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Outline of Classical Architecture

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Outline of Classical Architecture Outline of Classical Architecture The following outline is provided as an overview of and • Form of classicism – high regard in the arts for clas- topical guide to classical architecture: sical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. Classical architecture – architecture of classical an- tiquity, that is, ancient Greek architecture and the • architecture of ancient Rome. It also refers to the style or Classicism in architecture – places emphasis styles of architecture influenced by those. For example, on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the most of the styles originating in post-renaissance Europe regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in can be described as classical architecture. This broad use the architecture of Classical antiquity and in of the term is employed by Sir John Summerson in The particular, the architecture of Ancient Rome, Classical Language of Architecture. of which many examples remained. 1 What type of thing is classical ar- 2 Classical architectural structures chitecture? • List of ancient architectural records Classical architecture can be described as all of the fol- lowing: 2.1 Ancient Greek architectural structures • Architecture – both the process and product of planning, designing and construction. Architectural • Ancient Greek architecture – architecture produced works, in the material form of buildings, are of- by the Greek-speaking people (Hellenic people) ten perceived as cultural and political symbols and whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often Peloponnesus, the Aegean Islands, and in colonies in identified with their surviving architectural achieve- Asia Minor and Italy for a period from about 900 BC ments. until the 1st century AD, with the earliest remaining architectural works dating from around 600 BC. • Architectural style – classification of architec- ture in terms of the use of form, techniques, • Classical orders – materials, time period, region and other stylis- tic influences. • Doric order – • • Art – aesthetic expression for presentation or per- Ionic order – formance, and the work produced from this activity. • Corinthian order – The word “art” is therefore both a verb and a noun, • Hellenistic architecture – as is the term “classical architecture”. • Ancient Greek roofs • Work of art – aesthetic physical item or artistic creation. • Buildings • One of the arts – as an art form, classical archi- • Ancient Greek temple tecture is an outlet of human expression, that is • List of Ancient Greek temples usually influenced by culture and which in turn • helps to change culture. Classical architecture Temple of Artemis is a physical manifestation of the internal hu- • Temple of Zeus man creative impulse. • Temple of Hephaestus • A branch of the visual arts – visual arts • Samothrace temple complex is a class of art forms, including painting, • Parthenon sculpture, photography, architecture and • others, that focus on the creation of works Acropolis of Athens which are primarily visual in nature. • Ancient Agora of Athens 1 2 3 CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURAL STYLES 2.2 Ancient Roman architectural struc- 3 Classical architectural styles tures • Byzantine architecture – • Ancient Roman architecture – • Pre-Romanesque architecture – • De architectura – treatise on architecture writ- ten by the Roman architect Vitruvius and ded- • Romanesque architecture – icated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Au- • gustus, as a guide for building projects. The Gothic architecture – work is one of the most important sources of • Renaissance architecture – modern knowledge of Roman building meth- ods, planning, and design. • Baroque architecture – • Herodian architecture • Palladian architecture – European style of architec- • Public architecture ture derived from the designs of the Venetian archi- • Amphitheatre tect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). Palladio’s work • Basilica was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective • Circus (building) and values of the formal classical temple architec- • Forum (Roman) ture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. • Insulae • Georgian architecture – set of architectural styles • Temple (Roman) current between 1720 and 1840. In the main- • Roman theatre stream of Georgian style were both Palladian • Thermae architecture— and its whimsical alternatives, • Triumphal arch Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English- • Public buildings speaking world’s equivalent of European Rococo. • List of Roman amphitheatres • Neoclassical architecture – architectural style pro- • Baths of Trajan duced by the neoclassical movement that began in • Baths of Diocletian the mid-18th