juli di daerah tropis dengan keberagaman topografi dan 2011, dan data sampel, yaitu data setelah letusan sumber daya alamnya telah sejak lama menjadi per- abu vulkanik Gunung Marapi pada 1-10 Agustus hatian para peneliti di bidang sains atmosfir. Oleh 2011. karena itu, ketika Organisasi Meteorologi Dunia (WMO) bermaksud untuk memperluas jaringan Pengukuran Konsentrasi SO2 pemantau atmosfirnya, maka Indonesia dijadikan Konsentrasi gas SO (part per billion=ppb) diperoleh sebagai salah satu kandidat utama. Wilayah Indo- 2 dari instrumen TS43i-Trace Level Enhance. Prinsip nesia yang terbagi dalam lima pulau utama, yaitu kerja instrumen ini dengan metode UV Fluores- Sumatra, Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, dan Papua cence. Data gas SO merupakan data dengan resolusi dengan perbedaan topografi mengisyaratkan suatu 2 5 menit,yang kemudian diolah menjadi agregat har- pemilihan yang selektif untuk dapat merepresenta- ian. Raw data diambil dari instrumen menggunakan sikan Indonesia sebagai titik acuan bagi pengukuran software iport dengan kabel RS232 yang dilengkapi di wilayah tropis berbasis maritim. Dari kelima pu- dengan sistem kalibrasi (Dynamic Gas Calibrator lau tersebut, Pulau Sumatra dipilih karena keraga- TS146i dan Zero Air Supply TS111) serta gas Stan- man topografi dan letaknya yang berhadapan den- dar SO (Kurniawan, 2010). gan Samudra Hindia, yang telah lama menjadi salah 2 satu perhatian kalangan meteorologis dan peneliti Pengukuran Konsentrasi PM10 sains atmosfer. Konsentrasi PM10 (particulate matter 10/aerosol Stasiun ini secara administratif berada di Keca- berukuran kurang dari 10 μm) diperoleh dari instru- matan Palupuh, Kabupaten Agam, Sumatra Barat. men BAM yang menggunakan prinsip pelemahan Secara geografis, berada di 0,20°LS dan 100,32°BT sinar beta. Data PM10 (μg/m3) merupakan data den- (Gambar 1). Letak astronomisnya yang sangat unik gan resolusi 1 jam. Raw data diambil dari instrumen karena berada dekat dengan garis ekuator, membuat menggunakan aplikasi hyperterminal dengan kabel stasiun ini menjadi sangat penting untuk penga- RS232. Raw data kemudian diolah menjadi data matan kondisi atmosferik di daerah sekitar ekua- agregat harian (Met One Instruments, Inc., 2001; tor. Letak geografis stasiun ini juga tak kalah unik Kurniawan, 2010). karena bagian barat merupakan daerah pesisir yang berhadapan dengan Samudra Hindia yang luas, se- Pengukuran Konsentrasi TSP mentara bagian timur merupakan wilayah dataran Konsentrasi TSP (Total Suspended Particle) diperoleh tinggi yang merupakan bagian dari Pegunungan dari instrumen HVAS (High Volume Air Sampler). Bukit Barisan. Instrumen ini dioperasikan selama 24 jam. HVAS Berdasarkan pertimbangan kedekatan lokasi Gunung Staplex ini juga dilengkapi dengan flow controller Marapi dan Stasiun Pemantau Atmosfer Global Bukit (pengatur laju alir), yang memastikan laju alir udara Kototabang, serta tugas pokok dan fungsi Stasiun Pe- tetap sama/konstan. Laju alir udara diatur tetap 1.12 mantau Atmosfer Global Bukit Kototabang sebagai CMM ≈ 1.2 CMM (Cubic Meter Per Minute)=1200 salah satu stasiun referensi udara bersih di Indonesia, LPM atau Pompa dioperasikan dengan laju alir 1,2 studi pengaruh letusan abu vulkanik Gunung Marapi m3/menit. Partikel akan mengendap pada filter. Berat dilakukan pada 3Agustus 2011 terhadap penguku- Total Suspended Particle (TSP) merupakan selisih ran gas SO2 dan parameter partikel (PM10dan TSP) antara berat filter sesudah pemasangan dikurangi be- di Stasiun Pemantau
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