Ursinus College Digital Commons @ Ursinus College The Dutchman / The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Folklife Society Collection Magazine

Summer 1956 The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Vol. 8, No. 1 Henry J. Kauffman

Edna Eby Heller

Andrew S. Berky

Alfred L. Shoemaker

Earl F. Robacker

See next page for additional authors

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Recommended Citation Kauffman, Henry J.; Heller, Edna Eby; Berky, Andrew S.; Shoemaker, Alfred L.; Robacker, Earl F.; Dieffenbach, Victor C.; Beck, Herbert H.; Brendle, Thomas R.; Unger, Claude; Zehner, Olive G.; Yoder, Don; Moser, Esther; Moser, Helen; and Krebs, Friedrich, "The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Vol. 8, No. 1" (1956). The Dutchman / The Pennsylvania Dutchman Magazine. 9. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/dutchmanmag/9

This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Dutchman / The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Magazine by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Henry J. Kauffman, Edna Eby Heller, Andrew S. Berky, Alfred L. Shoemaker, Earl F. Robacker, Victor C. Dieffenbach, Herbert H. Beck, Thomas R. Brendle, Claude Unger, Olive G. Zehner, Don Yoder, Esther Moser, Helen Moser, and Friedrich Krebs

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~~~~~UBLICATIONS of the

ennsylvania Dutch Folklore Center, Inc.

The PENNSYLVANIA BARN Published by: The Folklore Center, Inc. Price $2.00 Includes 16 essays, 96 pages

Edited by: DR. ALFRED L. SHOEMAKER

Articles by: DR. ALFRED L. SHOEMAKER DR. DON YODER HENRY J. KAUFFMAN J. WILLIAM STAIR VICTOR C. DIEFFENBACH

CONTENTS of the PENNSYLVANIA BARN The Pennsylvania Barn Thatched Barns Through the Traveler's Eye Barn Decorations Barn Types Hex Signs The Log Barn Brick-End Decorations The Stone Barn Notes on Early Brick Barns The Frame Barn Appliques Barn Raisings Barnscapes Barn Terminology The Barns of 1798 SUMMER 1956 VOL. 8, NO.1

EDITOR: Managing : Dr. Alfred 1. Shoemaker Associate: Dr. Don Yoder Contents

DEPARTMENT EDITORS: Antiques: Dr. Earl F. Robacker The Summer House 2 HENRY J. KA FFMAN Art: Frances Lichten Drinks in Dutchland CRAFTS: 8 EDNA EBY HELLER XV 11 f Century : Henry J. Kauffman COl/temporary: Olive G. Zehner Yesteryear in Dutchland 10 A ' DREW . BERKY Design: LeRoy Gensler Evel/ts: G. Gilbert nyder Moshey and Bellyguts 16 Folklore: Rev. Thoma R. Brend le ALFRED 1. HO EMAKE R Food : Edna Eby Heller Rise of Intel'est in Dutch Antiques ...... 18 Genealogy : Frederick Wei er EARL F. ROBA CKER History : Dr. Arthur D. Graeff Diaper Lore ...... 23 L iterature : Walter E. Boyer VICTOR c. DIEFFE NBACH l~fIl Sic: Dr. J. William Frey Lititz ...... 24 P uB LISHER: HERBERT H. BE CK The Penn ylvania Dutch Folklore Center, Inc., Bethel, Penn sylvania. Witchcraft in Cow and Horse ...... 28 THOMA S R. BRE NDLE and CLAUDE NGE R BSCRIPTIO RATES: . 3.00 a year in the nited tates and Dorothy Kalbach ...... 32 Canada. Elsewh ere fifty cents addi­ OLIVE G. ZEH ' ER tional for postage. Single copi es .75. Plain Dutch and Gay Dutch ...... 34 MAD PHOTOGRAPH: DO N YODER The Editor will be glad to co nsider :.vI and photograph sent with a Di ~ l ec t Folksay ...... 56 view to publicati on. When un suit­ ESTHER and I-IEL EN MOSER able. and if accompanied by return po tage, every care will be exerci ed Pennsylvania Dutch P ioneers...... 57 to\\'ard th eir return, alth ough no reo FRIEDR ICH KR EB pon ibility for th eir sa fety a _ (Tran lated by DON YODER) umed. About the Author 59 THE PE YLV A IIA D TCH­ MAl'\. ummer 1956, Vol. 8, O. 1, What's New in DUlchland 60 publi hed quarterly and copyri ght 1956 by The Penn ylva nia Dutch COVER: H, Wjnslow Fegley, photogl'aph, Folklore Center, Inc., Bethel, Pa. Ente!"ed as econd class matter at the Post Office rrcss of at J\: utLtO\... n. PCJ1n:o.ylvanJCl. under the ~\ Cl IJ f ( J(A 1"1 S ~II,N. 1Nt. .\1 arch 3, I 79. K ut/tcl\\ II. )la.. This Lancasler Counly sum tnet house has its original oven intact and dpc· orated with the initials 01 ils fir st owner. The pitch 01 th e rool, the cornice, and the lintel over the door are architecturalleatures ollhe early nineteenth century.

Photography by Henry 1. Kalt/Jm an

The bell tower and chimney are pleasing appendages on lhis clap· board covered summer house near York. This one had an 01Je n which was dismantled because Lt was no longer needed. An improvised stove jor heating waler Ita reo placed it.

2 Photograph by Clifford R . Y eich Detached summer house, with wooden pump in front of it, on a Men­ nonite farm near Lancaster.

A ummer house is one of the most interesting ar· County how that in the late eighteenth century there chitectural form that can be :found in rural P enn yl. were about ten tone hou e to four hundred o[ log in vania. It eem to be indigenou to Penn ylv:.mia and the area. can be found lhroughout the tate. but certainly more of The early log hou e wa a imple structure wilh one them are located in th e Dutch Country than any other main r oom on the fir t fl oor and a mall loft :for sleep· area. They are found on big farms and little farm ; orne ing or torage. It had a p unch on or ground fl oor and a re earl y while oth er are late; ome are built of brick, a fireplace in the end wa ll was the onl y ource of heat others of tone: and their funclion continue to be a in th e building. This log house had no direct r lation· my tery to many peopl for the literature of the Dutch ship with the ummer hou e. but it i mention d here to ountry eem to have neglected them completely. a sist in pre en ting the evolutionary growth of dom ti c To un der ta nd the form and function of the ummer a rchitecture in Pennsylvania, of which the summer hou e hOll e on mu t probe into the beginning of rural ar· later became an integral part. chitecture in Penn ylvania. There seem to be orn e With th learing of la rger fI elds, th growi ng of agreement that th e fir t helters were impr· vi ed in larger familie and the dev lopment of a more favorable cave or ha tily built of twi g and foli age. The record economi c outlook, th log cabin wa [or aken fO I a b t· of a Dir ct Tax, levied in Penn ylva nia in 1798. indio ter re id nce. It is like! y th at lhe [ather ollecl(" c/ tone cate that the va t majority of arl y permanent abode liS he cleared th e land and \\ith th a id of hi neighbor were built of log. A t3X a se ment Ii t of Dauphin built a mall stone hou e. It wa u uall ) built on th e

3 ide of a hill over a pring. There was a large fireplace in th e cell ar , a slighlly mailer one on th e fir l fl oor. and omelimes a very small one look th e chill f)ff of lh e sleeping area on th e econd fl oor. Thi house was a veT) functional one for il li as gea red lo the living needs of a family on the seltled frontier. The full door acce lo the ba ement co mbined with a large fireplace and th e spring provided adequille fa cili· lie for the rougher home industrie such a oap-m ak­ in g. butler-churning, butchering. wa shing. [! nd clolh dyeing. This arrangement also kepl a certain amounl of Clutter from th e every- da) living portion of the house. On the fir t fl oor the daily ch ores of cooking. baking. sewing. spinning. a nd weaving II-ere pur uecl through­ out the year. In thi house lhere II-as ome adva nce in th e refin emenl of living over the log cabin . b ut lh e ultimate was onl y a hieved in the nexl r ound of house building wh en mos t of the home induslries we re relegaled to th e s ummer house. The further clearing of land and the subsequenl bel­ tering of economi c co ndilions brought another era of h ouse building lale in the eighteenth and early in the On the fr inge 0/ the Dutch Counlry ar,;hitectural nineteenth centurie . Thi house wa a di tincl improve- forms were less typical like this co mbination ummer alld spring house near Millersburg. Although this was a /lUictional arrallgem ent it is not fr equently found.

This summer house is obviou ly built 0/ stoll e and is located along route 30 nea r Geuysburg. Its triffi ng architectural/ea /ures are a huge chimney at the rear, two /ront doors. alld onl)' a lew lor a buiiciing 0/ such size. The gable end lacing th e /ron/ is also a unique arrangement.

