Temporal Goods of the Church: ―By Virtue of His Office, Not Only Has Power Over the Universal Church, but Also Has Pre-Eminent Ordinary Power Over All Particular
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TEMPORAL GOODS OF THE CHURCH DECLINE OF FOREIGN AID AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE CHURCH’S MISSION IN TANZANIA IN THE LIGHT OF C. 1254 OF 1983 CODEX IURIS CANONICI WITH REFERENCE TO THE CATHOLIC DIOCESE OF TANGA DISSERTATION For obtaining the Degree of Doctor of Theology presented to the Faculty of Catholic Theology Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck SUBMITTED TO The Delegate of the Vice-Rector for Studies and Students Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Guggenberger DIRECTED BY Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Rees SUBMITTED BY Sylvester Ludovick Nitunga Innsbruck, Mai 2015 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................. 6 Danksagung .......................................................................................................... 7 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ........................................................... 9 Abstract .............................................................................................................. 16 Abstract-Deutsch ............................................................................................... 17 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 19 1.1 Aim and Purpose of this Research ................................................................ 20 1.2 Scope of the Research ..................................................................................... 21 1.3 Expected Result of the Research ................................................................... 21 1.4 Methodology of the Research ........................................................................ 22 1.5 Structures and Content of the Work ............................................................ 23 2 BACKGROUND OF THE CATHOLICISM IN TANZANIA ..................... AND IN TANGA ........................................................................................... 25 2.1 A Profile of Tanzania ..................................................................................... 25 2.2 The Coming of Christianity in Tanzania ..................................................... 26 2.3 Impacts of the Missionaries’ Activities in Tanganyika ............................... 28 2.3.1 Positive Impacts: Education and Health Sector ............................................. 28 2.3.2 Termination of Slave trade .............................................................................. 29 2.3.3 Negative Impacts: Disregard of African culture and belief ............................ 31 2.3.4 Legacy of Foreign Aid Dependency ................................................................ 32 2.4 Arusha Declaration of Socialism and the ......................................................... Confiscation of Church Properties ............................................................... 34 2.5 The Present Status of the Catholic Church in Tanzania ............................ 36 2.6 The Catholic Diocese of Tanga ...................................................................... 37 2.6.1 Profile of the Catholic Diocese of Tanga........................................................ 37 2.6.2 Evangelization and the Creation of the Catholic Diocese of Tanga............... 38 2.6.3 Foreign Aid Dependency during the Missionaries’ Epoch ............................. 38 2.6.4 The Economic Situation of the Catholic Diocese of Tanga ................................ During the Missionaries’ Epoch ..................................................................... 40 1 2.6.5 Church Institutions in the Catholic Diocese of Tanga .................................... 41 2.6.6 Parishes ........................................................................................................... 42 2.6.6.1 Health Service Institutions .................................................................................... 43 2.6.6.2 Educational Institutions ......................................................................................... 45 2.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 47 3 HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF C. 1254 CIC/1983 .................................... 48 3.1 History of Temporal Goods on the Mission of the Church ........................ 48 3.1.1 Temporal Goods in the Old Testament ........................................................... 48 3.1.2 Temporal Goods in the New Testament .......................................................... 49 3.1.3 Temporal Goods in the Early Church ............................................................. 51 3.1.4 Temporal Goods in the middle Ages ............................................................... 53 3.1.5 Temporal Goods in the Councils of Trent ....................................................... 55 3.1.6 Temporal Goods in the CIC/1917 ................................................................... 56 3.1.7 Vatican II Council’s Teaching on Temporal Goods ....................................... 58 3.1.7.1 Clergy Fund ........................................................................................................... 59 3.1.7.2 The General Common Fund .................................................................................. 60 3.1.7.3 Source of Income .................................................................................................. 60 3.1.7.4 Administration of Church Goods .......................................................................... 61 3.1.8 Temporal Goods in ‘Ecclesiae in Africa’ and ‘Africae Munus’ ..................... 61 3.2 Drafting of c. 1254 CIC/1983 ......................................................................... 63 3.2.1 The Source and the Drafting Process of c. 1254 ............................................ 63 3.2.2 The Promulgated Text of c. 1254 CIC/1983 ................................................... 65 3.2.3 Right to Acquire and Retain Temporal Goods ................................................ 66 3.2.3.1 Methods of Acquiring Temporal Goods ............................................................... 68 3.2.3.2 Voluntary offering ................................................................................................. 68 3.2.3.3 Taxation ................................................................................................................. 69 3.2.4 The Right to Administer Temporal Goods ...................................................... 72 3.2.4.1 Agents and Organs of Administration of Temporal Goods in a Diocese .............. 74 3.2.4.2 Organs of the Administration of the Temporal Goods in a Diocese ..................... 82 3.2.4.3 Agents and Organs of Administration of Temporal Goods in a Parish ................. 94 3.2.5 Purposes of the Church’s Temporal Goods .................................................. 104 3.2.5.1 Divine Worship ................................................................................................... 106 3.2.5.2 Support of the Clergy and Other Ministers ......................................................... 106 3.2.5.3 Works of the Sacred Apostolate .......................................................................... 111 3.2.5.4 Works of Charity Especially for the Poor ........................................................... 112 3.2.6 Contrasting c. 1254 CIC/1983 with c. 1007 CCEO ...................................... 114 3.3 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 116 2 4 SYSTEMS OF CHURCH FINANCING IN EUROPE ........................... 117 4.1 Church-State Relationship and its Impact on ................................................. Church Financing Systems in Europe ........................................................ 118 4.2 Various Sources of Income for the Churches in Europe .......................... 120 4.2.1 Real Estate and Financial Capital ................................................................ 120 4.2.2 Direct-non-monetary Subsidies..................................................................... 120 4.2.3 Contributions by the Members ...................................................................... 121 4.2.4 Financial Support from Sponsors ................................................................. 121 4.3 General View of the Church Financing Systems in Europe ..................... 121 4.3.1 Collection/Donation System .......................................................................... 121 4.3.2 Church-Tax-System ....................................................................................... 122 4.3.3 Membership-Fee-System ............................................................................... 122 4.3.4 Cultural Tax .................................................................................................. 123 4.3.5 Donations and Real Estate ............................................................................ 123 4.3.6 Membership-Fee System in Austria (Kirchenbeitrag) .................................. 124 4.3.7 Church Tax System in Germany (Kirchensteuer) ......................................... 129 4.3.8 Cultural Tax System in Italy.......................................................................... 134 4.3.9 Church Financing System in France ............................................................ 137 4.3.10 Congregation of the Evangelization of Peoples ............................................ 139 4.3.11 Pontifical Society for the Propagation