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GERMANY 1960-January 1963 A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files GERMANY 1960-January 1963 Internal Affairs and Foreign Affairs Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files GERMANY 1960-January 1963 INTERNAL AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 762, 862, and 962 and FOREIGN AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 662 and 611.62 Project Coordinator Robert E. Lester Guide Compiled by Dan Elasky Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Germany, 1960-January 1963 [microform] : internal affairs and foreign affairs / [project coordinator, Robert E. Lester]. microfilm reels. Accompanied by a printed guide entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition of Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Germany 1960-January 1963. ISBN 1-55655-750-7 1. Germany--History--1945-1990--Sources. 2. United States. Dept. of State--Archives. I. Title: Germany, 1960-January 1963. II. Lester, Robert. III. United States. Dept. of State. IV. University Publications of America (Firm) V. Title: Guide to the microfilm edition of Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Germany 1960-January 1963. DD257 943.087--dc21 2002066164 CIP The documents reproduced in this publication are among the records of the U.S. Department of State in the custody of the National Archives of the United States. No copyright is claimed in these official records. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction v Scope and Content Note vii Source Note ix Organization of the U.S. Department of State Decimal Filing System xi Numerical List of Country Numbers xv Acronym List xxiii Reel Index Reels 1-21 Internal Political and National Defense Affairs--Germany 762.0 Political Affairs 1 Reel 22 762.0 Political Affairs cont 17 762.1 Political Affairs: Executive Branch of Government 17 762.2 Political Affairs: Legislative Branch of Government 18 762.3 Political Affairs: Judicial Branch of Government 18 762.5 National Defense Affairs 18 762.6 National Defense Affairs: Stockpiling 21 Reel 23 Internal Economic, Industrial, and Social Affairs--Germany 862.0 Economic Matters 21 862.1 Financial Matters 24 Reel 24 862.1 Financial Matters cont 26 Reel 25 862.1 Financial Matters cont 28 862.2 Agriculture 29 862.25 Mines and Mining 30 862.26 Engineering and Architecture 30 862.3 Manufacturers and Manufacturing 30 862.4 Social Matters 30 Reel 26 862.4 Social Matters cont 31 Reel 27 862.4 Social Matters cont 32 862.5 Public Order, Safety, and Health 34 Communications; Transportation; Science--Germany 962.0 Communications 34 962.1 Communications: Postal 34 962.3 Communications: Telephone 34 962.4 Communications: Radio 34 962.6 Communications: Public Press 34 962.7 Transportation 35 Reels 28-29 962.7 Transportation cont 35 Reel 30 962.7 Transportation cont 37 962.8 Science 38 Reel 31 Political and Other International Relations; Bilateral Treaties--Germany 662.00 Political Relations between Germany and Other Countries 38 Reel 32 662.00 Political Relations between Germany and Other Countries cont 40 662.62B Political Relations between Germany and East Germany 41 662.63 Political Relations between Germany and Austria 41 662.65 Political Relations between Germany and Italy 41 662.68 Political Relations between Germany and Yugoslavia 41 662.70A Political Relations between Germany and Togo 42 662.70E Political Relations between Germany and Mali 42 662.70G Political Relations between Germany and Congo 42 662.70R Political Relations between Germany and [Congo] 42 662.70X Political Relations between Germany and South Africa 42 662.77 Political Relations between Germany and Somalia 42 662.84A Political Relations between Germany and Israel 42 662.85 Political Relations between Germany and Jordan 42 662.89 Political Relations between Germany and Afghanistan 42 662.90 Political Relations between Germany and Far East 42 662.92 Political Relations between Germany and Thailand 42 Reels 33-35 Political and Other International Relations; Bilateral Treaties--U.S.-Germany 611.62 Political Relations between United States and Germany 42 Subject Index 55 INTRODUCTION As East and West seized on their parts of Germany like cold war chess pieces, German national life revived along the tensest frontier of the emerging cold war. Each side encouraged those German political elements favorable to itself in its own area of control. The result was an accelerated drive toward separate and distorted statehood. The postwar revival of German political life became a "tit-for-tat" game. The Western Allies set up a western German constitutional convention in September 1948 to promulgate a new German constitution, with a goal of ultimate reunification. The USSR refused to acknowledge this convention, and in May 1949, the Western Allies established