4 The i distinguished Jor the architectural quality oj its buildings. This tile-covered building was originally the big hOLi se but it subsequently se rved a a summer house. Here the old world charm is at it be t in Pennsylvallia. ment over the one Irhich an earlier generati on had built uited. If this procedur were fo llowed it really became over a pring. The h ou e was u uaUy built of brick or a summer h ou e. a nd in many ases a ati factor) o ne. stone, it often had a center hall with r ooms on each The more fre luent way of hou ing the home indus­ ide, and there were now many small fireplace through­ trie o n th earl nineteenth entury P ennsylv-nia farm out the hou e instead of a fel\ big one. Carved man­ IV a to build a small hou e near the mai r) holke. Thi tel were placed a round th e fireplace and th e nd of building came to he kn o wn a a summer hOLi e fo r it ome of the room were paneled instead of rlastered. I as in continuo u use throug hout the umme r,

5 This summer kitchen with its bell tower is another pleasing architectlu-aL arrange ­ ment thai can be found in the Dutch Country . The small chimney indicate a small fir eplace or perhaps only a fa cility for a cook stove. This mid-nineteenth century farm hou e tands among early ones at the j\llasollic Home near Elizab ethtown.

kettle of boiling water. The cranes permitted the their sleeping quarters which were cool and c(mJortable winging of the pots out of the fireplace to ecure hot due t o th e good in ulating qualitie of a th ic k stone water or to add to th eir content. ometime a hole was wall and the fore ight of a good wife wh o opened the cut into th e rear fireplace wall and an oven in talled windows for airing after sun down. Occasionally the bi g which \\ as heated with live coals from the hemlh. When hou e was opened for unday gues ts. but uliless th ey th e oven reached the proper temperature the coal were were of a ver y pecial variety it is likely th at th ey were raked back on the hearth and the "goods" to be baked fed and entertained in the ummer hou e. were placed within for a specified time. Onl v one fire­ The availability of manufactured goods brought some place was found in this survey with it original oven. change in the importance of th e summer hou e after the but doubtle s m any exist in the Dutch Country. Civil W a r. Candles were no longer u ed and S02P could In addition to th e weekly chores of wa hin ~ , baking, be bought at th e store or from a neighbor wh o was par· etc .. th e SUlllm er kitchen was the center of th e daily ti cul arl y apt at the art of making soap. It continued to acti vi t y on the farm. It \ as the de ire 0 f the farmer to serve a a cooking and eating center on th e fa rm . l oth keep hi refin ed home in a con tant state of good re­ of which were probably improved with th e [l dd ition of pair so m ost of th e daily r outine on the farm through­ a cast iron slove. The invention of the glass j il l" brought out th e summer occurred in th e SUlllmer hou e. From another activity into th e summer house for th e canning sunrise to sun set the ummer house was the center of of fruit and vegetable rapidly became a new and im· farm activity. After rising in the morning all member portant household industry. Throughout the g rowin g of the famil y went to th e summer hous wher ro lVS of ea on from mid· ummer until autumn th ere was ome basins were provided for wa hing th eir ha nd s a nd face . farm product th at could be pre erved by placing it in All meal were prepared and served in th e summer a glass jar. The iron cook- tove in th e fireplace boiled house for the kitchen of the main house was u ua ll y in th e vegetalles and sterilized the jars whi ch wcr sealed a corner th at would have been un co Jl1f o rt a bl ~ ' hot for with a p roduct kn own a a rubber ja r ring. It was a th e cook as well a for the diners. A well ventilated great relief for the (armer' wife to have a ummer summer hou e IV a a distinct asset for any fa rill. In hou e which wa perfectl y uited to this chore and th e the evening the family and the " hands" would it on fullest use wa made of it. the porch or the yard until it wa time to reLire. Onl) Despite ome co ntinued use of th e ummer hou e. its th en did th ey enter the big house and \\ oe be to th e u efulnes teadily decreased and a compromi .:: \\-a ef­ rascal who disturbed the hades in the parlor fected late in th e nineteenth century by building a sum­ or m olested the . Everyone moved directly 10 mer kitchen as an appendage to the big house. Thi pro-

6 ometimes architectural beauty was achieved in summer houses like this one near Middletown. The overhang in lhe Iront is reminiscent 0/ earlier hou es 0/ the area while the symmetrical balance 0/ the windows ami the front door is a typical ar­ rangement 0/ the first hall 01 the nineteenth century. The placement 01 the bell tower and the chimney assist in maintaining the sy mmetrical balance in the architectural plan. The big house stands nearby with an overlapping porch rool

cedure II-as less cosUy and more accessible th3n a sep­ arate building and it IVa adequa te for th ~ reduced hou ehold dutie th at had to be performed th ere. The writer li ved in a house that had a ummer kitch­ en in th e basement instead of being attached at the end of the house. This a rrangement was simila r to a ba nk barn th a t i built on the ide of a hill ; the kitche n like th e table was cool in the summer and warm in the wint r. The ba elll ent was divided into 1\\ 0 parts by a thick stone wall so tha t the functi on of one part did not impair th at of th e other. One ide had a g round noor a 1110 t cella r had a nd it \\-a used for lorage. The oth er ide had R boar I noor and a large fireplac compara bl e to th e on found in the summer h ou e . I n April or M ay th e a tin g and cooking 3ctivity of th e hou ehold \\ as moved to the ba emenl. A rast iron cookstove lI' a insta ll ed in the fireplace and life ro utine IV a essentiall y th e ame th cl e a ha been de c ribecl in the umm r hou e. Life continued th rc until the corn \\ a husked and th en the e nti re fami! moved back to th e kitchen of the big ho u e. This arrangempnt wa a ve ry inexpensil c o ne. a lthoug h I'cr y condllcil-e to joint troubl es in homo apien. The coming of stream jin dink _ pre llre ,,-atcr Many mid-nineteenth century Lanca ter County ) tem . electric ranges. deep frecze r _ and a le gio n of fa rm house had a summer kitchen in the base­ oth e r device has refin e 1 th e p reparati o n of fooc! to the menlo It was not a very pleasing architectural point II here it an I e conl'cnientl) done in a modern arrangement_ hut a very eco nomical one. The kitc ht? n. A screened porch i u ed for eating in th t? lllll­ cave cellar in the yard was obviously buill to mer and th e re i no need for a ul1lm r ho u e o r kitchen. accommodate vegetables thaI could r, ot be The lIlllmer ho u e i nOlI on l) a e ntimcntal a ppe nd agc storer! in the cellar 0/ the hou.le. Ilhich Il ill Iw r azed befo re a leak) roof is [(' Iwired.

