Rapid and Parallel Chromosomal Number Reductions in Muntjac Deer Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Rapid and Parallel Chromosomal Number Reductions in Muntjac Deer Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny http://www.paper.edu.cn Rapid and Parallel Chromosomal Number Reductions in Muntjac Deer Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny Wen Wang1 and Hong Lan2 Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China Muntjac deer (Muntiacinae, Cervidae) are of great interest in evolutionary studies because of their dramatic chro- mosome variations and recent discoveries of several new species. In this paper, we analyze the evolution of kar- yotypes of muntjac deer in the context of a phylogeny which is based on 1,844-bp mitochondrial DNA sequences of seven generally recognized species in the muntjac subfamily. The phylogenetic results support the hypothesis that karyotypic evolution in muntjac deer has proceeded via reduction in diploid number. However, the reduction in number is not always linear, i.e., not strictly following the order: 46→14/13→8/9→6/7. For example, Muntiacus muntjak (2n 5 6/7) shares a common ancestor with Muntiacus feae (2n 5 13/14), which indicates that its karyotype was derived in parallel with M. feae's from an ancestral karyotype of 2n $ 13/14. The newly discovered giant muntjac (Muntiacus vuquangensis) may represent another parallel reduction lineage from the ancestral 2n 5 46 karyotype. Our phylogenetic results indicate that the giant muntjac is relatively closer to Muntiacus reevesi than to other muntjacs and may be placed in the genus Muntiacus. Analyses of sequence divergence reveal that the rate of change in chromosome number in muntjac deer is one of the fastest in vertebrates. Within the muntjac subfamily, the fastest evolutionary rate is found in the Fea's lineage, in which two species with different karyotypes diverged in around 0.5 Myr. Introduction Muntjac deer (Muntiacinae, Cervidae) are distrib- numbers, 46, 47, and 48, observed in natural populations uted throughout Southeast Asia, South China, and India. (Shi 1981; Shi, Yang, and Kumamoto 1991). This con- They are of great interest to evolutionary biologists and siderable karyotypic diversity makes muntjac deer spe- cytogeneticists because of the considerable diversity of cies excellent models for the study of chromosomal evo- their karyotypes, despite their morphological similarity lution and speciation. (Fontana and Rubini 1990). The Indian muntjac, Mun- Hsu, Pathak, and Chen (1975) hypothesized that tiacus muntjak, possesses the lowest diploid chromo- the large chromosomes in M. muntjak result from mul- somal number in mammals (2n 5 6 for females [F] and tiple tandem and centromeric fusions of small ancestral 7 for males [M]) (Wurster and Benirschke 1970; Wurster acrocentric chromosomes similar to those retained in M. and Atken 1972; Shi 1976), whereas the Chinese munt- reevesi. Comparative cytogenetic studies, especially jac (Muntiacus reevesi) has a 2n number of 46 in both those recent works using chromosome painting, strongly sexes (Wurster and Benirschke 1967). These two spe- support this hypothesis and ®nd tandem fusion to be the cies, however, can produce viable F1 hybrids (2n 5 27) major process in chromosome evolution of muntjacs in captivity, and partial spermatogenesis was observed (Shi, Ye, and Duan 1980; Brinkley et al. 1984; Lin et in hybrids (Shi, Ye, and Duan 1980; Shi and Pathak al. 1991; Yang et al. 1995, 1997a, 1997c). However, the 1981; Neiztel 1987). Other karyotyped species have in- scenario of chromosome evolution in muntjacs, such as termediate numbers of chromosomes; for example, 2n the chronology of the reduction events, is still unclear. 