Donors to the SSC Conservation Communications Programme and the Deer Action Plan The IUCN/Species Survival Commission is committed to communicate important species conservation information to natural resource managers, decision-makers and others whose actions affect the conservation of biodiversity. The SSC’s Action Plans, Occasional Papers, news magazine (Species), Membership Directory and other publications are supported by a wide variety of generous donors including: The Sultanate of Oman established the Peter Scott IUCN/SSC Action Plan Fund in 1990. The Fund supports Action Plan development and implementation; to date, more than 80 grants have been made from the Fund to Specialist Groups. As a result, the Action Plan Programme has progressed at an accelerated level and the network has grown and matured significantly. The SSC is grateful to the Sultanate of Oman for its confidence in and support for species conservation worldwide. The Chicago Zoological Society (CZS) provides significant in-kind and cash support to the SSC, including grants for special projects, editorial and design services, staff secondments and related support services. The mission of CZS is to help people develop a sustainable and harmonious relationship with nature. The Zoo carries out its mission by informing and inspiring 2,000,000 annual visitors, serving as a refuge for species threatened with extinction, developing scientific approaches to manage species successfully in zoos and the wild, and working with other zoos, agencies, and protected areas around the world to conserve habitats and wildlife. The Council of Agriculture (COA), Taiwan has awarded major grants to the SSC’s Wildlife Trade Programme and Conservation Communications Programme. This support has enabled SSC to continue its valuable technical advisory service to the Parties to CITES as well as to the larger global conservation community. Among other responsibilities, the COA is in charge of matters concerning the designation and management of nature reserves, conservation of wildlife and their habitats, conservation of natural landscapes, coordination of law enforcement efforts as well as promotion of conservation education, research and international cooperation. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) provides significant annual operating support to the SSC. WWF’s contribution supports the SSC’s minimal infrastructure and helps ensure that the voluntary network and Publications Programme are adequately supported. WWF aims to conserve nature and ecological processes by: (1) preserving genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity; (2) ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable both now and in the longer term; and (3) promoting actions to reduce pollution and the wasteful exploitation and consumption of resources and energy. WWF is one of the world’s largest independent conservation organizations with a network of National Organizations and Associates around the world and over 5.2 million regular supporters. WWF continues to be known as World Wildlife Fund in Canada and in the United States of America. The Department of the Environment Transport and the Regions, UK, (DETR) supports a Red List Officer post at the SSC Centre in Cambridge, UK, where the SSC Trade Programme staff are also located. Together with two other Government-funded agencies, Scottish Natural Heritage and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, the DETR is also financing a specialist plants officer. Further support for the centre is being offered by two NGO members of IUCN: the World Wide Fund for Nature – UK, and Conservation International, US. Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................iv Chapter 6: Asia ............................................................ 44 Synopsis ................................................................. 44 Executive Summary .......................................................v Eurasian moose or elk Alces alces cameloides ....... 45 Calamian deer Axis calamianensis ......................... 46 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................. 1 Bawean deer or Kuhl’s deer Axis kuhli .................. 47 The IUCN/SSC Deer Specialist Group (DSG) ........1 Hog deer Axis porcinus .......................................... 49 The Deer Action Plan ..............................................1 White-lipped or Thorold’s deer Action Plan objectives .............................................3 Cervus albirostris .............................................. 51 Methods ...................................................................3 Philippine spotted deer Cervus alfredi ................... 52 The recommendation and implementation process .. 4 Swamp deer or barasingha Cervus duvauceli ......... 53 Red deer Cervus elaphus ........................................ 56 Chapter 2: List of Species and Subspecies of the Eld’s deer Cervus eldi ............................................. 59 Families Tragulidae, Moschidae, and Cervidae .............. 6 Philippine deer Cervus mariannus .......................... 62 Sika deer Cervus nippon ......................................... 63 Chapter 3: North America ........................................... 17 Persian fallow deer Dama dama mesopotamica...... 66 Synopsis ................................................................. 17 Tufted deer Elaphodus cephalophus ....................... 67 Odocoileus hemionus cerrosensis Père David’s deer or milu Elaphurus davidianus .... 68 Cedros Island mule deer ................................... 17 Chinese water deer Hydropotes inermis ................. 69 Odocoileus virginianus Giant muntjac Megamuntiacus vuquangensis ......... 70 Columbian white-tailed deer and Key deer ...... 18 Musk deer Moschus spp. ....................................... 72 Rangifer tarandus pearyi Peary caribou ................. 20 Black or hairy-fronted muntjac Muntiacus crinifrons ......................................... 77 Chapter 4: South and Central America ........................ 22 Fea’s muntjac Muntiacus feae................................ 78 Synopsis ................................................................. 22 Gongshan muntjac Muntiacus gongshanensis ........ 79 Marsh deer Blastocerus dichotomus ....................... 23 Balabac mouse deer Tragulus napu nigricans ......... 80 Taruca, northern huemul or north Andean deer Truong Son muntjac (nomen nudum) ..................... 81 Hippocamelus antisensis.................................... 25 Huemul or south Andean deer Bibliography ................................................................ 82 Hippocamelus bisulcus ...................................... 27 Red brocket deer Mazama americana.................... 29 Appendix 1: Decision Tree for Prescribing Greater red brocket Mazama bororo ..................... 30 Management Action .................................................... 92 Peruvian dwarf brocket Mazama chunyi ............... 31 Brown brocket or grey brocket Appendix 2: List of Contributors ................................. 94 Mazama gouazoubira ....................................... 32 Brazilian dwarf brocket Mazama nana .................. 33 Appendix 3: Deer Specialist Group Members............... 97 Yucatan brown brocket Mazama pandora ............ 34 Pampas deer Ozotoceros bezoarticus ..................... 35 Appendix 4: IUCN Red List Categories ..................... 100 Northern pudu Pudu mephistophiles ...................... 38 Southern pudu Pudu puda ..................................... 39 Chapter 5: Europe, Middle East and Africa ................. 42 Synopsis ................................................................. 42 African chevrotain or water chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus ...................................... 42 iii Acknowledgements The support of the IUCN Peter Scott SSC Action Plan full course of the undertaking. Dr Susana Gonzalez has Fund is gratefully acknowledged for financing most of also been an energetic and helpful contact in the neotropical the travel and costs associated with the Action Plan region, and I look forward to her contributions in the drafting workshop. The IUCN Conservation Breeding future. Donald Moore went to extra lengths to review later Specialist Group (CBSG) and San Diego Zoo also drafts of the South and Central American sections, and his contributed travel funds and employee time for the attention to detail is greatly appreciated. Jaime Jimenez workshop. I am also grateful to Dr Michael H. Robinson also took the trouble to read all accounts and provided who supported further data compilation with funds from numerous corrections. William Oliver, in spite of a busy the Director’s Circle of the National Zoological Park. schedule, also contributed substantially to the undertaking. Additional costs of reviewing and compiling information Jonathan Baille was of invaluable assistance in converting were covered by the Friends of the National Zoo the Mace-Lande categories to the new IUCN Red List (FONZ). Mr Andrew McCarthy of the Sheffield Centre Categories for the Action Plan. Laura Walker spent many for Ecology, Sheffield Hallam University, UK, ably hours formatting and preparing the manuscript for compiled much of the Action Plan material. Raleigh publication, followed up on correspondence and other Blouch reviewed the accounts and provided additional outstanding matters, and kept track of a large volume of information and editorial comments. Many people paperwork; I would like to record a special thanks for her contributed