7 in Dutchland

By EDNA EBY HELLER

The "pause that refresh 5 IS just as des('riptive of are unfermented fruit drink. teas, and weet wine gra ndfath er' nine o'clock ha n est refre hment a ~ of th e C rape juice da te back to the earliest years of Penn- grandchildren's coke time. He also enjo)ed hi ~ evening' ylvania hi stof). In fact. our first settler CH mc fr m a drink every bit as much a \\'e like our bedtimc nack. la nd of vi ne) ards. For th e sour wi ne of the Hhineland. There i- a differenc in the til 0 pauses. however. Yester­ cider beca me th e ub titute for a time. but in a little year's drink were homemade. To th e I arietie il'ey COll­ \\·hil S\\'eet wines were made in abundance. Thesl' we re cocted th ere eem to have been no end-a recipe to uit proudl) served until the days oi prohibition ",h n wine evef) ta teo Whether sl\eet or sour wine . plain or fancr glasses \\'ere g radually pushed to the back of th e cup­ eggnog . light beers. cordials, or p lain gra pe juice. M ost boards. One lear lad y carefully wrapped eac!-I of her of Grandfather's drinks are still enjo) ed by th e Du tch ex­ \\'ine glasses a nd tu cked them into th e dresser drawer cept for probabl) Mead and Garden P ath Beer. which upstairs. les t someone be otTended. This fear of embar­ are se ldom made today. A would be expcc led. most ras ment over ",ine seems to hal'e been th e erh of a \\'ine are made by th e niral fo lks because the) have th e ocial precede nt ct by the White I-Iou e SO I11 rorty rea rs orcha rds a nd vine) ards. Comparativcly speaking. \\·ine· earli er. When Rutherford B. H ayes was President. hi making among to \\'n folk is done toda) on a ~ l1a ll cale. wife Lucy was so bitte rl y opposed to iiquor that he re­ One of th e 1110 t important pauses for refr c+ment i fused to a ll ow it to be served at an ' diplomatic function . to th e farl11er what th e cotTee break is to the whi te coll a r From th en on she was called " Lemonade Lucy". H eated city I\orker. Al110ng th e farmc rs of th e Pen ns) lva ni a ci i,c us ions almost turned into a political issue th e ques­ Dutch Co untf). nine o'clock traditionall) is the timc for ti on of wh eth er liqu ors \\ ould h ser ed when 1he Presi­ l11idmorning lunch which is brought to the fi eld s b) th e dent entertains. c hildren. Funnel cakes or cookie a re often J)ul into a The Dutc h were never great drinker of import d tea basket and sent out with th e drink. which mal' be' wine. but th e) certainly enjoy bre wing herb leave . They use Farme rs say (and I quote frOI11 Pennsy/va 'lia Dutch meadow teas of spearl11int a nd pepperl11int varieti es for Cookery by H a rk and Barba ) " that a su p of wi ne. follo\\" th eir hot weath er elI'inks and dr the same !l erbs [or ed b) a gla ss of wate r reli eves a labore r \\ ilh ease of winter suppers. During th e summe r. various pUl'ches a re perspiration better than rye whisker or m alt liquor .-. made with tea and fruit juice combinations. Another popular choice among harve ters i a vinegar Ma n) homemade S) rups arc made :from frui t and drink ca ll ed Essich chling. Rural yo uth today also ask ca nn ed for winter use. These include currant. rhubarb. [or Vinegar Punch after a game of ba ebal l. Ginger raspberT ). trawberf). lemon. and che rry syrups. The \Vater lJ'"oba bly i second choice in today's popular hot best of th ese i und oubtedl the Raspberry hrub syrup. weath er beve rage on th e farm. l\ei th er o[ these i" cann ed Thi is ometimes made wilh vinegar so that o:le' thir t or distilled but made "011 call". th e better quenched! He re are both recipes. E lCH CHLING RA PBERRY HR UB L-J c. uinegar 3 pill's raspberries I C. ice wa 'er F~ Cli PS sugar sligar to taste 2 CliPS waler dash of 'Ill/meg (optional) llix and cook together in a sallrepall 10 minutes. S train ) I tsp. b:zk:ng soda (optioll'l') (lnd cool. Add last tlVO ingredienls : 1 Cli p lemon illice Gl:\TCER WATER 2 qllarls waler 1" lsp. powdered ginger Serve with cru shed ice. I :! Clip ~ranllla!ed sugar 1/ akes 10 servings 1 qt. ice waler These amOlln's can be rarie'l to sllil iwlil'idlla/ taste. RA BERRY HR UB SYRUP Plare from two lo (ollr qll'l'ts of raspberries in a lor{!e VINEGAR GINGER DIU TK aaaleware hellie. Cover with vinegar, but not enough lo 1 Clip cider vinegar cause the berries to floal. Allow lhis lo stalld o)'emi!!,I". Tn lhe morning, squeeze through a heesec/olh. For each 12 Clip molasses 1 labsp. grollnd ainger Clip 0/ slraine'i liquid, add aile CliP of sugar ru)(1 boil 1 qllarl ice waler for 20 milllltes. Boule when cool awl slore ill a coo/ olace. To serve, fill the glasses partly full an" add cold wa'er and ice. There i a certain g rouD o f Dutch bel'erag s whi ch can T o th e m8king of cider on n1:'ln) farm th ere' eems to easily be cia sifi ed a ladie' favorite ince ther are th e be no end. Neither is cider itself the end of cider-making! ones served at quilting parties and sewing c ir c ! ~s . These Quite frequentl). it get to be 1110re than cider a nd i 8 then called apple brand) or apple jack. Th i<; i reall y fermented and distilled cider. sually additior.al sugar is added to cider to ha ten the fermentation. 1 have been told tha t c rabapple make the be t applejack. Some­ time cider i Aavored with wintergreen or sa~5a fr as and barr led for use at Chri tma time. One man goe 0 far as to roll his ba rrel of fermented cider in the nOlI until a ll but th e alcohol i frozen. Thi is mighty high pOll-ered stuff to be s Ul e. un fit for human consumption. Jot as strong i the Potent Cider of which Dr. Ba rba ays. "It it d O\\Il heal-il) on th e eyelid .'. The P ennsylvania Dutch make a nd u e lh :> ir wine o quietl y that ma n) folks a re not aware of th e Dmo unt th a t is made in their ne ighbo r- s cellar. It is nl) t usuall} of stra ll berries. rh ubarb. grapes. potatoes. elde rberries, served with meals toda) but adds a bit of I'ealth to dandelion. curra nts. wild che rries, blackberries, apricot. each day's living after meals and between ti mes. Even dog ll-ood bl ossom . and white clover. Most II-inemaker th e plain sect ta ke a little lIine for the stomdch's sake mix th eir win E b) g u s but a fe w recipes arc available according to t. Paul's admonition. For others. it is p ure a nd if you a re a beginner you ma) apprecia te th e ame. deli g ht a nd nj o)ed lIith moderation. Here are tw o of them: \,

9 This log house had obviously seen better days and the Jence defies description but we'll bel grandma knew her way around Ihe bake oven. Where did she get her pipe tobacco?

In some parts oj the Dutch Countr,v, "schnit:; YESTERYEAR pie" was a eason delicacy. Grand­ ma started working on Ihe pie in the Jall when she "schnitzed" (how else can you say il ) the in Dutchland apples and put them OLL I in the su n 10 dry.

By A DREW S. BERKY

tift year ago, ph otography was more of Ll n a rt than a science and farmi ng was a way of life rath:"r than a wa y to make a living. The happy combination of these two factors is found in the photographs on thesc pages, for more th a n a ny oth er person. photographer H . Wins­ low Fegley captured the spirit of rural life in Penn yl­ vania "dutchdom" a it existed more th a n half-a-century ago. And yet. a ca ual crutin) of these pictures would tend to u

This four-horsepower de · vice ran the corn sheller or the threshing macnine. It became pretty monotonons for the horses, but Dad rea­ soned that they had noth­ ing better to do anywa,), and it beat threslu ng by hand all hollow.

th e photog raphs are dated, not only b y th ~ physical At the time o f hi dea Lh in 1044. H. Win loll' wa the backgrounds, but also b y the self-con cious lJosturings propri tor o f a wholesale sta tio nery a nd novelty busine of the humble folk who ubmitted to the photographer' in Reading and al so the president o f the H ome Mutual caj oler y and good humor. Fire Company of Reading. His inLere t in Of course, H . Winslow rarely Lravelled a l o ll '~ and hi photog raphy IVa not a slow-burning, g rad ua l d evelop­ wife, Mary Cer y F egley. accompanied him on most of hi ment LhaL prog res ed over the year. RaLh er,it was like excur ion . J ndeed, man y, if not a maj ority of the pi - a hooting sLar, burning fi ercely for a brief lim a nd Lures were actually taken by her. H . Win low functioned then g racl ually inking into o b c urity. Thu. mo L o f b t in the dual r ole of director and producer. r egley' phoLog raph were ta ken in 1904.. 190.5 a nd 1906. man of man y parL . hi life \ as a lso cha racLerized The re were other of cour e, befo re and afLel', I uL Lh e b} 100 ends in th en Lhat he dabbll in .~ v r ything. hulk f th e Ilork eem Lo ha e I en d o n In the (' ) ear .

11 This rural mail cnrner had two hor epower at his com­ marul. 11 i present cluy coun­ terpart makes the sam e 'rip with 200 horspower u wIer the hood, but t!I t. Inrlil doesn·, get there (lilY earlier and the joys oj expectancy have no' been noticeably increased.

What triggered off thi uddell burst? To nne seems to know. but 1905 was a turning point in FegIe)· career. He was born in Hereford, Berk County in 1371 wh ere his father operated the combinalion general slore and post offi ce. When he ca me of age, Win low wa., shipped off to bu iness chool in Poughk-::epsie. New ork. He attended rsinus Coll ege for a pell and also taught in the Wa hington Township publi c sy tem for a term or two. ] n between a ll of thi he logged countle s hour behind th e co unter and a round th e pot·b Hi ed stove in th e store. This lI' a the OUITe of hi s fondness fo r th e country folk. th eir habi t . attitudes and CUi; tOill . Hi father's death in 1905. left H . Winslow as proprietor. Within a year. he h ad old the premi es. moved to Read­ ing and founded hi own whole ale upply storc. This mi ght ha e been the end of the picture-taki ng, but H. Winslow wa till a country boy at heart and he till found time to make tour throughout th o neighbor­ ing farmlands. Tnd eed. th e move broadened his horizon and photographs from Lebanon and Lancaster Counlies began to drift into his portfoli o. Winslow began mailing some of hi s better photos to the papers a nd several unda), rotogravure

There were characters oj course ! Or else there were an awJuZlot oj individuals who looked like the), should have been characters. That' «Captain BiZ" th e ox up Jront, and " Captain Reppert" in the rear poised Jor a rapir! take-oJf.

12 The traditional countryman's moving da y came on April 1 and carriage caravans iike this one were quile commonplace around the lurn oj the century . The date wa just right because it gave a man lime to get acclimated to his new surrounding.; be/ore spring plowing became a major preoccupation.

;randpa ponsored his own 4·H projects. It wenL 'omelhing like this: " llsan. J'ou take Cf/. rc of the 'hickens, Ja cob the goats are YO llr responsibility, ~ rederick and Charle have the pigs a/l eI we'll all vork on the cows." This splendid flock 0/ J'oulou s ~ ~ ee e w{/ raised bJ' the TroutJl1an brothers in the Jiclure.

Thi i what a countryman meant when he spoke 0/ "God's Acre." J/ there wa, peace anywhere in the world, he knew he'd find it here- now and through eternity . This was the M crt:; at Vryville as it looked in 1915.

Haring was one o/ the more delight· /ul midsummer tasks and tft/" hou e· holr! turned out en masse to lend a hand. The hay tedder quickened the drring process and mother was glad to get out o/the kitchen luI' a spell .