5 8F,9MinMuntiacus crinifrons (Shi 1983), 2n 5 8 A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis for muntjac deer F, 9 M i n Muntiacus gongshanensis (Shi and Ma 1988), would be helpful in addressing this question. and 2n 5 13 F (Soma et al. 1983, 1987), 14 M (L. M. Meanwhile, muntjac deer are also a fascinating Shi, personal communication) in Muntiacus feae. The subject to mammalogists. Although the discovery of tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus), which is the sole new large mammal species is very rare nowadays, a species in the other genus of the Muntiacinae subfamily, number of new muntjac species have been discovered has polymorphic karyotypes with three different diploid since the late 1980s. In 1988, the Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis) was discovered on Gongshan Mountain Key words: muntjac deer (Muntiacinae), mitochondrial ND4L, in Southwest China (Shi and Ma 1988; Ma, Wang, and ND4 genes, phylogeny, chromosomal evolution. Shi 1990). In 1994, the giant muntjac (Megamuntiacus Abbreviations: MYA, million years ago; Myr, million years; vuquangensis or Muntiacus vuquangensis) was found in mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; ND4, subunit 4 of nicotinamide adenine the Annamite mountains along the border of Laos and dinucleotide dehydrogenase; ND4L, subunit 4L of nicotinamide ade- nine dinucleotide dehydrogenase; NJ, neighbor joining. Vietnam (Evans and Timmins 1994; Touc et al. 1994) and was later con®rmed (Schaller and Vrba 1996; Tim- Address for correspondence and reprints: Wen Wang, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois mins et al. 1998). In 1998, Muntiacus truongsonensis 60637. E-mail: [email protected]. was reported from the Annamite mountains of Laos (Giao et al. 1998). In 1999, Muntiacus putaoensis was 1 Present address: Department of Ecology and Evolution, Univer- sity of Chicago. discovered in northern Myanmar (Amato, Egan, and Ra- binowitz 1999). Some preliminary observations even in- 2 Present address: Department of Oncology, University of Wis- consin±Madison. dicate that there may exist more new muntjac species in Mol. Biol. Evol. 17(9):1326±1333. 2000 the Annamite mountains (Giao et al. 1998; R. J. Tim- q 2000 by the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. ISSN: 0737-4038 mins, personal communication). 1326 http://www.paper.edu.cn Phylogeny and Chromosomal Evolution of Muntjac Deer 1327 Table 1 Information of Diploid Number and Range for All Extant Muntjac Species Species Diploid No. Range Sample Collection Locality Elaphodus cephalophus* .............. 46, 47, 48 Most of South China Yunnan, China Muntiacus reevesi* ................... 46 Throughout South China Individual 1 ....................... Yunnan, China Individual 2 ....................... Yunnan, China Muntiacus vuquangensis*.............. ? Annamite Mountains, Laos and Vietnam Ban Lak, Laos Muntiacus feae* ..................... 14 F, 13 M Myanmar and Thailand Thailand Muntiacus crinifrons* ................. 8F,9M Zhejiang and Anhui, China Zhejiang, China Muntiacus gongshanenis* ............. 8F,9M Western Yunnan, China Gongshan, Yunnan, China Muntiacus muntjak* .................. 6F,7M Indo-China Muntiacus muntjak yunnanensis* ...... South Sichuan and West Yunnan, China South Sichuan, China Muntiacus muntjak menglasis*........ South Yunnan, China South Yunnan, China Muntiacus muntjak nigripes* ......... Hainan Hainan, China Muntiacus muntjak annamensis* ...... South Vietnam and Laos, Thai/Cambodia border Individual 1 ...................... Ban Lak, Laos Individual 2 ...................... Ban Lak, Laos Muntiacus atherodesa ................. ? Borneo Ð Muntiacus rooseveltorumb ............. ? Annamite Mountain, Laos and Vietnam Ð Muntiacus truongsonensis ............. ? Annamite Mountain, Laos and Vietnam Ð Muntiacus putaoensiss ................ ? North Myanmar Ð NOTE.