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Útdrættir - Fyrirlestrar Útdrættir - Fyrirlestrar Yfirlitserindi: Y1 - Samspil plantna og dýra á norðurslóðum Ingibjörg Svala Jónsdóttir • Líffræðistofnun Háskóla Íslands, Sturlugötu 7, 101 Reykjavík Mikil fjölbreytni er í samspili plantna og dýra og getur það verið með ýmsum formerkjum og margskonar hópar dýra og plantna átt þar í hlut, en slík samspil eru hluti af líffræðilegri fjölbreytni. Eitt form er beit sem í víðri merkingu þýðir að dýr nærist á plöntu. Hægt er að skoða þetta samspil milli einstaklinga, stofna, og samfélaga og vistkerfa. Yfirleitt eru áhrif beitar neikvæð fyrir plöntuna og jákvæð fyrir plöntuætuna. Nákvæmlega hver hver áhrifin verða fyrir plöntuna fer eftir því hvaða hluti plönturnar er étinn, hve mikið og hvenær. Plöntur hafa hins vegar aðlagast beit á margvíslegan hátt og hefur því jafnvel verið haldið fram að hjá sumum plöntutegundum, t.d. ýmsum tegundum grasa, hafi aðlögunin gegnið svo langt að “fitness” beittra plantna sé hærri en óbeittra plantna. Gallinn við slíkar ályktanir er oftast sá að ekki hefur verið litið til alls lífsferils plöntunnar. Plöntuæturnar hafa einnig aðlagast að fæðunni og sýna þar mismunandi sérhæfingu. Magn og næringargildi plantna geta haft mikil áhrif á stofnstærð dýra, en áhrifin eru einnig háð samspili við önnur fæðuþrep (afræningja). Þó að vistkefi á norðurslóðum séu hlutfallslega einföld má finna þar flókin samspil plantna og beitardýra. Beitardýrin eru allt frá smásæum skordýrum til nagdýra, fugla og stórra jórturdýra og hefur þetta samspil mjög mótandi áhrif á vistkerfi norðurslóða. Þess vegna er góð þekking á samspili plantna og dýra nauðsynleg til að skilja hvernig vistkerfi norðurslóða bregðast við loftslagsbreytingum. Í þessu erindi mun ég fjalla um rannsóknir mínar á áhrifum beitar á einstakar plöntutegundir, plöntusamfélög og vistkerfi á norðurslóðum. Þar eiga í hlut hryggleysingjar, læmingjar, gæsir, hreindýr og sauðfé. [email protected] 1 Y2- Genetics of common complex diseases – the deCODE project Unnur Þorsteinsdóttir deCODE genetics, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland deCODE genetics was founded in 1996 with the aim of identifying genes/sequence variants that predispose to common complex human diseases in the Icelandic population. During this period the company has gathered and generated data for studying human diseases that is unprecedented in the world, placing deCODE among the leaders of human genetic research. This presentation will describe the unique genetic resource that has been built at deCODE and how it has been used to identify genes deterministic for human health and evolution. 2 Y3-Molecular control of cell migration – glial cell dynamics in the Drosophila eye Sigríður Rut Franzdóttir *‡, Daniel Engelen and Christian Klämbt Institut für Neurobiologie, Westfälisches Wilhelms Universität, Münster, Germany ‡Present affiliation: Biomedical Center, University of Iceland Cellular movements and migration are a common theme in all developing and adult multicellular organisms. Such diverse processes as cell divisions, tissue morphogenesis and memory formation require cells to rearrange their cytoskeleton, break up old connections and form new ones. The study of cell dynamics has shown cellular movements to be a highly regulated processes and the molecular mechanisms underlying these events are gradually being uncovered. Figure 1. Two carpet glial cells cover the retinobasal field. Projection of confocal sections. Scale bar 50 µm. Glial cells must frequently migrate over long distances during the development a complex nervous system. The mechanisms directing the migration and interaction between neurons and glia are largely unknown. We have used the developing Drosophila eye as a model to study the molecular control of glial cell movements during migration and differentiation. In the larval eye imaginal disc, glial cells migrate from the optic stalk onto the disc as photoreceptor neurons differentiate and project axons towards the optic lobe. Two glial cells (figure 1) form a huge carpet between the axon projections and migrating glia and only the cells at the migrating front are in position to contact axons. Upon contact, the glial cells enter a differentiation program and start ensheathing the axonal projections [1]. We have shown that FGF signaling is essential at several points to direct these cell movements. The FGF receptor Heartless is expressed in the eye disc glia and its function is required for glial cell proliferation, migration and the ensheathment of axons. These different outcomes of signaling by the same receptor can partially be accounted for by a switch in ligand expression and modifications of downstream signaling events [2]. [1] Silies, M., et al., 2007. J Neurosci 2: 13130-9. [2] Franzdottir, S.R., et al., 2009. Nature 460 : 758-61 *e-mail: [email protected] 3 Y4 - Vistkreppa eða náttúruvernd Hjörleifur Guttormsson * náttúrufræðingur, Vatnsstíg 21, 101 Reykjavík Fyrir um 40 árum urðu straumhvörf í alþjóðlegri umræðu um náttúruvernd og umhverfismál. Evrópuráðið helgaði árið 1970 náttúruvernd, Sameinuðu þjóðirnar efndu 1972 til ráðstefnu í Stokkhólmi um umhverfi mannsins og Rómarklúbburinn gaf 1972 út ritið Endimörk vaxtarins [1]. Fjallað er um alþjóðlegan bakgrunn þessarar vakningar, stóraukin efnahagsumsvif og mengun á Vesturlöndum samhliða fólksfjölgun og örbirgð í þriðja heiminum. Hérlendis spruttu upp áhugafélög um náttúruvernd, sett voru ný náttúruverndarlög 1971 og brugðist var við ofveiði með útfærslu fiskveiðilögsögunnar. Álbræðslan í Straumsvík tók til starfa 1970 og var í byrjun rekin án mengunarvarna. Landsvirkjun undirbjó gífurlega vatnsmiðlun í Þjórsárverum og bændur gripu til sinna ráða gegn Laxárstíflu og vatnsmiðlun úr Mývatni. Allar götur síðan hafa staðið deilur um orkufrekan iðnað og virkjanir hérlendis. Um þessi efni fjallaði ég í bókinni Vistkreppa eða náttúruvernd 1974 [2]. Þar var vikið að loftslagsbreytingum sem eru nú eitt stærsta viðfangsefni alþjóðasamfélagsins og rætt um friðlýsingar og verndun hálendisins. Mynd: Tillaga HG á Alþingi 1998 sem leiddi til stofnunar Vatnajökulsþjóðgarðs 2008. Hvenær fáum við hina þrjá? Stiklað er á þróun mála síðustu áratugi, Ríó-sáttmálum Sameinuðu þjóðanna 1992 og sagt frá ráðstefnunni í Jóhannesarborg 2002 um sjálfbæra þróun. Meðal stærstu hindrana í baráttunni við aðsteðjandi vistkreppu eru ósjálfbær hagvöxtur, skerðing náttúruauðlinda og mengun, ör fólksfjölgun og misskipting svo og orkubúskapur byggður að meginhluta á jarðefnaeldsneyti [3]. [1] Dennis L. Meadows, o.fl. Limits to Growth. New York 1972. Ísl. þýðing: Endimörk vaxtarins. Reykjavík 1974. [2] Hjörleifur Guttormsson. Vistkreppa eða náttúruvernd. Reykjavík 1974. [3] Jared Diamond. Collapse. How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York 2005. * [email protected] 4 Y5 - Þróun atferlis ∗ Sigurður S. Snorrason Líffræðistofnun Háskóla Íslands, Sturlugötu 7, 101 Reykjavík ∗ Hrefna Sigurjónsdóttir Prófessor í líffræði - Menntavísindasvið Háskóla Íslands, Stakkahlíð, 105 Reykjavík Atferlisfræðin er eitt áhugaverðasta en um leið eitt flóknasta svið líffræðinnar. Viðunandi skilningur á atferli dýra byggist á að það sé skoðað frá sjónarhóli erfða- og þroskunarfræði, lífeðlisfræði, vistfræði, þróunarsögu og þróunarlíffræði. Í erindinu verður leitast við að skýra þessa samþættu sýn og setja hana í sögulegt samhengi. Líkt og Darwin færði rök fyrir í Uppruna tegundanna , gerum við ráð fyrir að atferlisleg einkenni þróist rétt eins og sköpulagseinkenni. Sömuleiðis er ljóst að atferli þroskast og tekur breytingum með aldri. Sameindalíffræðilegar rannsóknir munu með tíð og tíma varpa ljósi á erfðafræðilegan grundvöll breytilegrar hegðunar og á mótandi áhrif umhverfisins á hegðun. Áhersla verður lögð á sjónarhorn atferlisvistfræðinnar þar sem hegðun er útskýrð út frá vist- og þróunarfræði og settar fram tilgátur um aðlögunargildi hegðunar. Fræðilegum líkönum sem sett hafa verið fram til að útskýra þróun hegðunar verður stuttlega lýst og vísað í dæmi um prófun þeirra. Stuðst verður við dæmi um skemmtilega og fróðlega hegðun dýra eins og skrautsýningar, bardaga og fleira tengt makavali, umönnun ungviðis, fæðuleit og fæðuval og að lokum verður fjallað stuttlega um gáfnafar dýra. ∗ * e-mail: [email protected] ∗ * e-mail: [email protected] 5 Erindi E1 - Jarðhitasvæði sem tilraunavettvangur til að spá fyrir um áhrif loftslagsbreytinga á ferskvatnsvistkerfi Jón S. Ólafsson 1, Gísli Már Gíslason 2 og Nikolai Friberg 3 1Veiðimálastofnun, Keldnaholti, 112 Reykjavík, 2Líffræðistofnun Háskólans, Sturlugötu 7, 101 Reykjavík og 3Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Danmörk Óhætt er að fullyrða að eitt af sérkennum í náttúru Íslands sé jarðhitinn, fjölbreytni jarðhitasvæða hér á landi á sér fáar hliðstæður annarsstaðar á Jörðinni. Vegna þess hversu staðbundin jarðhitaáhrifin eru mynda jarðhitasvæðin bletti í vistkerfum ákveðinna landsvæða eins og „ eyjar í úthafi ”. Vistkerfi jarðhitasvæða geta því verið um margt frábrugðin nærliggjandi vistkerfum. Þar hafa oft þróast sérstæð samfélög lífvera með tegundum sem þrífast þar eingöngu hitans vegna eða þeirra efna sem berast upp á yfirborðið með vatni eða gufu. Grunnvatn úr heitri jarðskorpunni sem streymir upp á yfirborðið er oft á tíðum áberandi þar sem jarðhita gætir. Þar spretta fram volgar eða heitar lindir. Því má segja að jarðhitasvæðin bjóði upp á kjörin tækifæri til rannsókna og prófanna á vistfræðilegum tilgátum. Sumarið 2004 hófust rannsóknir á vistfræði lækja í Miðdal og Innstadal á Hengilssvæðinu með það meginmarkmið að spá fyrir um hugsanleg áhrif loftslagshlýnunar á straumvatnavistkerfi. Rannsóknin
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