13 Here's another by-pr(lduct 0/ foil butchering days_ That's cobbler j ohn nyder on the bench_

tone lime kilns in varyin g stages 0/ decay dot the countryside, btL! the wooden superstru ctures which once crowned the sturdy stone sholllders have long since vanished from the scer>e _

ecti ons contained feature articles on th e P onll'iy lva nia many tired old buildings. Hi forte was with rrople, the Dutc h_ He became closely associated with Ih e Berks humble countryfolk he knew best. Corn huskings, hay­ County Historical Society and he was also an important ings, apple butter parties, butchering days-bring on a fi gure in the work of the P ennsylvania German Society. weaver, or a comb-maker or a cobbler or a peddler or a F or sev ral yea rs he trave led the length and breadth of blacksmith and Winslow wa in hi element. He knew " dutchd om" photogr aphing water-powered milk The re­ about brick-making and charcoal-burning and potato sulting tudy was published by the P ennsylva nicl German diggin g and ba rn raising-and he recorded them all for Society in 1930 under the title; Among Some 0/ the a grateful pro perity that i triving mightily to re-create Older Mills in Ea stern Pennsylvania. a nd recapture, if only for a few brief moments, the U nfortunately Winslow was not at his be t wi th build­ humbleness and the serenity of day that a re rapidly ings and the illustrations in thi volu me look like just 0 moving out of the range of recollection_

Ea ch countryside hotel had an atmosphere all its own- and if IlP ver ap­ peared Oil the bill. Thi wa the even tars H 0- tel, erected ill 1850 at Schubert, near Fort Diet­ rich nJrder. Pike that snapp), convertible in the background.

14 These days sweet-smelling oap com es in foil wrappers that co t more 10 produce than the soap itself. Well, grandma wouldn't have had much time l or those refin e­ ments. She produced an all purpose oap that smelled clean an d she turned it out in chunks big enough to hang onto.

This is on e 0/ the preliminary steps ill the manu/a,;turillg 0/ wool cGlpetill g. That's the wool reel in the foreground, lhe bobbin in the cenler an d the wool wheel in the rear. The operator was a Mr. mith fr om Fegley's adopted commlUlity. Reading, Pa.

f-/ ere's one craftsman whose art has slipped into oblivion. William Crouse 0/ Reinholds was on e o f the last 0/ the old-time com b­ makers. Cattle horn s pr ov~ded the raw material. Moshey and Bellyguts

By ALFRED 1. HOEMAKER

Profe sor Mitford M. Mathews' Dictionary oj A meri­ canisms ( niversity of Chicago Pre . 1951 ) lists th e ,,-ords moshey and bellyguts a I enn ylvaniaisms. th e former sign ifying unpulled taffy. the latter. pulled. Mo hey is a word still very much alive in certain parts of th e Pennsylva ni a Dutch Country. especially Berk County. Bell ygut . th ough still kn own here Gnd there. Lewis ivliller drawing eems to have pas ed into th e realm of th e area' passive of a youth ellin g strips vocabul ary altogcther. of bellyguts 0 17 a waiter Through th e yea r - th e past six or eight- th f auth or U1 early York. has collected everal dozen references to thi, type of cand y in Dutchland: also. he ha q ueri ed cores of old­ timer rega rding these two word for taffy. Here. th en. are our findin gs. Y orll Cou nty Historical Society Fir t, we shall take up th e two word etymologicall y. and th en we shall present the usages c hr o n ol o~j all y. J. Edgar Small, now dead , contend ed th e word mo he Professor Marcus Bachman Lambert. ur to thi derived from a n ance tor of hi by th e name of Mo ey. moment th e dialect's outsta nding lexicographer. incor­ wh o. according to family tradition, wa a famou. York rectl y assum ed that moshey was a Penn sylvania Dutch taffy maker. The family name Mosey - pnsumabl)' word_ [or he li sts it under the spelling mooschi in hi French in origin- is, in fact, represented in York Count)' 1924 Dictionary of the Non-English Words of the Penn­ as far back a the eighteenth century. sylvania-German Dialect. The author of sever::!1 regional To date th e earlie t reference to 1110 hey i.s the 1849 cookbooks have followed suit, namely: the wiel el y-dis­ entry in the Dictionary 0/ Americanisms : fosey (sugar ) tributed Reading Pennsylva nia Dutch Cook Book and ~ 1849 . W. DUA E Lett. to Barlett 22 Jan. (MS ) ugar Ruth Hutchi son's 1948 The Pennsylvania Dutch Cook Mosey or Mosey ugar, th e name of a cake made of Book, publi h d by Harper's. Carl W. Dreppr.i·d. wh o sugar, for children, in Harrisburgh [sic] Pa. up until his el eath recently wa the re ident director of ubsequent references are as follows: T l lI~ July 28. the Landis Valley Museum. in a column in th e Lanca-ter 1870. issue of th e Nation, in a ve ry intere ting co ntri­ New Era "(true to hi Pennsylvania Dutc~ phobia) . bution on Penn sylvaniaisms, says: " . . . 'm'Jsey-sugar' sought its ori gin in a French word "Moyeu", mea ning a was their great delicacy when they grew a little older sugar plum! and could take their pennies to the shops. It wa a black The most interesting conj ecture to elate a to th e origin mola es candy-not cake, as Barlett say ""- calloped of th e word mo hey comes from Dr. Hen ry Young of at the edge like our cake of maple-su gar. " Dr. Ezra th e P enn sylva nia State Archives. Dr. Young informs th e Grumbine in an article Folk-Lore and uperstitious Be­ author that during his days as director of the Histori cal Liefs of Lebanon County (Lebanon County Hi torical Society of York County. around 1935. a York . Society, Vol. III, No.9, p. 256, 1905) has th is to say: "Another Christmas goody was molasses cand y. The best

* Dre ppard article in the F e b. 1. 1956. issue of the Lan· We looked in vain fo r the term mojhy in onr German caster New Era: Dictionary. We did not look in. vain for a similar term in " What is a Mojhy?" Th is question, we suspect, designed our French Dictionary. This is what we found th ere- Mo · to "floor" us, cam e from a Berks Cou ntian who we just yell, (pronounced m'wahje) n sngar plnm, or plum pre erv· know was grinning behind his genial exterior; grinnin g ed by a glace process. Not th e dragee. The Frenrh pronoun· at what he th ought would be our co mplete failure. He ciation, m'wahje is almost precisely that of mojhy. 0, isn't was righ t. We knew nothing about the thin , ~ called a it pertinent to wonder if th e Huguenot settlers of B erks, mojhy. But we we re in ignorance only a short second in th e Oley valley, did not introduce th e moye!L and, after after our admission. " Th e mojhy is a Pennsylvania Ger· many years, it becam e more nearly th e name its pronuncia­ man candy that is like a hard patty fo r awhile, but th en tion suggests mojhy. Where, we asked, did this candy reduces to a chewy candy as you suck it," he explain ed. seem to have its roots? You gllessed it. In th e Oley Having more than a teaspoonful 0/ skepticism on tap at Valley! Of co urse, our several informants may have been all times we determined to investigate th e mojhy. Wh en wrong in their facts. But th ere is no question !Itat moyeu. Barton harp asked us to go to th e Reading Antiques pronoun ced m'wahje, means a preserved plum ... a su· show with him on th e da y we had plann ed to go to gared or glaced plum. Now who in Lancaster COll n'y th e Daniel Boone homestead. we agreed . .. (md 10, there knolUS anything about this candy called th e mojhy? We at th e Relildin g Show we saw a jar/ul of mojhy's and bought can tabulate the results llnder Domestic Economy: Candy. ome. Th ey do not melt down into a chewy ratty. Th e) ill our final files' Th ere is no doubt about it: names of are essentially th e same as th e jamed "cleartox" whici things, all'l of people, were trangely transfonned in our many of us remember as Christmas candy. Th er are made colonial years. by boiling sllgar in syrup and coloring . .. sometimes th p: "" l\fiss E li zabeth Kie ffer of the Fra nklin a nd lvl ar ha ll are cast in very small pans of " bite size" and so metimes Library informs the author that she remembers her g rand· in big pans of maple sugar size. Every now and th en mother. a native of H a rrisburg, making a weel she ca ll ed apples on sticks are dipped in th e mojhy sugar and moshey. Miss Kie ffe r says it was a c ross bet ween candy a nd become glaced ... pall)' apples. cake-something vaguely li ke a praline.