ÐAsterisks indicate the taxa used in this study. F and M indicate female and male, respectively. a The muntjac in Borneo was ®rst considered as a distinct species (M. atherodes) in 1982 (Groves 1982). b The Roosevelt's muntjac, M. rooseveltorum, which was ®rst described by Osgood in 1932 but for which little evidence was accumulated afterward, had been controversial (Ma, Wang, and Xu 1986; Groves and Grubb 1990; Sheng and Ohtaishi 1993) until it was rediscovered recently by Amato et al. (1999) based on mitochondrial 16S DNA sequences. Although much attention has been paid to muntjac PCR and Sequencing deer, the taxonomy of this family is controversial and the phylogeny is still an open question. It has been ob- DNA was extracted from blood or tissue following served that sequences of mitochondrial ND4L and ND4 the protocol of Sambrook, Fritsch, and Maniatis (1989). Arg Leu genes can supply good phylogenetic information for re- The mtDNA fragment between the tRNA and tRNA Ser solving relationships from subspecies to genus level in genes, which contains the ND4L, ND4, tRNA , and His Arg Leu vertebrates (Forstner, Davis, and Arevalo 1995; Wang et tRNA genes and part of the tRNA and tRNA al. 1997). In this paper, we present a phylogenetic anal- genes, was PCR ampli®ed for each individual marked ysis based on mitochondrial ND4L and ND4 gene se- with an asterisk in table 1 by two pairs of primers: ND4 quences for the seven generally recognized Muntiacinae against Leu (Forstner, Davis, and Arevalo 1995), and species: E. cephalophus, M. reevesi, M. muntjak, M. Arg2 (59-ACT CAA AAA GGA CTA GAA TGA-39) feae, M. crinifrons, M. gongshanensis, and M. vuquan- against MuntND4R3 (59-GCT CGC TAA GAG TCA gensis. We then analyze the evolution of karyotype TCA GGT GGC-39), respectively. Additional oligonu- based on the mtDNA phylogeny obtained. cleotides were designed to be used as sequencing prim- ers to proof each nucleotide at least twice. The PCR Materials and Methods reaction was performed on a Robocycler Gradient 40 Sample Sources temperature cycler (Stratagene). Cycle sequencing was carried out on a thermal cycler (Amplitron I, Barnstead/ Table 1 lists all of the
Recommended publications
  • Scientists Hope to Breed Asian 'Unicorns' – If They Can Find Them
    Scientists hope to breed Asian ‘unicorns’ – if they can find them Conservationists see only one hope for the saola: a risky captive breeding programme Jeremy Hance Thursday 10 August 2017 03.42 EDT n 1996, William Robichaud spent three weeks with Martha before she died. Robichaud I studied Martha – a beautiful, enigmatic, shy saola – with a scientist’s eye but also fell under the gracile animal’s spell as she ate out of his hand and allowed herself to be stroked. Captured by local hunters, Martha spent those final days in a Laotian village, doted on by Robichaud. Since losing Martha, Robichaud has become the coordinator of the Saola Working Group (SWG) at the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). He has dedicated his life to saving this critically endangered species – and believes the best chance to achieve that now is through a captive breeding programme. “We need to act while there is still time,” he said adding that “seldom, if ever” are captive breeding programs begun too soon for species on the edge. “More likely, too late.” We just found the saola – and now we’re very close to losing it forever. Discovery Hardly a household name, the saola was one of the most astounding biological discoveries of the 20th Century. In 1992, a group of scientists met a local hunter in Vietnam who gave them a skull of something no biologist had ever seen before. The animal – the saola or Pseudoryx nghetinhensis – was a large-bodied terrestrial mammal (80-100kg) that somehow eluded science, though not local people, well into the information age.
