Cooperação No Desenvolvimento De Aeronaves Militares a Partir Das Estruturas Regionais: Lições Do F-104 E Tornado Para a Unasul

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Cooperação No Desenvolvimento De Aeronaves Militares a Partir Das Estruturas Regionais: Lições Do F-104 E Tornado Para a Unasul UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS POLÍTICAS DOUTORADO EM CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS ANDERSON MATOS TEIXEIRA Cooperação no Desenvolvimento de Aeronaves Militares a partir das Estruturas Regionais: lições do F-104 e Tornado para a Unasul Porto Alegre 2016 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS POLÍTICAS DOUTORADO EM CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS ANDERSON MATOS TEIXEIRA Cooperação no Desenvolvimento de Aeronaves Militares a partir das Estruturas Regionais: lições do F-104 e Tornado para a Unasul Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Políticas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como requisito parcial e final para obtenção do titulo de Doutor. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Eduardo Munhoz Svartman. Porto Alegre 2016 ii iii Dedico ao meu bebe Arthur (in memoriam). iv Agradeço a todos aqueles que me ajudaram e me apoiaram durante a realização deste trabalho hercúleo. Agradeço especialmente ao meu orientado, professor Eduardo Svartman pelas inúmeras vezes em que me postou diante da realidade da pesquisa e do apoio e conselhos, até mesmo em assuntos pessoais. Aos professores, José Miguel Quedi, André Reis, Marcelo Baquero, Mauricio Moya, Paulo Visentini, Marcos Cepik e Germán Soprano, pelas inúmeras dicas e auxílios, além da própria transmissão de saberes e pensamentos. A Força Aérea Brasileira, que sempre esteve disposta a me auxiliar no que fosse possível. Aos meus vários amigos e colegas da UFRGS e outros institutos pelo Brasil e pelo mundo, a vocês, um imenso obrigado. Aos meus amigos, colegas e discentes da UFFS-Erechim, pelas oportunidades de dialogo e ajuda na construção da minha vivencia docente. Mas, acima de tudo, a minha companheira, amiga e esposa, Alini, pela paciência e dedicação a nós ao longo do tempo e as inúmeras ajudas que me prestou, bem como o carinho e atenção nos momentos difíceis. v A política é quase tão excitante como a guerra e não menos perigosa. Na guerra a pessoa só pode ser morta uma vez, mas na política diversas vezes. Winston Churchill vi RESUMO No cenário internacional do pós Segunda Guerra Mundial, surgiram vários esforços de cooperação e integração regional em todo o mundo. Alguns tiveram maior avanço na integração, como a União Europeia. Mas o ponto é que, os esforços que mais avançaram possuíam uma agenda de segurança e cooperação em defesa, além do econômico. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo, compreender como os arranjos cooperativos em material aeronáutico de defesa podem influenciar na integração regional e extrair inferências aplicáveis à Unasul. Logo, partimos da pergunta de, como diferentes modelos de cooperação no desenvolvimento de aeronaves militares impactam no processo de integração regional? Pensamos que a cooperação no desenvolvimento de material aeronáutico militar, a partir da criação de uma cadeia produtiva regionalizada tem a capacidade de contribuir para uma melhor relação entre os membros da UNASUL, superando os entraves e visões distorcidas que dificultam o processo de integração regional. Para isso, a pesquisa se estruturará entorno da Política Comparada, apoiado por outras correntes teóricas das Relações Internacionais. No caso, iremos analisar as lições que podem ser aprendidas com o desenvolvimento dos programas europeus, com os caças F-104 e Panavia Tornado. Está tese se estruturará em quatro capítulos: inicialmente sobre a questão da cooperação em defesa, tanto pelo aspecto conceitual e teórico, como pelo viés pratico, com o debate sobre regionalismo. Seguindo, na parte dois, com uma analise da indústria aeronáutica e do seu reflexo como poder no sistema internacional. Na parte três, analiso os programas F-104 e Tornado e como contribuíram no processo de integração na Europa. Finalizando, na parte quatro, debato como as lições dos programas analisados no capitulo 3, podem ser aplicados no caso da Unasul, ressaltando a interferência de potencias externas e as visões sobre cooperação entre os membros do bloco. Palavras-chave: Segurança Regional; Interdependência; Integração regional; cadeia produtiva de defesa; indústria aeronáutica de defesa. vii ABSTRACT Post international scenario Second World War, there were several efforts of regional cooperation and integration in the world. Some had major advance in integration, such as the European Union. But the point is that it advanced more efforts had a security agenda and cooperation in defense, and economic. This research aims to understand how cooperative arrangements in defense aircraft equipment can influence regional integration and draw inferences applicable to Unasur. So we