16 Commenting on the word bell ygut . D. W . T hompson of Carlisle wrote this author recently : " I ca n onl y sup­ pose th e name grew from a fancied re emblance between the bell y guts of a butchered animal. with whirh ever y family would have been familiar. and the 'long' and 'Aexible' drooping strands of taffy in the soft state. a when looped over a taffy hook. Every famil ) would kn ow th at also. It eems to me th at mos t of the kitchens I knew in boyhood had a taffy hook on the wa ll. 0n wooden door jamb or cupboard ide. rCan reader :;. upply the Dutchman editor with additional inform ali o'l on taff y hooks? Neitherla Lter word [bell y or gut was permis­ was made of black sugar-house mola es and co ntained 1 1 sible in conve r ati on in my time. I seem to recall that one a plentiful prinkling of walnut kern el _ It wa cooled of Judge hute's books, The Real Diary 0/ a Real Boy, in miniature patty-pans with scalloped edge- a nd wa or a sequeL tell how a yo un g pl ay mate shocke(l a un­ known as -M ozhey !' -, Jn 1909 appeared C H. Leeds' day chool ocial merely by askin g 'What rhymes with Old Home Week Letters about ea rly Carlisle. The author jell y cake?'" refers thrice to moshey. Page 23: "Aunt lanc)' also To date th e earli e t use of th e word bell yguts is from made a toothsome article of taffy or ' mosey' on th e The Hive, a weekly li terary journal p ublished in Lan­ cutest little tin dishes. about so big : don't yo u mind how caster. Pa., from May to December. 1810. hy chool­ she would tap on the bottom of the 'patties' to loosen up ma ter amuel Bacon (born in Sturbridge, M a ~ ._ July the sweet stuff ?" Page 32 : " We m ust not forget th e 22. 1782. and died in Africa on May 3, 1820 ). In a two oval - haped waiter. one with round scalloped pan - humorous piece in The Hive there appear a description about 3 inches in diameter. or 'mosey ugar.'" P age 57 : of a chance meeting with three Penn ylva nia Dutch girls '-Do yo u mind old Mi ss I ancy Lougherty's invi ting little at the fai r in Lancaster city : " I made my e cape with all cake shop on West Louther street ... Can you ever for­ po sible speed ; but I had no ooner regained the street, get that delicious 'Mosey'?" than I was caught on three ides b as many f,irapping Thomas S. tein in a n article Granny Forn ey's Cake country girl , wh o brawled out in Engli h via Dutch, for and Beer hop (Lebanon County Historical oriety. Vol. 'fairing.' Judge, Mr. Editor, of my con ternation a well IX, p. 247) wrote : " 'Moshy' is now known as JTlo la es a of th eir d isappointment, when m y three solita ry 'fif­ candy. But it may be made of sugar also. Mob_ses and penn ybits.' (all the money I had, and of course all the butter are boiled to a certain con istency a nd th en poured ravenou wenches co ul d get ) were in an insLant meta­ into _small triangular or round, call oped tins or 'patty­ morphosed into- 'bell y-gut ' !" pan '. Frequently nut kern els were added. 'Moshy' was I ndubitably the fin e t bit of bellygut lore is a P enn- one of th e comm on confections of the day, when the ylvania Dutch-Engli h poem entitled " How to make to res were not Aooded with innumerable kinds of cand y Mola ses Candy. vul ga rl y call ed Paley Cutt ." The Jan. and sweetm eat , as at pre ent [1927] ." 5. 1822. Paradise [Lanca ter County H ornel, which The word moshey i f requently 'heard todav in the 1 carri ed th e poem_ added t'hi s footn ote: " On perusing an Dutch C o ~ntr y in two compound - mos hey ap'ples and old fil e of the Independent Balance Ie Labli heel in P hila­ moshey pIe, the latter a g reat deli cacy that has been de.lphia ~ n April 16, 1817], I observed the fo ll owing re­ served annually at the Penn sylvania Dutch Folk Fes tival celpt whI ch may be amusin g to some of yo ur reader ." in Kutztown. Vi ctor C Dieffenbach of Bethel report !he macaronic poem, one of th e ea rlie t of Lhi genre hearing, year ago. the terms moshey pan and moshey­ I II Pennsylva nia literature. run a follows : seckel, the latter a dialect wo rd used to describe someone wh o tries awfully hard to ingratiate himself. How to make Molasses Candy, vulgarly called Paley Cutts BELLYGUTS The word bellyguts- pulled taff y- is th e more intere t­ Dake a pod or a kiddIe, Not doo pig nor doo liddle, ing of the two. Dey insite mit putter den schmeor . Th ~ contributor of the 1870 arLicle on Penn ylva nia­ Bore molashes derein , ' I ms In the ation wrote : "The molasses cand y whi ch Ali way up do de prim , had been ' worked' till it became white went b y another On de fi re den blace him mit kare. name which we shall request permi ion to ; et down. Do mit a ri, ti, tid dIe tum toy : 'Bell y.gut ' was the nam it bore- 0 unpoli shed Iv a the Do mit a ri, ti, tiddle tllm lay ; Pennsyl:ani an of a former generation. P o ibly he may Do mit a ri ti tiddle tllm ha:e tWIsted the. French belfe. gO lltes into this noL ve ry Ri ti tiddle tum , ' daInty term of hI , but pOSS Ibl y too thi deri va ti on is an Do ri ti tid die tllm, ta): Do mit a ri ti tiddle ta). effort of th e refi ned." Bell yguts wa a indelicate wo rd to th e VicLorian era. V en led him tsimmer and pile In an a rticle Old Town Characters about 1830 in Lh e Y ll sl a liddle wile, lov.23 1860_ Carlisle Herald, appears this characteri ti c Den tllick in a spoon full of vlour : Do mage de pale) cutts ott, entence:, "Then th ere wa on th e pave ment, at the doo r. Chincher pll'1 in th e pod 'Cranny Mo i on.' with hel long. yell ow. Ae'(i ble melt. And den led him pile a/J all our. ing : t i c ~ , of. mola e cand y, called. notin3ptl y.- ab­ Do m it a ri, ti . .. domln al Inte line !" ( Colliinu pd 0 11 pagp 59 )

17 The Rise of Interest • In Pennsylvania Dutch ANTIQUES

By EARL F. RO BACKER

Why members of th e human race collect things might be a m yster y to th e animal kingdom or visiting touri ts from th e p lanet Mars. and even p rhap to ~ ndividu a l s of our acquaintance wh o prefer to go throug'1 life un ­ encumbered b y materi al po sessions- or so th ey say. I do not intend to try to anal yze the collecting insti nct, not even wh en it tend to take the form of collecting an­ tiques- a count on whi ch I am more tha n guilty and frankl y admit it. What we are attempting here is to analyze the inter­ est in P ennsylvania Dutch antiques; that is. in such sur­ vivals of a b ygone day as pottery, ironwork. glass, fabrics. furniture. tinware. manuscripts, and a dozen other interesting form:::. Jow. pre erving family belongings i somet_hing any person can understand; a sentimental attachment fo r a well-l oved r ocking chair which once belonged to Great­ Large mug (1801) done in sgra//ito technique aunt Jane, or the investment in a houseful of fin e old - design scratched in a coating white clay furniture needs little or no ex planation. Your coll ector 0/ of antiques, however , i seldom content to , top with so that the red clay body shows through. what he may h ave inherited ; he goes out to look for m ore and_ once he h as made hi s fir t purchase. ht usual­ we might as reasonably predict that, like th e automobil e, ly keeps on and on- and on. it is here to tay. Before any person here was born, there W

18 Although ca t an unpleasant sligma over with the publication of Cornelius Weygandt'3 The Red alm ost everything German, Edith M. Thomas in 1915 Hills, that realizati on of a vast, unknow n porlion of our published Mary at the Farm, a gently nostalgic book American heritage began to take shape. Even if he had which has crved as a source of information 0 1 a a never written any of the book which followed, Dr. Wey­ starting point fo r many coll ectors. Mrs. Thom3s recall gandt would still have to be regarded a the father of with pl easure th e household equipment and homely wa y kn owledge in thing pertaining to old Penn sylvania. The of life in a country farmstead, and her desc riptions. while Reel Hills is 3 collecti on of e say by the most origi nal hardly litera ry, are stimulating. styli st in America; it is al 0 the first account, check list, In 1925 a breath of fres h air came into the (loldrums and directory of the unique and beautiful object which of fi ction- for it wa in the fi cti on of the day that peo· first intrigued and then charmed two generations of pie came to realize th at there were such people in th e collectors. In those day, we who went expl oring in the world as the Pennsylvania Dutch- with th e publicati on Dutch Country read The Reel Hills before we tarted of EI ie Singmaster' collection of short stori e, Bred in out and used it to identify our prizes wh en We got back. the Bone. Separately and earlier th ey had prov('c1 merely Few books, among the hundreds on collecting now availa­ intere ting: collecti vely, they caught the fancy of reader ble. have had so much in Au ence-or have worn so well. far and wide-and many a reader ha gone out in search As one looks back, it seems that everything began of a lock that " wound and unwound" after reaning about to happen at once, in the years between 1930 and 1935. Betsy and Tillie Shindledecker! Homer Eaton Keyes, editor of the magazine A ntiques, However, these inAuences, to which others could be wrote an importa nt article on spatterware in 1930, put­ added. were minor; they made rather less th an a dent in ting a scholarl y sa ncti on on the acquisition of th ose who the total American consciousnes . It was not until 1929, were visiting the " big name" dealer of that day- be-

Ph ot os: Philadelphia .l/useum of Art

Plate by Johannes Neesz, 1775·1867. 0/ Montgomery County, Ja lnous Dutch Country poller. ~ ~

19 U ll ger-Bassler Co lleclio ll Han d-illuminated Penllsylvania tan/schein- birth and baptismal certificate, with an gels and /Iat Dutch hearts.

loved Hattie Brunner the eld er, th e Ho tetter of Lancas­ ter. Mrs. Cookerow of Pottstown. Gu Penn ypacker of Telford, Levi Yoder of Si lverdale, Mabel RC'nn er and Joe Kindig of York. Then in 1933 Schuyler Ja kson, wh o had been col­ lecting choice items and who had amassed 3 notable collection of furniture and spalterware. among oth er things, suddenl y liquidated his posse ions at ;1 uction in Jew York, and thus many fin e pieces were pU t back into circulation. It is this formation and breaking up of im­ portant collections. of course. which pur th ~ beginn er and offers hope to th e more easoned collector. In the e year Henry . Born eman wa rOllncling out hi matchles coll ecti on of /raklur- th e earh- hand-il­ luminated birth and lJ apti mal certificate, hOil e hie - ing, book marks_ Vorschri/ten, and the like. Henri DuPont and Henry Ford were providing stiff competi ­ ti on for collectors of more limited mean but no Ie enthu iasm. "What i good enough for the l~ ord and the Du P onts i good enough for me" was a -faceti ous cry which became almo t proverbial.