    [Show full text]
  • Nam Ngiep 1 Hydropower Project
    NAM NGIEP 1 HYDROPOWER PROJECT FINAL DRAFT REPORT 13 AUGUST 2016 A BIODIVERSITY RECONNAISSANCE OF A CANDIDATE OFFSET AREA FOR THE NAM NGIEP 1 HYDROPOWER PROJECT IN THE NAM MOUANE AREA, BOLIKHAMXAY PROVINCE Prepared by: Chanthavy Vongkhamheng1 and J. W. Duckworth2 1. Biodiversity Assessment Team Leader, and 2. Biodiversity Technical Advisor Presented to: The Nam Ngiep 1 Hydropower Company Limited. Vientiane, Lao PDR. 30 June 2016 0 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................................... 6 CONVENTIONS ................................................................................................................................... 7 NON-STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 10 PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................ 10 CONCEPTUAL BASIS FOR SELECTING A BIODIVERSITY OFFSET AREA ............................. 12 THE CANDIDATE OFFSET AREA ................................................................................................... 13 METHODS ........................................................................................................................................... 15 i. Village discussions .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Selection and Extinction in Deer Saloume Bazyan
    Sexual selection and extinction in deer Saloume Bazyan Degree project in biology, Master of science (2 years), 2013 Examensarbete i biologi 30 hp till masterexamen, 2013 Biology Education Centre and Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University Supervisor: Jacob Höglund External opponent: Masahito Tsuboi Content Abstract..............................................................................................................................................II Introduction..........................................................................................................................................1 Sexual selection........................................................................................................................1 − Male-male competition...................................................................................................2 − Female choice.................................................................................................................2 − Sexual conflict.................................................................................................................3 Secondary sexual trait and mating system. .............................................................................3 Intensity of sexual selection......................................................................................................5 Goal and scope.....................................................................................................................................6 Methods................................................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Endangered Species (Import and Export) Act (Chapter 92A)
    1 S 23/2005 First published in the Government Gazette, Electronic Edition, on 11th January 2005 at 5:00 pm. NO.S 23 ENDANGERED SPECIES (IMPORT AND EXPORT) ACT (CHAPTER 92A) ENDANGERED SPECIES (IMPORT AND EXPORT) ACT (AMENDMENT OF FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD SCHEDULES) NOTIFICATION 2005 In exercise of the powers conferred by section 23 of the Endangered Species (Import and Export) Act, the Minister for National Development hereby makes the following Notification: Citation and commencement 1. This Notification may be cited as the Endangered Species (Import and Export) Act (Amendment of First, Second and Third Schedules) Notification 2005 and shall come into operation on 12th January 2005. Deletion and substitution of First, Second and Third Schedules 2. The First, Second and Third Schedules to the Endangered Species (Import and Export) Act are deleted and the following Schedules substituted therefor: ‘‘FIRST SCHEDULE S 23/2005 Section 2 (1) SCHEDULED ANIMALS PART I SPECIES LISTED IN APPENDIX I AND II OF CITES In this Schedule, species of an order, family, sub-family or genus means all the species of that order, family, sub-family or genus. First column Second column Third column Common name for information only CHORDATA MAMMALIA MONOTREMATA 2 Tachyglossidae Zaglossus spp. New Guinea Long-nosed Spiny Anteaters DASYUROMORPHIA Dasyuridae Sminthopsis longicaudata Long-tailed Dunnart or Long-tailed Sminthopsis Sminthopsis psammophila Sandhill Dunnart or Sandhill Sminthopsis Thylacinidae Thylacinus cynocephalus Thylacine or Tasmanian Wolf PERAMELEMORPHIA
    [Show full text]
  • The Saola's Battle for Survival on the Ho Chi Minh Trail
