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La Sécurité Arctique 2000-2010 : Une Décennie Turbulente?

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La Sécurité Arctique 2000-2010 : Une Décennie Turbulente? La sécurité arctique 2000-2010 : une décennie turbulente? Mathieu Landriault Thèse soumise à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales dans le cadre des exigences du programme de doctorat en science politique École d’études politiques Faculté des sciences sociales Université d’Ottawa © Mathieu Landriault, Ottawa, Canada, 2013 ii Table des matières INTRODUCTION – LE GRAND NORD EST-IL ASSIÉGÉ? ......................................................................................................... 1 1. APPROCHES MATÉRIALISTES, APPROCHES DISCURSIVES ............................................................................................................. 3 2. MENACES À LA SOUVERAINETÉ : DEUX TYPES DISTINCTS............................................................................................................ 8 a) La souveraineté en tant qu’autonomie décisionnelle .............................................................................................. 9 b) La souveraineté en tant qu’intégrité territoriale ................................................................................................... 14 c) Déterminants internes : bureaucratie, société civile et idées ................................................................................ 19 3. ÉTUDES ARCTIQUES AU CANADA : LA SOUVERAINETÉ COMME QUESTION CENTRALE ..................................................................... 30 4. CADRE THÉORIQUE ET QUESTIONS DE RECHERCHE ................................................................................................................. 39 5. LA DÉCENNIE 2000-2010 ............................................................................................................................................... 54 CHAPITRE 1 - LES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES ET LA NÉBULEUSE SÉCURITAIRE EN ARCTIQUE ..................................... 60 1. DES MENACES MULTIFORMES ............................................................................................................................................ 60 a) L’idée de la fin des certitudes ................................................................................................................................ 60 b) L’Arctique et la nébuleuse ..................................................................................................................................... 64 c) Le réchauffement climatique : le baromètre arctique .......................................................................................... 65 2. LA PÉRIODE ÉTUDIÉE ....................................................................................................................................................... 71 3. GOUVERNEMENT CANADIEN ............................................................................................................................................. 72 a) La sécurité humaine en Arctique .......................................................................................................................... 72 b) Un effort bureaucratique ...................................................................................................................................... 73 c) De la bureaucratie à la sphère politique ............................................................................................................... 77 4. JOURNAUX CANADIENS .................................................................................................................................................... 89 a) 2000-2005 : l’Ouest et la sonnette d’alarme ......................................................................................................... 90 b) 2000-2005 : le dégel sécuritaire ........................................................................................................................... 93 c) 2000-2005 : faire valoir sa souveraineté ou la perdre .......................................................................................... 96 d) 2005-2007 : les menaces étatiques ....................................................................................................................... 98 5. REPRÉSENTANTS INUITS ................................................................................................................................................. 102 a) Changements climatiques : visage humain et droits humains ............................................................................ 102 b) Enjeux sociaux : l’argument de l’occupation historique ...................................................................................... 108 6. CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES, CHANGEMENTS SÉCURITAIRES ................................................................................................. 110 CHAPITRE 2 - LA MENACE DANOISE : L’ÎLE DE HANS ET LA CRISE DE L’ÉTÉ 2005 ............................................................. 118 1. CONFLIT TERRITORIAL : HISTORIQUE ................................................................................................................................. 119 2. DROIT INTERNATIONAL : L'ARGUMENT DE L'OCCUPATION EFFECTIVE ........................................................................................ 121 3. LA CRISE DE L'ÉTÉ 2005 ................................................................................................................................................. 124 4. GOUVERNEMENT CANADIEN ........................................................................................................................................... 124 a) Réactions danoises ............................................................................................................................................. 125 b) Discours canadien : la menace américano-danoise? .......................................................................................... 126 5. JOURNAUX CANADIENS .................................................................................................................................................. 131 a) Une crise canadienne-anglaise? ......................................................................................................................... 132 b) La nature de l'enjeu ............................................................................................................................................ 133 c) L'île de Hans : crise-test de changements globaux ............................................................................................. 135 d) Crise-test face aux autres nations arctiques : l'image du démembrement territorial......................................... 137 e) Le consensus canadien sur l'Arctique : il faut en faire plus... .............................................................................. 140 6. REPRÉSENTANTS INUITS ................................................................................................................................................. 142 7. LA MENACE DANOISE : LA THÉORIE DE LA PENTE GLISSANTE ................................................................................................... 144 CHAPITRE 3 - LA MENACE AMÉRICAINE : LA CRISE DU USS CHARLOTTE ........................................................................ 149 1. LA MENACE AMÉRICAINE PENDANT LA GUERRE FROIDE : UN MAL NÉCESSAIRE? ........................................................................ 149 a) Une « ligne Maginot arctique »? ........................................................................................................................ 150 b) Le pétrolier de la discorde : le Passage du Nord-Ouest en question ................................................................... 152 iii c) 1985 : un transit « non intentionnel »................................................................................................................. 155 d) L'ignorance comme politique .............................................................................................................................. 159 2. GOUVERNEMENT CANADIEN ........................................................................................................................................... 164 a) La menace américaine en tant que stratégie électorale ..................................................................................... 164 b) Sursaut nationaliste : réitérer une position officielle .......................................................................................... 170 3. JOURNAUX CANADIENS .................................................................................................................................................. 173 a) Une prise de conscience nécessaire... ................................................................................................................. 174 b) Comment contrer des sous-marins nucléaires américains? ................................................................................ 178 c) Faire du neuf avec du vieux ................................................................................................................................ 180 4. REPRÉSENTANTS INUITS ................................................................................................................................................. 182 a) Retour historique : 1985 ..................................................................................................................................... 183 b) Le sous-marin de l'indifférence? ........................................................................................................................
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