P eopl e who had hitherto paid only cursor attention J[('rnlt Collection to g rowing mu eum coll ecti on began to buy admi ion Whirling swastika, commonly u ed in ban ticket . Visitors to th e Pen nsylva nia Dutch room. in the decorations, in an early cut-oul.

20 U nger-Bassler Collection A fa vorite subject of eighteenth century fractur artists was Eve tempting Adam in the Garden of Eden.

Metropolitan Museum in Jew ork began to peak One of the more elaborate cut-outs. kn owingly of the D F orrest collection ; vi itors to the U lloer·Bassler Col/ectioll Philadelphia Art Mu eum viewed the r ooms tran­ pl anted from the House of the Miller at Millbilch. When th e Hershey Muse um opened. a fa mous privl1 tc collec­ ti on. th at of George Danner. wa transferred there. Tn 1935 George Frederick's book on cooker y gave im­ petu to the interes t in foods. in household uten il and equipment. and in the il-hole P enns lvania Dutch way of life. In 1936 the first yearbook of the P en nsylva nia Germ an F olklore ociety appeared, nurtured Into being la rgely through the efforts of Dr. Pre ton A. Barba of E mma us. wh o has remained th e lodestar and guide of the ociet)'. By this time all orts of pamphl ets a nd booklet were appearing- a feK of them reli able, ma ny of th em crudely exploiting the foible of the Penn )'1- vania Dutc h_ ome of th em out-a nd -o ut pOl" nogra phic_ This Rood of trash, about on a pa r with comic book a nd la rgely the II-ork of a si ngle individual a nd a ingle pr , continues today, th ough it inAuence i ~ now at least partl y minimized by th e va t1 ) uperior p ublica­ ti on of th e P enn ) Iva ni a Dutch F olklore Cent r- the parent. of cour e of today' Penllsylvan ia Dutchman. After the deprion of th e early ' thir! i 'l. I eUer highl ay a nd better a r a rried inc rca ing n l' lEber of visitor into every nook ancl corner. The Dutch CO llntr b came a touri t atlra ti on. The La ndi Va ll el M u eum near Lanca ter became a port of call on man ' a n iliner-

21 th at th y have long since left the rank of what ed itors once patronizingly called "amusing" or " quainl." and have become major collectibles. Alm o t, it might appear that ,"he bottom of the Pennsylvania Dutch barrel had been reached. _0 hI' as th e coll ector is concerned. but it would be wrong to jump to such a conclu sion. It may be omewhat C!'a to ob· serve th at no coll ector ca n take it with him wh en he goes - but obviously he ca n not. His heirs will do ,omething about it since they can't keep it in today's small and functional house, and there is a reasonable chance th at here and th ere some of it will come to the market ..... and th e race will be on once more. everal famous col· lecti ons were broken up on ly rec :! ntly, and th c mo t ex· ten ive coll ection of spatterware ever to reach the aucti on block wa offered last year. Too. as coll ector reach what may be called an '·ad· vanced" tage, they tend to b come more and more ~ I ec tiv e, a nd sell off what no longer gives thf'm spocial pl ea!;: ure or what they have dupli cates for. Far from being undesirable, these pi eces are often of a qu ali ty better th an could be ec ured elsewhere. Have you visited a really top·fli ght antiquer show recently-like the giga ntic one at White Phins, Nell

The R ea dillg Pllblic iUIISl'11ll1 a 11(/ Art Gallery York, or the smaller one at Ephrata, in P enns ylvania? A revers e glass painting. You should. You can not predict what will be th ere, but there will be something good, if my twen ty years' ex· a ry. Attendance at the Doyles town hi torical museum. perience in attending such shows means anything. And H enry Mercer's internationally famous fircproo f ca Li e. it can be yours-that is, if you can beat the other fell ow picked up. Tourists studied their road maps to find to it! P ennsburg, wh ere the pieces of Christopi1er Dock . . schoolmaster of thc P erkiomen. are hou eo in the Schwenkfelder Museum. And teadily. a th e yen rs wen t b y. collections begun modes tl y began to take on ~ i g nifi. cant proportions. To accommodate housewives with a Aair for th e un· usua l- or perhaps in some cases merely a p:> sion to keep up with the J oneses, if not with thc Ford!;: or the DuPonts-big busine began n ma s exploitation of P enn ylvania Dutch design. and everything from wa ll· paper and tableware and linen to linoleum. to say noth· ing of commercial food packaging, began to Cumt to th e market in , town, and city. from Coast to Coast. Some were good; ome were very. very bad. but th ey a ll spread a P ennsylvania Dutch gosp I o f some kin d. With a planned program of educati on in art a nd in l ocal hi tory. even school children acquired a smatter· jng of knowl edge abou t th e Dutchl and. omewhat ironi· call y. at a more advanced level. co ll ege stud ent atlflllpt:? d to learn a language which th ei r forebears had for years b ren urged to forget! By th e time o f the 1940·s. co ll ec· tors were searching the book stores for a handbook. and one appeared in 1944, going through four printings \\"ith· "in a few year. Thc inev itable happened. of cour e. P ie pbtrs like th ose Dr. Barb r had acquircd as gift or for a song a t th e beginning of the century had long ci nce been s natched up, and pecimens which once had nol eppeared to merit a econd look had vani heel with tllPm. Fu rni· lure. eli he . tinll are, toys. pen painting whHl lI ere a ll h ut contcmporary in the minds of coll ectors ;]1 th e earl) elays h ad takcn on a n aura of an tiquity by the end of "World War ]1. a nd passed rapidly into th e ha'ld3 of an eager new generati on . Objects formerly con icl ered too lowl y to bother Ilith have become 0 highly ouo-h t a fter Gorgas, Ephrata, clock fa ce.

22 carry a tune at ome fifty years of age.) If immediately after birth a tin y bit of the baby's umbilical-cord (de novvel-sehnoor) is ewed 1'1 :0 a cor­ ner of its very first diaper. it also will posse3s mu ical Diaper talent. (Old Dan Burkhart used to say th at he thinks th ey put in the entire cord in his baby-pant: he could sing tw o octave lower than moet singers. He wa a won­ Lore derful chorister (en joresinger I. / . "- If the diapers hang on the line on a Wednesday night, By VICTOR C. DIEFFENBACH in the dark of the moon. and are a ll twisted ane! tangled ~,,' up next m orning, one should take one of th em and burn ~ it on a pile of a arras twi gs or brush. and then scatter Diapers and buckwheat are homogeneou - both came the ashes to th e four winds- to the four cardinn l points over ea in a triangular form (drei- eekieh l. Naturally. of th e compa and th e \1 itches' pell will be broken. diapers are square in hape. but if folded diagonally, If all diaper are folded and tored in 11 che t of they acquire the triangular form. That's th e way it used drawers. th en locked. and the key put in a ma ll silk to be_ but the modern trend is to pin them on square. bag and worn on the mother's bare skin, then that baby When diaper hang on th e line and they shrink and will leep all night without cr ying. he mu"t wear th e curl up in the middle, th en look out for rain: th e humidi­ key day and night, for witches are supposed to be at their ty in the air causes shrinkage. If a child's di:lper lip worst at night-time. dOlm in church_ it will go far from home when mature. If a bird (some say a crow) flies over th .. Clothe - If a single girl lays a white diaper on th e grass for line_ a nd voids its droppings on a diaper, or if spread bleaching and then observes ",·hich corner curl up. on the gra s, then if th at diaper can be pi nl\l~ c1 on th e then she can ee from which directi on her lover or baby I efore the dropping ha ve dried, th at child can future hu band come, if and when he does come. Ii e to be a hundred. and will never have vertigo. sun­ When diapers are ironed and lying omewh ere . and stroke. nor paraly i . a cat li e down on them, then the baby will get the If. at a wedding recepti on, th e bride holds someone' hiccoughs; and if it is a black cat omething serious baby and it soils its diaper, as well as her dress, she may develop. If a child opens the diaper-pin of its own can feel assured of some accident or some m anner of self and remove it. it will later be a very per evering bad luck shortly; if it onl y oils its di aper, and not her person: if a girl, she will bear watching. dress. then it is a sign of good luck. If the left side of the diaper i top-m ost when pinned imilar to the medicine man of the Indian were the on, that child will be left-handed, and wi ll ad vilnce with old Grannie or midwives and de brauehern or de the left foot fir t. hould lightning hit the clothes-line brau eh-jraw- th e powwow woman. From the capacious with diaper hanging on it, even though th ey are not pockets of her voluminou kirts and petticoats she would damaged, they hould all be burned: whoever wears th em bring forth the implements of her stock in trarle-secrets will become an ill-mannered person. and will do unseem­ imparted b y ancestor from a foreign hore. With crude ly things or acts. equipment she would conjure th e powers that be, to If a cow eat a diaper saturated with urine. she will remove the impediments. abort. If th e cow chew on a washed diaper. then th e Long. long ago. when a ver y ld man, an octog nar­ child wearing it will be very rich. If th e cow i black ian. was overcome in the harvest-field. and had appar­ it mean bad luck. ently expired, an old hag of a II-oman came. un announ ced, If it rain on th e diapers while on th e line. it is a ver y and knelt by his side. Placing a tin y quare of ome good omen. If a child urinates in th e di aper II hi] being white maleri al on hi bare chest over his heart. he be­ baptized. it wi1l be a good singer. When d iaper are gan her incantation _ meanl\ hile gentl y rubhing and bleaching on the gra s and a toad it on one of th em. ma agi ng th e Ae h 0 \ er hi hear t. After a wh il he com­ then one hould burn th e diaper at once or th child menced to move_ and in a hort time was able to it up: \\ ill be full of warts. he I\as lh en helped onto a tiller and carrierl into the If the baby gets sore or chafed. one should take a house. After a few days he wa up and about- h i u ual b rand nell" di aper and in one corner p ut a leg of a bed­ elf. When they que lioned the old woman she aid aU bug. an Old' -cla l\". and everal hair from a lJI()ck cat' he had done wa lo la) a bit of hi verr fi rs t di a per tail. ell' it in th e co rn er. the witche \ ill sta r a I a y. over hi s heart and th en \\ ish for it to tart beating, and Never u e a diaper that ha a hole burned into it; diligentl y rubbing and kneading the dorm ant muscle. if the hole be ju t as big as a grain of "heal. th e child pon bing more fu ll y ques ti oned. she aid. " felL hob \\'earing it will ome da) ome into a fire: and ,·he bigger lI sla gadoo wos oss ieh galernl bin worm. felt denk's the hole_ th e Il or e wi ll be th e fire. reiva hut heer mainer gabofl os e ivverieh." (l jut When diaper are fo ld ed and piled up ~I hile liJi light­ did \\hat I have been taught. I uppo e the rubbing may ly damp or moi L and mildew or mold cb elop . they have helpeel more th an th e re t of lI"hat I did.) hould never be u ed any more or an) wound or injury he th en lold the a embl ed fami ly that l1.'r mother that child receive lIill fe ter and develop gangrene. had been th e Grannie o ffi ciating at the old man's birth 1£ a child or baby Il ear a brand new di GI er wh en and had I equeathed to her n umerou memento for fir t taken out of th e room wh ere it wa born and is aiding her in h r work. When a ked hOIl , he knew at once taken upon any roof. it wi ll become a wonder­ that her ervice were requi red, he do eel one ) e. gav ful mu ician. (I tried thi on my ver) fir t 11 phew a furti e \\ink. and aid . "-O ur ort of folks kllO Il when and. to my kn o\\J edge. h cannot ing a note or hardly and \\here to go: li e an jeel that !"