    2013 THE SAOLA’S BAttLE FOR SURVIVAL ON THE HO CHI MINH TRAIL © David Hulse / WWF-Canon WWF is one of the world’s largest and most experienced independent conservation organizations, with over 5 million supporters and a global network active in more than 100 countries. WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by conserving the world’s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. Written and edited by Elizabeth Kemf, PhD. Published in August 2013 by WWF – World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund), Gland, Switzerland. Any reproduction in full or in part must mention the title and credit the above-mentioned publisher as the copyright owner. © Text 2013 WWF All rights reserved. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 5 2. SAOLA SPAWNS DECADES OF SPECIES DISCOVERIES 7 3. THE BIG EIGHT OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 9 4. THREATS: TRAPPING, ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE AND HABITAT FRAGMENTATION 11 5. TUG OF WAR ON THE HO CHI MINH TRAIL 12 6. DISCOVERIES AND EXTINCTIONS 14 7. WHAT IS BEING DONE TO SAVE THE SAOLA? 15 Forest guard training and patrols 15 Expanding and linking protected areas 16 Trans-boundary protected area project 16 The Saola Working Group (SWG) 17 Biodiversity surveys 17 Landscape scale conservation planning 17 Leeches reveal rare species survival 18 8. THE SAOLA’S TIPPING POINT 19 9. TACKLING THE ISSUES: WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE? 20 Unsustainable Hunting, Wildlife Trade And Restaurants 20 Illegal Logging And Export 22 Dams And Roads 22 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade in Endangered Species Order 2017
    2017/22 Trade in Endangered Species Order 2017 Patsy Reddy, Governor-General Order in Council At Wellington this 20th day of February 2017 Present: The Right Hon Bill English presiding in Council This order is made under section 53 of the Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989 on the advice and with the consent of the Executive Council. Contents Page 1 Title 1 2 Commencement 1 3 Meaning of Act 2 4 Schedules 1, 2, and 3 of Act replaced 2 5 Schedule 2 of Act amended 2 6 Revocation 3 Schedule 4 Schedules 1, 2, and 3 of Act replaced Order 1 Title This order is the Trade in Endangered Species Order 2017. 2 Commencement (1) Clause 5(1) comes into force on 4 April 2017. 1 cl 3 Trade in Endangered Species Order 2017 2017/22 (2) Clause 5(2) comes into force on 4 October 2017. (3) The rest of this order comes into force on the day after the date of its notifica- tion in Gazette. 3 Meaning of Act In this order, Act means the Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989. 4 Schedules 1, 2, and 3 of Act replaced Replace Schedules 1, 2, and 3 of the Act with the Schedules 1, 2, and 3 set out in the Schedule of this order. 5 Schedule 2 of Act amended (1) In Schedule 2, Part 1, of the Act, in the item relating to Class—Elasmobranchii (sharks) (as replaced by clause 4), replace the item relating to Myliobatiformes with: Myliobatiformes Myliobatidae— Manta spp Manta Rays Eagle and mobulid rays Mobula spp Devil Rays (2) In Schedule 2, Part 1, of the Act, replace the item relating to Class—Elasmo- branchii (sharks) (as replaced by clause 4 and amended by subclause
    [Show full text]
  • LIVING FORESTS Forest Conservationactions in Asia/Pacific Let’S Leave Our Children a Living Planet
    LIVING FORESTS Forest ConservationActions in Asia/Pacific Let’s leave our children a living planet LIVING FORESTS Forest Conservation Actions in Asia/Pacific Contents Introduction 1 Regional WWF Actions 3 National WWF Actions 7 Cover photo credits Box, from top to bottom: Tropical rainforest, Taman Negara, Malaysia. WWF/Paul S. Sochacewski Tribal women carrying water, Gujarat, India. WWF/Mauri Rautkari Sumatran tiger. WWF/Michel Gunther Diversity of ocean life, French Polynesia. WWF/Denis-Huot/BIOS Background: Palmtree patterns, Malaysia. WWF/Mattias Klum INTRODUCTION "The forest is a peculiar organism of unlimited kindness and benevolence that makes no demands for its sustenance and extends generously the products of its live activity; it offers protection to all beings offering shade even to those who destroy it," Buddha. Forests are home to many important and spectacular wildlife, and in some areas, to people. They are our source of food, medicine, building materials for our homes, and resources for trade. We often use the genetic materials that the forests hold to improve commercial strains. Forests also provide us with a range of benefits which are often difficult to quantify in financial terms. Besides protecting soil and watersheds, forests also absorb carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas which contributes to global warming. Other intangible values of forests include recreational, aesthetic, historical, cultural, educational and spiritual values. Roughly 16 per cent of the world’s forests, or about 565 million ha of forests, are in Asia/Pacific. These forests harbour some of the world’s rarest and unique animals and plants -- the tiger, giant panda, Asian elephant, orang utan, rhino, Rafflesia (the world’s biggest flower) and the many variety of orchids.