the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG/West Germany). The USSR countered with the adoption by a People's Congress in the East of the establishment of the German Democratic Republic (GDR/East Germany) in October 1949. This Communist republic's goal was for reunification along "traditional" socialist lines, but it was in reality another Soviet vassal. Two competing "Germanics" had come into existence. Inevitably, their internal politics were polarized by their cold war origins. The Soviet hand in the new GDR was blatant. Although the unified Social Democratic-Communist Party, the Socialist Unity Party (SED), did not have a majority in the one free election held, it had the lion's share of places in the single-list elections in the GDR. The smaller Communist Party controlled the leadership positions and policy making in the SED, even though the Social Democrats were more numerous. The GDR was a one-party state whose authority rested on Soviet military presence and the Communist Party apparatus under party secretary Walter Ulbricht, who ruled from 1945 to 1969. The FRG was governed by the popularly elected Christian Democratic Party under the leadership of Konrad Adenauer and his successors until 1969. The division of Germany did give the Christian Democrats an advantage--it prevented the Social Democrats, the largest prewar political party, from playing a major role. Outnumbered in Catholic West Germany, the Social Democrats were forced into the SED in East Germany and deprived of any national role, particularly in their old stronghold of Berlin. The extraordinary prosperity of West Germany's free-enterprise economy contributed to tensions between the Germanies. Easterners became immune to the propaganda and fled to the West to share in the prosperity and freedom. Just as Germany remained divided, so did Berlin, which lay one hundred miles deep within the GDR, partitioned into a Western and a Soviet sector, the scene of continuing international friction. In 1961 the Soviet and East German authorities erected a physical wall to check the exodus of East Berliners, thousands of whom had already fled in pursuit of the more democratic atmosphere and material plenty of the West. At heart, liberals, democrats, and socialists in West Germany and in West Berlin, and Communists in East Germany, were at one in their determination someday to reunite their divided nation. The West Germans insisted that it be by free elections throughout German territory; the East Germans and their Soviet overseers insisted that it be by negotiations between the two governments. Although the two sides entered into consultations, reunification remained elusive; the issue was less in German hands than in the larger framework of postwar power rivalries. The Western Alliance saw West Berlin as the key to maintaining West Germany within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Soviet policy dictated the neutralization of NATO by neutralizing West Germany, supporting worldwide recognition of the GDR, and submerging both sectors of the traditional German capital within the confines of the East. The German people were deeply opposed to the last two tenets, for the reunification issue still had great popular appeal. The documentation in this collection provides the researcher with a window into the myriad problems associated with a divided Germany. The documents cover the contrasting economic achievements of the western section and the failures of the east. The documentary collection provides commentary on the Berlin crisis and its effects on U.S.-West German relations, West Germany's position in NATO, the importance of U.S.-German military strength, and the political vacillation in Western Europe. East German documentation consists of analysis, reports, intelligence sources, and correspondence with political figures. The documents relate the repressive nature of the East German government, activities of the SED, the search for diplomatic recognition abroad, and the importance of Soviet military and economic aid. SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files, 1960-January 1963 The U.S. State Department Central Files are the definitive source of American diplomatic reporting on political, military, social, and economic developments throughout the world in the twentieth century. Surpassing the scope of the State Department's Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) series, the Central Files provide extensive coverage of all political, military, social, and economic matters relating to a particular country and/or world event. The State Department Central Files for 1960-January 1963 cover a crucial period in U.S. and world history. Each part of the 1960-January 1963 series contains a wide range of primary materials: special reports and observations on political
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