23 Lititz. P enn ylvania. which celebrates its bi·centen· ni al in 1956. was founded on a 491 acre tract in War· wi ck Town hip. La ncaster County, which John George Klein (a na tive of the ) donated to Cou nl Zinzcndorf's pl a n of a n Community. Zinzen:l o rf. LITITZ th e reorganizer and leader of the mode rn Mora vi a n Church. preached at Lancaster, P enn ylva nia. Dcce-nber By HERBERT H. BECK 1742. a nd won Klein over to his search for a site similar to tho e of th e 10ravian COl11munitie which he e tab· A rchivist of the Li ~ i !z li shed a t Bethlehem and Tazareth. Penn ylvani l'. . The l11 ajorit) of th e Community's first Cong regation. which owned 491 acres of La ncaste r Counly' choice

24 The Moravian C'Ll~r c h Lrt Lititz.

Women dieners serving streissler and wax candles at love fea I in the Moravian Church in Lititz.

A group of Lititz fill oravian s, in eight­ eenth century garb, re-enact a Christma love feast with streisslers (buns), coff ee, and wax candles.

25 land, came to America from . In 1756 word Lot ). ordinary amu ement . like ches , fig-mill. and even came from Zinzend orf that the Moravian Community kating were banned. Mu ic wa the only diver ion of wa to be named Lititz ; this to commemorate th e 300 ) outh. Into th ese conditions came Bernhard Adam anniversary of th e year (1456 ) when Feudal King Grube. educated at Jena, who a aver atile mu ician Podiebrad befriended the per ecuted followers of J ohn could teach th e use of all of the instruments. rn 1765 he Hu (early Moravians. then known as th " nita organized the Brethren' Hou c Orche tra with full ec­ Fratrum ) at his castl e of Lidice (pronounced Lititz ) in tions of string. wood wind and bra . (There wa no per­ what i now western Cz choslovakia. cus ion secti on. Drum were too military for the reli­ The charter of the Lititz Moravian Ch urch. granted I ) gious leaders. ) For about 50 year this 0 ' che tra an agent of the Crown of England, allowed tl1(' Congre· Aourished. and. playing th e leading symphonic works gati on to conduct business interests; which it did under of its day. reall y came to fame over the na tion. Over the direction of an "Aufseher Collegium." Lund was twent) of the instrument of thi Brethren's H ouse Or­ leased to house·builder . The Congregation own ed and chestra, recently res tored to their original fo rm. are conducted a general tore. an inn (the Zum Anker). a now in th e Lititz Moravian Archive Museum, whi ch oc­ pharmacy ( the first in Lancaster County), a potush fac· cupies two roo ms in th e Brethren's House. Th mo t tory, a gri t :m d all' mill, a wool·carding mill. and sev· momentous event the Lititz Community rver knew eral farm. All th e religious. social and economic life was Washington' co mmandeering of th e Brethren's of the illage wa under the rigid control of " The Town House as a military hospital, December 19, 1777 . Near­ Regulations of 1759.'· which everyone had to sign. Edu­ ly a th ousand wounded soldiers. from Brandywm e and cation of the youn g was conducted in the Si ter· s House Germantown battlefI elds, came there. Camp fever broke (l758) and the Brethren·s House (1759) . Both offered out and spread over the vi ll age: 120 died and were vocational training : the former in dress-making and em­ buried " in th e corner of our lowermo t field ," where, broidery, stocking-making. and household work; the on this long lost site, their skeleton were found dur­ latter in the trades of carpenter, hatter, chandler. taylor. ing the process of excavating for a cellar in 193 1. weaver. nailsmith, shoemaker and butcher. Roth were Dr. Alli son and Dr. William Brown had of "Economies" of their own. and both did mu h business the military hospital. Dr. Brown , lodging at the home of out ide of the Community. The uccount b oks of th e David Tanneberger , organ-builder, compiled th e first Brethren's House Economy show that Heinrich Wilhelm American Pharmacopoeia. It was written in . tiegel, glassmaker of nearby Manheim, regul arl y had printed by Cist in Philadelphia, and dated "Lititz, Ma rch his weaving and bootmaking done at th e Brethren's 18. 1778." H ou e; often. doubtless, in exchange for glassware. some In 1855 the charter of the Lititz Moravian Church of which is till in th e Brethren's House. \,-a changed, business intere ts were withdrawn, and th e In the Community in which everything was under lease system aboli hed. F or a century Lititz had been an Divine Guidance. (marriage up to 1819 was by Divine exclusi ve Moravian Comm uni ty.

This building, 110 lon ger used. served as the corp e house.

26 The {illest example of a weatherboarded one­ alld.a.half story house in old Lititz.

A recently renovated house. The pellt roof wa newly added.

Cood example of a one· alld.a.half Slory tOil e house ill Litit:, .