    [Show full text]
  • 990 PART 23—ENDANGERED SPECIES CONVENTION Subpart A—Introduction
    Pt. 23 50 CFR Ch. I (10–1–01 Edition) Service agent, or other game law en- 23.36 Schedule of public meetings and no- forcement officer free and unrestricted tices. access over the premises on which such 23.37 Federal agency consultation. operations have been or are being con- 23.38 Modifications of procedures and nego- ducted; and shall furnish promptly to tiating positions. such officer whatever information he 23.39 Notice of availability of official re- may require concerning such oper- port. ations. Subpart E—Scientific Authority Advice (c) The authority to take golden ea- [Reserved] gles under a depredations control order issued pursuant to this subpart D only Subpart F—Export of Certain Species authorizes the taking of golden eagles when necessary to seasonally protect 23.51 American ginseng (Panax domesticated flocks and herds, and all quinquefolius). such birds taken must be reported and 23.52 Bobcat (Lynx rufus). turned over to a local Bureau Agent. 23.53 River otter (Lontra canadensis). 23.54 Lynx (Lynx canadensis). 23.55 Gray wolf (Canis lupus). PART 23—ENDANGERED SPECIES 23.56 Brown bear (Ursus arctos). CONVENTION 23.57 American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Subpart A—Introduction AUTHORITY: Convention on International Sec. Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna 23.1 Purpose of regulations. and Flora, 27 U.S.T. 1087; and Endangered 23.2 Scope of regulations. Species Act of 1973, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 23.3 Definitions. 1531 et seq. 23.4 Parties to the Convention. SOURCE: 42 FR 10465, Feb. 22, 1977, unless Subpart B—Prohibitions, Permits and otherwise noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Pseudonovibos Spiralis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae): New Information on This Enigmatic South-East Asian Ox
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by KU ScholarWorks J. Zool., Lond. (2001) 253, 157±166 # 2001 The Zoological Society of London Printed in the United Kingdom Pseudonovibos spiralis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae): new information on this enigmatic South-east Asian ox Robert M. Timm1 and John H. Brandt2 1 Natural History Museum & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, U.S.A. 2 Zoology Research Associate, Denver Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 5003, Alamosa, CO, 81101, U.S.A. (Accepted 21 January 2000) Abstract Two bovid frontlets with horns collected in 1929 and now housed in the collections of the University of Kansas Natural History Museum (KU) from Suoi Kiet, Binh Tuy Province, Vietnam, were previously identi®ed as koupreys (Bos sauveli). We believe that they are specimens of the recently discovered bovid, Pseudonovibos spiralis Peter & Feiler, 1994. The KU specimens are represented by the posterior half of the frontal bones, the parietals, the horn cores and horns, and the anteriormost supraoccipitals, and are the most complete, best documented, and oldest specimens known of this poorly known species. We believe that both an adult male and an adult female are represented. Although the specimens are fragmentary, they still provide signi®cant information that allows us to describe some aspects of P. spiralis, and they are especially critical to our understanding of the relationships of this animal to other bovids. We propose the English name spiral-horned ox, which re¯ects both its distinctively shaped horns and close relationship to other wild oxen.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Other Muntjac Species in Laos
    ORYX VOL 32 NO 1 JANUARY 1998 Status and conservation of the giant muntjac Megamuntiacus vuquangensis, and notes on other muntjac species in Laos R. J. Timmins, T. D. Evans, Khamkhoun Khounboline and Chainoi Sisomphone The large-antlered, or giant, muntjac Megamuntiacus vuquangensis was described from Vietnam in 1994 and found concurrently in the Annamite Mountains and nearby hill ranges of central and southern Laos. The northerly and southerly range limits are still unknown. It may occupy a wide range of habitats and is found sympatrically with the common muntjac Muntiacus muntjak. Another muntjac species, the taxonomic affinity of which