century, manifested both in its details • Baths of Caracalla as a reaction against the Rococo style of natural- istic ornament, and in its architectural formulas as • Colosseum an outgrowth of some classicizing features of Late • Trajan’s Column, in Rome Baroque. In its purest form it is a style principally • Circus Maximus, in Rome derived from the architecture of Classical Greece • Curia Hostilia (Senate House), in Rome and the architecture of the Italian architect Andrea • Domus Aurea (former building) Palladio. • Roman Forum • Empire style – sometimes considered the sec- • Pantheon ond phase of Neoclassicism, is an early-19th- • Tower of Hercules century design movement in architecture, fur- • Tropaeum Traiani niture, other decorative arts, and the visual arts • Hadrian’s Villa followed in Europe and America until around • Roman lighthouse 1830, although in the U. S. it continued in • Roman watermill popularity in conservative regions outside the • Private architecture major metropolitan centers well past the mid- 19th century. • Roman gardens • • Alyscamps, a necropolis in Arles, France Biedermeier architecture – neoclassical archi- tecture in Central Europe between 1815 and • Domus 1848. • Catacombs of Rome • • Roman villa Resort architecture (Bäderarchitektur) – a spe- cific neoclassical style that came up at the end • Architectural elements of the 18th century in German seaside resorts • Hypocaust and is widely used in the region until today. • Mosaics • Federal architecture – classicizing architec- • Roman brick ture built in the United States between c. 1780 • Roman roofs and 1830, and particularly from 1785 to 1815. • Roman spiral stairs This style shares its name with its era, the Fed- • Roman domes eral Period. 4.1 Building elements 3 • Regency architecture – buildings built in • Caryatid - female figure support Britain during the period in the early 19th cen- • tury when George IV was Prince Regent, and Cella also to later buildings following the same style. • Coffer The style corresponds to the Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style • Coin in the United States and to the French Empire • style. Colonnade • Greek Revival architecture – architectural • Column movement of the late 18th and early 19th cen- • turies, predominantly in Northern Europe and Cornice the United States. A product of Hellenism, it • Crepidoma may be looked upon as the last phase in the development of Neoclassical architecture. • Crocket • Neoclassical architecture in Poland • Cupola • Nordic Classicism – style of architecture that briefly • Decastyle blossomed in the Nordic countries (Sweden, Den- mark, Norway and Finland) between 1910 and • Diocletian (thermal) window 1930. • Dome • New Classical Architecture – Architectural move- • ment to revive, and embrace classical architecture Eisodos as a legitimate form of architecture for the 20th and • Entablature - superstructure resting on the column 21st Centuries. Beginning first with Postmodern capitals architecture's criticism of modernist architectural movements like International Style, New Classical • Epistyle - see Architrave architecture seeks to be an alternative to the ongo- ing dominance of modernist architecture. • Euthynteria • Exedra 4 Classical architectural concepts • Finial • Frieze 4.1 Building elements • Gutta • Acroterion – ornament mounted at the apex of the • Imbrex and tegula - interlocking roof tiles used in pediment of a building ancient Greek and Roman architecture • Aedicule – small inset shrine • Keystone • Apollarium • Metope (architecture) • Aegis • Naos - see Cella • Apse • Nave • Arch • Opisthodomos - rear porch of a temple • Architrave • Ornament (architecture) • Archivolt • Orthostates • Ante-Fixae • Pediment • Amphiprostyle • Peristyle • Atlas (architecture) – male figure support • Pilaster • Bracket (architecture) • Plinth • Capital • Portico 4 10 EXTERNAL LINKS • Portico types – tetrastyle, hexastyle, octastyle, 5 Classical architecture organiza- decastyle tions • Pronaos • The Institute of Classical Architecture & Classical • Prostyle America • Quoin • Rustication (architecture) 6 Classical architecture publica- • Stoa tions • Suspensura • De Re Aedificatoria – classic architectural treatise written by Leon Battista Alberti between 1443 and • Term (architecture) 1452.[1] Although largely dependent on Vitruvius' • Tracery De architectura, it was the first theoretical book on the subject written in the Italian Renaissance and in • Triglyph 1485 became the first printed book on architecture. • Sima • The Classical Language of Architecture • Stylobate • Volute 7 Persons influential in classical architecture 4.2 Classical orders • John Summerson – one of the leading British archi- tectural historians of the 20th century. • Classical orders • Composite order 8 See also • Corinthian order • • Doric order Architectural glossary • Ionic order
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