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Page 1 of 8 Comprehensive Report Species Comprehensive Report Species - Cervus elaphus Page 1 of 8 << Previous | Next >> View Glossary Cervus elaphus - Linnaeus, 1758 Elk Taxonomic Status: Accepted Related ITIS Name(s): Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 (TSN 180695) French Common Names: wapiti Unique Identifier: ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102257 Element Code: AMALC01010 Informal Taxonomy: Animals, Vertebrates - Mammals - Other Mammals © Larry Master Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Animalia Craniata Mammalia Artiodactyla Cervidae Cervus Genus Size: C - Small genus (6-20 species) Check this box to expand all report sections: Concept Reference Concept Reference: Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Two volumes. 2,142 pp. Available online at: http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/. Concept Reference Code: B05WIL01NAUS Name Used in Concept Reference: Cervus elaphus Taxonomic Comments: In recent decades, most authors have included Cervus canadensis in C. elaphus; i.e., North American elk has been regarded as conspecific with red deer of western Eurasia. Geist (1998) recommended that C. elaphus and C. canadensis be regarded as distinct species. This is supported by patterns of mtDNA variation as reported by Randi et al. (2001). The 2003 Texas Tech checklist of North American mammals (Baker et al. 2003) adopted this change. Grubb (in Wilson and Reeder 2005) followed here included canadensis in C. elaphus. Conservation Status NatureServe Status Global Status: G5 Global Status Last Reviewed: 19Nov1996 Global Status Last Changed: 19Nov1996 Rounded Global Status: G5 - Secure Nation: United States National Status: N5 (05Sep1996) Nation: Canada National Status: N5 (06Mar2013) U.S. & Canada State/Province Status United Alabama (SX), Arizona (SNA), Arkansas (S3), California (SNR), Colorado (S5), Delaware (SX), District of Columbia (SX), States Georgia (SX), Idaho (S5), Illinois (SX), Indiana (SX), Iowa (SX), Kansas (S2), Kentucky (SNR), Louisiana (SX), Maine (SX), http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTem... 8/7/2015 Comprehensive Report Species - Cervus elaphus Page 2 of 8 Maryland (SX), Massachusetts (SX), Michigan (S3), Minnesota (S3), Missouri (SNR), Montana (S5), Navajo Nation (S4), Nebraska (S3), Nevada (S5), New Hampshire (SX), New Mexico (S3), New York (SX), North Carolina (S1), North Dakota (SU), Ohio (SX), Oklahoma (SX), Oregon (S5), Pennsylvania (SNR), South Carolina (SX), South Dakota (S5), Tennessee (SX), Texas (S2S3), Utah (S4), Vermont (SX), Virginia (SX), Washington (S5), West Virginia (SH), Wisconsin (S2S3), Wyoming (S5) Alberta (S5), British Columbia (S5), Manitoba (S4), Northwest Territories (SU), Ontario (S1), Quebec (SX), Saskatchewan Canada (S4), Yukon Territory (SU) Other Statuses Implied Status under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (USESA): PS Comments on USESA: Subspecies bactrianus (Bactrian deer; Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan), subspecies barbarus (Barbary deer; Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria), subspecies corsicanus (Corsican red deer; Corsica, Sardinia), subspecies (macneilii (McNeil's deer; China), subspecies yarkandensis (Yarkand deer; China), subspecies wallichi (shou; Tibet, Bhutan), and subspecies hanglu (Kashmir stag; Kashmir) are listed by USFWS as Endangered. IUCN Red List Category: LC - Least concern NatureServe Global Conservation Status Factors Range Extent: >2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles) Range Extent Comments: Holarctic; Eurasia and North America; Tunisia and northeastern Algeria; introduced in Morroco, South America, New Zealand, and Australia. Formerly widespread in North America, now mostly restricted to the West, with small reintroduced populations elsewhere. Other NatureServe Conservation Status Information Distribution Global Range: (>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)) Holarctic; Eurasia and North America; Tunisia and northeastern Algeria; introduced in Morroco, South America, New Zealand, and Australia. Formerly widespread in North America, now mostly restricted to the West, with small reintroduced populations elsewhere. U.S. States and Canadian Provinces http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTem... 8/7/2015 Comprehensive Report Species - Cervus elaphus Page 3 of 8 Endemism: occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations U.S. & Canada State/Province Distribution United AL , AR, AZ , CA, CO, DC , DE , ID, IL , IN , KS, KY, LA , MA , MD , ME , MI, MN, MO, MT, NC, ND, States NE, NH , NM, NN , NV, NY , OH , OK , OR, PA, SC , SD, TN , VT , WA, WI, WV, WY Canada AB, BC , MB, NT, ON, QC , SK, YT Range Map No map available. U.S. Distribution by County State County Name (FIPS Code) MN Sibley (27143)* MO Carter (29035), Shannon (29203), Taney (29213) NC Haywood (37087) PA Sullivan (42113)* * Extirpated/possibly extirpated U.S. Distribution by Watershed Watershed Region Watershed Name (Watershed Code) 02 Lower West Branch Susquehanna (02050206)+* 06 Pigeon (06010106)+ 07 Lower Minnesota (07020012)+* 11 Bull Shoals Lake (11010003)+, Current (11010008)+ http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTem... 8/7/2015 Comprehensive Report Species - Cervus elaphus Page 4 of 8 + Natural heritage record(s) exist for this watershed * Extirpated/possibly extirpated Ecology & Life History Reproduction Comments: Mature males defend female herd during rut (September-October). Older dominant males do most of mating. Females breed at 2 years. Most births (late spring) are single, but twins are common. Gestation lasts 249-262 days. Ecology Comments: Home range of nonmigratory herd 1.8-5.3 sq km. Rarely moves more than 1600 m in one day. Exhibits high fidelity to home range, but may abandon it if excessively disturbed. Gregarious, though some bulls may be solitary. Calf predators include grizzly, black bear, and coyote. Non-Migrant: N Locally Migrant: Y Long Distance Migrant: N Mobility and Migration Comments: In mountainous regions, summers in alpine meadows, winters in valleys. On more level terrain, seeks wooded hillsides in summer, open grasslands in winter. Pacific coast populations are more sedentary than are those elsewhere. Migrates from areas with deep snow. Some individuals in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, migrate up to 97 kilometers annually (Adams 1982). Terrestrial Habitat(s): Alpine, Forest - Conifer, Forest - Hardwood, Forest - Mixed, Grassland/herbaceous, Savanna, Shrubland/chaparral, Woodland - Conifer, Woodland - Hardwood, Woodland - Mixed Habitat Comments: Variable according to location. Uses open areas such as alpine pastures, marshy meadows, river flats, and aspen parkland, as well as coniferous forests, brushy clear cuts or forest edges, and semi-desert areas (Tule elk). No special calving ground is used; calves are born in valleys or in areas as high as alpine tundra. Newborn initially may be hidden in rough terrain or dense cover. Adult Food Habits: Herbivore Immature Food Habits: Herbivore Food Comments: Much geographic and seasonal variation in diet. Primarily a grazer, but also consumes forbs (in summer, or in fall and winter in northern Great Plains region) and may browse on willow, aspen, oak, etc., where grasses are unavailable. Also commonly feeds on mushrooms, especially in late summer and fall (Great Basin Nat. 52:321). Adult Phenology: Circadian Immature Phenology: Circadian Phenology Comments: Active at night, but most active at dusk and dawn. Diurnal feeding is more common in summer than in winter. Feeding periods are more prolonged in winter, concentrated in morning and evening. Herds may bed down in meadows in afternoon and again after midnight to chew cud. Length: 297 centimeters Weight: 495000 grams Economic Attributes Not yet assessed Management Summary Management Requirements: See Thomas and Toweill (1982). Population/Occurrence Delineation Use Class: Not applicable Subtype(s): Rutting area, Summer range, Winter range Minimum Criteria for an Occurrence: Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding. Separation Barriers: None. Alternate Separation Procedure: Occurrence separations should be based on populations that exhibit specific migration patterns, or on appropriate resource agency management units, rather than on specific prescribed distances. Separation Justification: Movement patterns vary considerably among populations. Individuals have home ranges of up to 50 square kilometers in the Rockies (Thomas and Toweill 1982), but only 2.9 square kilometers in coastal California (Franklin et al. 1975) and only 0.4- 0.6 square kilometers in Scotland (Clutton-Brock et al. 1982). Some individuals in Wyoming have annual migrations of up to 97 kilometers (Adams 1982). Unsuitable habitat includes waters that do not freeze regularly, urban (not suburban) areas, and extremely rugged mountain ridges. Date: 22Sep2004 Author: Hammerson, G. http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTem... 8/7/2015 Comprehensive Report Species - Cervus elaphus Page 5 of 8 Population/Occurrence Viability Justification: Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008). The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic
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