is as yet undetermined, was recently discovered to occur within its range. The large-antlered muntjac is probably not threatened with extinction in the near future, but in view of its restricted range and threats from habitat degradation and hunting, it should be classified as Vulnerable in the Red Data Book. Its future in Laos is largely dependent on the recently created protected-areas system to maintain large tracts of habitat and reduce hunting pressure. Introduction and is distributed widely in Laos, including throughout the entire known range of the Megamuntiacus vuquangensis, the giant munt- giant muntjac. In addition to these species, a jac, was discovered in Vietnam and Laos in third, smaller species of muntjac, whose ident- 1994. It was described from the Vu Quang ity remains undetermined, has been found Nature Reserve in early 1994 (Tuoc et al., 1994) within the range of the giant muntjac and was found concurrently in central Laos (Timmins, 1996). The one other species known (Duckworth et al., 1994; Evans and Timmins, from Laos, RooseveltÕs muntjac Muntiacus roo- 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • Rumble in the Jungle the Plight of Endangered Hooved Animals in the Greater Mekong Acknowledgements
    RePORt gReAteR meKOng 2013 WWF-Greater Mekong Rumble in the Jungle the plight of endangered hooved animals in the greater mekong Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank the following for their kind assistance: Stuart Chapman, WWF-Greater Mekong Thomas Gray, WWF-Greater Mekong Sarah Bladen, WWF-Greater Mekong Nick Cox, WWF-Greater Mekong Ana Denman, Global Wildlife Conservation Will Duckworth, IUCN Martha Hurley, Global Wildlife Conservation Bill McShea, Smithsonian Institute Bill Robichaud, Coordinator, IUCN Saola Working Group Wes Sechrest, Global Wildlife Conservation Rob Steinmetz, WWF-Greater Mekong Rob Timmins, IUCN Saola Working Group WWF is one of the world’s largest and most experienced independent conservation organizations, with over 5 million supporters and a global network active in more than 100 countries. WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by: conserving the world’s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. Written and designed by Christian Thompson (the green room) www.greenroomenvironmental.com, with contributions from Stuart Chapman, Thomas Gray and Sarah Bladen (WWF). Published in July 2013 by WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund). Any reproduction in full or in part must mention the title and credit the above-mentioned publisher as the copyright owner. © Text 2013 WWF
    [Show full text]
  • Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989
    Reprint as at 26 March 2015 Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989 Public Act 1989 No 18 Date of assent 28 April 1989 Commencement see section 1(2) Contents Page Title 4 1 Short Title and commencement 4 2 Object of Act 4 3 Interpretation 4 4 Act to bind the Crown 7 5 No derogation from other enactments 7 Administration 6 Administration of Act 7 7 Scientific authorities 7 8 Minister’s general powers 8 Part 1 Trade in endangered, threatened, and exploited species 9 Trade in endangered, threatened, or exploited species 9 10 Application for permit or certificate 9 Note Changes authorised by subpart 2 of Part 2 of the Legislation Act 2012 have been made in this official reprint. Note 4 at the end of this reprint provides a list of the amendments incorporated. This Act is administered by the Department of Conservation. 1 Reprinted as at Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989 26 March 2015 11 Grant of permits and certificates 10 12 Appeals to District Court on question of law 10 Authority to trade in endangered species 13 Permit to export endangered species 11 14 Permit to import endangered species 12 15 Certificate to re-export endangered species 12 16 Certificate to introduce from the sea endangered species 13 Authority to trade in threatened species 17 Permit to export threatened species 13 18 Permit to import threatened species 14 19 Certificate to re-export threatened species 14 20 Certificate to introduce from the sea threatened species 14 Authority to trade in exploited species 21 Permit to export exploited species 15 22 Permit to import
    [Show full text]