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Case Studies ADOLESCENT PROGRAMMING EXPERIENCES DURING CONFLICT AND POST-CONFLICT For every child Health, Education, Equality, Protection ADVANCE HUMANITY Adolescent programming experiences during conflict and post-conflict CASE STUDIES United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) June 2004 COVER PHOTO: UNICEF - OPT/2003/STEVE SABELLA A Pyalara/UNICEF sponsored programme with the objective of enhancing self confidence, self expression, cooperation, leadership and skill. Beit Duko West bank, August 2003. Table of Contents ADVANCE COPY 1 Introduction to Case Studies. 3 Acknowledgements 2Broadcasting in Albania: This document was prepared by UNICEF Programme Troç (Straight Talk) . 13 Division, the Office of Emergency Programmes in UNICEF and the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre with the help and support of UNICEF Country and Regional 3 Peer-to-Peer Counselling on HIV/AIDS Offices. The Women’s Commission for Refugee Women in Angola . 21 and Children also supported the documentation of the participatory case study in northern Uganda. 4 Return to Happiness (Retorno de la Alegria) in Colombia . 29 We would like to express gratitude for the financial sup- 5Young People Participate port provided by the United Kingdom Department for in Peace-Building in Indonesia . 37 International Development (DFID), the United Nations Foundation and the Swedish Internation Development Agency (Sida). 6 Peer-to-Peer Counselling in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT) . 47 7Involvement of Children in the First published in New York by UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND (UNICEF) TRC in Sierra Leone . 56 ©UNICEF July 2004 8Youth Education, Development and Participation Programme in Somalia . 65 The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of the material do not imply on the part of the United Nations Children’s Fund the expression of 9 Surviving the War on Adolescents any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of in Northern Uganda . 73 any country or territory, or of its authorities or the delimitations of its frontiers. 10 Participation of Young People in the DDR Process in Sierra Leone . 84 Correspondence and requests for additional copies can be directed to: [email protected] Design: The Manifestation-Glow Press, NY 1 Introduction The case studies presented here are plan (MTSP) priorities in the context examples of programming that of emergencies. Among the pro- encourages adolescent participation in grammes selected as ‘good practices’ community development and peace- are young people’s involvement in building during crisis. In each of the media and advocacy; HIV/AIDS aware- country situations, obstacles have been ness; community peace-building; transformed into opportunities. peer-to-peer psychosocial support; Collectively, the case studies offer a truth and justice-seeking in post- wealth of information and new ideas. conflict reconstruction; disarmament, They tell the story of sustainable demobilization and reintegration; success, showing how participation sports, education and vocational train- can contribute to the fulfilment of a ing; and research on the impact of rights-based agenda and suggesting war on children. In each of the case ways to provide a framework for young studies, the participatory component people to create better, more peaceful is highlighted, demonstrating how societies. They are also intended to participation enhances the protection raise questions and begin to address of children and adolescents and con- the gap in guidance on adolescent tributes to the success of UNICEF’s participation in programme activities approach to human rights-based and during situations of conflict and results-based programming. post-conflict. The case studies are the result of a THE ISSUE: WHAT IS collaborative effort between key PARTICIPATION? UNICEF Country and Regional Offices, Programme Division, the Office of In the context of these case studies, Emergency Programmes in UNICEF ‘participation’ is understood in a and the UNICEF Innocenti Research programmatic sense, involving young Centre. The Women’s Commission people as active participants in the for Refugee Women and Children also design, implementation, monitoring provided significant input. and evaluation of sustainable, community-based initiatives. During a A broad range of issues has been humanitarian crisis, when the social addressed, including strategic consider- and political context is likely to be ation of UNICEF medium-term strategic threatened or destroyed, innovative 3 strategies are needed to guide and of the problem, but part of the solution. (2) Children’s right to pro- In this study, the documen- support adolescents in contributing to However, the responsibility for solving tection from violence, tation of adolescent community life. Girls are especially the problems of society – especially abuse, exploitation and participation in programme vulnerable to targeted violence during during conflict – must not be placed discrimination, including planning and implementa- conflict situations, and their specific on their shoulders. Rather, adolescents during armed conflict tion during humanitarian needs must be a priority during any should be supported in contributing emergencies has been Ⅲ humanitarian response. in appropriate ways to achieve realistic States Parties shall take analysed within the broader all appropriate legislative, framework of the Conven- goals. administrative, social tion on the Rights of the It is also important to consider, in a and educational measures Child. This brings into focus particular context, the most appropriate Considerable work has been done to protect the child from two key points, as articu- way for adolescents to become in recent years to advance programme all forms of physical or lated in the Convention: involved. In some cases, young people knowledge in participation and in mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negli- (1) Children’s right to may themselves come up with an protection for children and adolescents, gent treatment, maltreat- participation idea and, with support and guidance, but there is a need to consider more ment or exploitation, initiate community action. For example, carefully how these intersect. The need including sexual abuse, Ⅲ States Parties shall assure the peer-to-peer counselling project in is urgent. Unless adolescents caught in while in the care of to the child who is capable the Occupied Palestinian Territory conflict are provided with positive parent(s), legal guardian(s) of forming his or her own or any other person who views the right to express (OPT) was planned and implemented alternatives, their hopes will be shat- has the care of the child those views freely in all by adolescents from the onset. In the tered and they will be more likely to (article 19(1)); matters affecting the child, case of the disarmament, demobiliza- perpetuate the cycle of violence. If the views of the child tion and reintegration (DDR) of child opportunities are provided, adoles- Ⅲ In accordance with their obligations under interna- being given due weight in soldiers in Sierra Leone, opportunities cents’ energy and resilience can accordance with the age tional law to protect the and maturity of the child for participation were limited by the become a source of strength for them, civilian population in (article 12(1)); constraints of the military exercise. their families and their com-munities. armed conflicts, States However, during the reintegration Providing opportunities for adolescent Parties shall take all feasi- Ⅲ The child shall have the and reconciliation phase of the DDR participation in community develop- ble measures to ensure right to freedom of expres- programme, adolescents were able to ment and peace-building is therefore protection and care of chil- sion; this right shall dren who are affected by include freedom to seek, participate in school and community one of the most effective ways to build an armed conflict (article receive and impart infor- activities. the foundation for a more just and 38 (4)). mation and ideas of all peaceful society. kinds, regardless of fron- Another example is the case study These articles of the tiers, either orally, in writ- on participation of children and But adolescent participation is not a Convention underline the ing or in print, in the form need to enable and guide of art, or through any adolescents in the work of the Sierra quick fix. It requires long-term commit- the participation of children other media of the child’s Leone Truth and Reconciliation ment to develop the capacities of and adolescents in matters choice (article 13(1)); Commission. The role of children was, young people to achieve realistic goals. that concern them, while also protecting them from Ⅲ States Parties shall respect to a certain extent, determined by By examining good practices under- the official nature of the Commission’s way in a number of unstable situations, all forms of violence, the right of the child to especially during human- freedom of thought, con- work. However, children were able to we can begin to map the way forward, itarian emergencies. science and religion; play an effective and even an essential finding entry points for sustainable States Parties shall respect role in the process. In all these exam- solutions. The successes in specific the rights and duties of the parents and, when applica- ples, the participation of adolescents country contexts may be adapted ble, legal guardians, to has been successful within a wide to serve as the basis for more effective provide direction