start with the question of how different models of cooperation in the development of military aircraft impact on the regional integration process? We believe that cooperation in the development of military aircraft equipment, from the creation of a regionalized supply chain has the ability to contribute to a better relationship between the members of UNASUR, overcoming barriers and distorted views that hinder the process of regional integration. For this, the research will be structured around the Comparative Politics, supported by other current theories of International Relations. In this case, we will examine the lessons that can be learned from the development of European programs, with the F-104 and Panavia Tornado fighters. You thesis will be structured in four chapters: first on the issue of defense cooperation, both the conceptual and theoretical aspect, as the practical bias, with the debate on regionalism. Following, in part two, with an analysis of the aviation industry and its reflection as power in the international system. In part three, we analyze the F-104 programs and Tornado and contributed to the process of integration in Europe. Finally, in part four, I discuss how the lessons of the programs analyzed in Chapter 3, can be applied in the case of UNASUR, emphasizing the interference of external powers and views on cooperation between members of the bloc. Keywords: Regional Security; Interdependence; regional integration; production chain of defense; aerospace defense industry viii RESUME Poster scénario international Seconde Guerre mondiale, il y avait plusieurs efforts de coopération régionale et de l'intégration dans le monde. Certains avaient avancée majeure dans l'intégration, comme l'Union européenne. Mais le point est qu'il avancé plus d'efforts ont eu un programme de sécurité et de coopération en matière de défense, et économique. Cette recherche vise à comprendre comment les arrangements de coopération dans les équipements aéronautiques de la défense peuvent influencer l'intégration régionale et de tirer des conclusions applicables à Unasur. Nous commençons donc à la question de savoir comment les différents modèles de coopération dans le développement de l'impact des avions militaires sur le processus d'intégration régionale? Nous croyons que la coopération dans le développement des équipements des avions militaires, de la création d'une chaîne d'approvisionnement régionalisé a la capacité de contribuer à une meilleure relation entre les membres de l'UNASUR, surmonter les obstacles et les visions déformées qui entravent le processus d'intégration régionale. Pour cela, la recherche sera structurée autour de la politique comparée, appuyée par d'autres théories actuelles des relations internationales. Dans ce cas, nous allons examiner les leçons qui peuvent être tirées de l'élaboration de programmes européens, avec les combattants F-104 et Panavia Tornado. Vous thèse sera structuré en quatre chapitres: d'abord sur la question de la coopération de la défense, à la fois l'aspect conceptuel et théorique, que le biais pratique, avec le débat sur le régionalisme. Après, dans la deuxième partie, avec une analyse de l'industrie de l'aviation et de sa réflexion en tant que puissance dans le système international. Dans la troisième partie, nous analysons les programmes F-104 et Tornado et contribué au processus d'intégration en Europe. Enfin, dans la quatrième partie, je discute comment les leçons des programmes analysés dans le chapitre 3, peuvent être appliquées dans le cas de l'UNASUR, mettant l'accent sur l'ingérence des pouvoirs et des points de vue extérieurs sur la coopération entre les membres du bloc. Mots-clés: sécurité régionale; l'interdépendance; l'intégration régionale; chaîne de la défense de la production; industrie de la défense aérospatiale. ix LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1– Nível de investimento em defesa no ano de 2015 nos países da América Latina ............................................................................................................................................. 42 Figura 2 – Valor das principais aeronaves de caça desenvolvidas nos EUA e comparação com aeronaves de outras origens ......................................................................................... 62 Figura 3 - Nível de complexidade no desenvolvimento de meios militares ........................ 66 Figura 4 - Ilustração do modelo Blériot XI ......................................................................... 68 Figura 5 - Quantidade de indústrias de defesa por país, listadas como as TOP 100, a partir do volume de negócios no ano de 2015 ............................................................................... 75 Figura 6 - F-104 em três vistas ............................................................................................ 83 Figura 7 - F-104 ZELL com o sistema auxiliar JATO (Jet-assisted take-off) ....................
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