27 WITCHCRAFT In• Cow and Horse By THOMA R. BRE DLE and e LA DE W. GER

r EDITOR' N OTE: 117 e publish here th e chapter 0 11 in th e morning. unbeshrewed. 1 dore Uluise. ang li ca witchcraJt Jr om an unpublished manLlscript. pntitled : and baldria n root. pulverize a ll togeLh er and give a knife· " Illn ess and Cure oj Domeslic A nimals among the Penn· tipf u l to Jll a n or be::ls l. " sylvania Dutch." ] "Take a nd pulve rize the foll owing on Walpllrgis eve· When a cow will not yield a ny milk her \!dd er has ning a nd give to th e cattle Lo eat. on bread, 11l 01"f:ing and been bewitched. or her milk has been tole'l (Illiliich evening : white horehound. bro wn ma rj ora fTl. led a r· ganumnw ) through sorccry or by evil or mi, r hievou temisia, dill. tormentil. aspl enium, a afoetiu a. black elfi c pirit. Cream th at will n ot turn into butter is cara way. a ristolochi a, Solomon's seal, potcll till a. and ascri bed to the same cause. ironweed, of each a ha ndful." At times the teat of the udder are ill a nd "woll en The herbs coll ected on certain days had olltsla nding through th e acti on of th e el e or hobgoblins in sucking p ower: " F or bewitched horse . dig either on Jul y 2. or away th e milk ; or the milk is b lu e or treaked with bl ood August 15. or September 8, aconitum. skullcajJ, adina, from being bewitched. The milk thieve (m illich dieb ) a nd a sma ll gentian Gather them in the na me of th ~ a re elve or hobgoblins with variou n ames:lt different Trinity. Pulverize and gi c a knifetipful with tl. e feed. times and localities. Probalu m against wiLches." Toads in th e stall. sna kes in th pa tu re, or ome aquatic animal in th e water ( when th e cow st:md knee deep in the water during th e hot ummer day) are sus· pected of sucking th ~ teats thr o u ~h evil inAu cnce ~ or as th e incorporation of evil force . Here. howeve r, the thi ef is reall y th e elf or witch in animal f o::m. Ther e: i quite a common beli ef that if a toad is killed the cows will give blood y milk. The m eans of restoring the mi lk were many, ranging from sympatheti c cures to witch cures. Thc foll owing may be regarded as a sympath tic cure: " If someone has taken the milk from your cow. take of the milk th at th e cow still yield s and p ut in a pan over th e fire. Add a handful of salt a nd a half handful of chimney oot and let it boil up three times. Thereafter cool off in it a p air of red hot sickle . Then pour the milk into a pig' blad· der and hang in the draft of the chimney. Or 1Ft th e CO l dri nk of her own milk three mornings in succe"sion: a nd give her ground ivy to eal." In Lehi gh Count ground ivy is fed to CO l s before pasturing them in earl y spring, to i ncrea e th e yield of milk. Witches accompli hed thei r work after s un ~ e t: " F or a cow deprived of he r milk. take Solom on's seal a nd a little asafoetida, bore a holc in the crib a nd insert th e a bove. Knock a woode n peg in the h ole and bi lld . . . a nd wh en th c sun i set your callic will be safr ." Walpurgis ni ght wa s th e fa vorite night for witchos to be abroad: " F or bewitched cattle take horeh ound. ar· temi sia, senega, red garlic. aspl enium, fennel, a nd th) me. Pulverize th em together and give on bread to the cattl e to eat. Gi ve on W alpurgi nig ht a nd th e callie cn nn ot be be witched. The vessel in which tlie herbs a re pounded fin e i to be washed out or scour('[j l' ut with Good King H enry. \Va lpurgis evening is the e'lEIJi ng of April 30." The herb a nd substances which were ada!, t d for a cure o f witchc raft, becau e their odor was rppellent to the witches, were to be fed to th e cow: " T :x ke devil ' Earl)r BedJord County booklet bit. gathered in the m onth of May. in th e ig n of cance!', with cures Jor mall and beast.

28 Restl e ne_s is a ig n of be-,v itchment : '- II a n animal is tormented or driven around b) evi l person _ lake three juniper shoots. three hazel shoot , a nd three. prigs of ru e. Put in a pa n of fi ery oal a nd fumi gate the callie ~loV 2l~3~'n tl) therewith. three time. each time in the thr e~ highe t na mE . Gi ve the residue in salt vith the feed." ~ttld, inll There we re other sig n. The sig ns of a bewitched horse are : "He ha ng hi head under th e crib. lets the hair of the mane come out. weats_ and on accoun t of weari­ ne ca n scarcely h old up hi s legs. T ake the bone of a dead person. from the cemetery_ a nd a piece of wood that has been washed out b y wa ter. Then ta ke a n ea rthen pot and pour into it a quart of vinegar a nd add a few scrapings of the bone a nd of the wood. Stir well with the wood a nd then pour into the horse's mouth. making him hold his head up so tha t h ~ wi II s ·. va ll o\1 a Ii of it. Bl eed him a t the shoulder vein_ Tie ome o f thc bone and of the wood on the right side under the m<'. ne. Re· turn the rest of the bone and of the wood to the place where you got them." F or contagious abortion: " Keep a goat in the sta ble; bury the foetal carcass under the thre hold of :: ta ble or under the eaves nearest the d oor ; ha ng a Jog's skull or a bovine gallsac in the stable : nail a n oid copper penn y into the trough: feed ha ir cut off an ilue desch (vagina) . tulip lea ve . or the shell s of incubated eggs." A mare wa given nine eggshell s to eat: tili would prevent her from casting her foetu but likewisp would p revent her from having more than one foal. Keeping Early pamphlet, with interesting woodcut, on Cltre jor ill horses.

a goat in the stabl e with the ow was regarded a a ure prevention of the disease. which was not known as a disease. The goat was a prolecti on agaillst evil _pirils. " The ill of the d oor sta bl e over which the 'I ilL: hes had to pa to e nter the stable-at night. afte r suns('t nd be­ fore unri e. wh en the cattle were tabled a nd the witches were a broad- wa one of th e m ain pl ace for saf­ g ua rds : "Take horehound. a rtemisia, red g,;rlic, and asafoetida. Bind together a nd bury under the doorsill, ove r which your caLLi e pa s and no witch or encha nter will be able to pas ." ometim :o: the witch was in the stable : " If ca LLi e are relu cta nt to enter the stable. as if afraid o( someone wh o i turning them a way. la ke a n old skull of a horse, a nd II-ood th at has been washed out by wa ter. a nd nine hazel heads (calkins) . Thesc three ;tems mu t be gath­ er d in the morning before sunri c. wh o ll y un beshrewed, put in a liltle box and buried under the d oorsill. Yo u ma add nine g rai n of carawa). a m uch sail, nine crumbs o f bread and a li tLi e a afo :c> tid a. Y our ('3 LLl e will then l eaL from a ll evil- especi a ll y, if ) ou I_erform the a bOl-e o n Good Friday or Easler un ci a ) - )our life lo ng a nd a long as lhe building la nds." " Elfschus " lVas encha ntment. but enchantlll f'r. L CO Ill ­ ing from ollle evil spirit indep:: ndcnt of a huma n o r­ cercr: " For Elj clwss take ni ne grain of salt. '"li nc g ra in s of po \\-der. ni ,lC g round ivy lea ve , nin ~ g rain of I lack

" TOI many ) ea r ~ ago il wa ' a com lll on elt'nl 10 ,e(' carClsses of owls and hawks na il ed on lhe s ides of ba rns or heet s. The common expla na lio n wa Iha l lhey srned to fri g hl rn awa) olhrl" Mallu script hex book, with the jam ous owls a nd hawks. In Ihe fo rgoll r n pasl, in Ihe old homeland, lhr ATOR jormula. we re na il r d 10 ha rns a a proieci io n aga ins l evil s piril s

29 caraway, "hich was own by a nude ppr,;o n. un· beshrewed. on Good Friday befo re sunrise. and a hor­ net's ne t. Make of this mixture three round lumps. the size of a walnut and take hemp and bind arc, und them and cover with the crapings from th e d ugh tray. and give to th afflicted animal in th e morning and -ve ning.'· The burial of safeguards under the door ill _()me ti mes had more in view th an the prevention of enlrance into the table: " For hor e or cow. bu ry a afoelida. with clean ashes. between tw o clean pot lids. under thc door­ sill over whi ch th e cattle pass in and out. The enchanter's 9Jltnfd)tn unb bod) will dry up. If you wi h the enchanter to di e in the same year. take a cutting from each hoof. of th e upper hair out of each ear. and over th e eye. bind to­ gether in something. and wh en a corpse is buried. have , CXXVIII. ausedefent ~~cepttn,q(~ it I uried along. The enchanter must urel\' die th at dller pro9lloflifd)ea ;t ~ f d. year. In th e ca e of human being take th e nails : of ca t­ tle and swin e, of the clove n feet: of dog , th e nails." ometimes th e door hinge took the place of th e sill. A veterinarian tell u that he occa ionall y comes across stables where pieces of paper. triangularly :folded- in -. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' M ~ ~ ~ th e form of a druid' foot- are hung below the upper hinge of either ecti on of th e door. " If any of the stock ~ftn gcbrucft, ~~r~t~ n~d)g(bflttttl I ' are bewitched, take water from a fl owing stream- in Snl .3(\~t 179 1 • . going to and fro be unbeshrewed and unaddrE:'5s O. Cast glowing coals with the a he into th e water. Then go to yo ur cattle and prinkle them, but before yo '.l prinkle Booklet of cures for !nail all d beast ay in yo ur mind. 'H orse.' (or what it is) 'if you a re printed ill Ephrata in 1791. b ewitched. I do this to your repentance in the name of th e Fath er. the Son. and th e H oly Ghost.' Thereupon troke with your wet hand along the entire length of The witch enter th e bod y oJ the co w and becomes a the backbone. Pour the rest of the water towards sun ­ part of th e milk. T he witch is tormented by tormenting rise at th e hinge of th e door. It is well." th e mi lk of th e co w: "This is the best remedy and I To return to the witchcraft ,hich showed itself in have often u ed it- th e laborer is worthy of his hire . ... th e loss of milk: "Take two horse shoes, from th e fo re­ Take. in the morning before unrise, wh oll y unbe­ Jeet- th e two shoes fir t worn by the horse. Fasten shrewed. a fl our bag. in which there was fl our. Go to th em together with three nail with which th ey had th e cow table. set the flo ur bag as if it were a milk pail. been nailed on. Heat them red hot Qnd milk over th em." and milk from each teat of the CO l into th e bag. When

Tree iI/to which illnes was Contents of a hex doctor' magical magically transferred and pegged. formula.

30 Page from manuscript hex-book tellillg how to assure success in selling all animal fa st 017 market: seek out ant-hole, remove core and rub ove r animal you are offering for sale. through milking. tie the bag shut ti ghtly and take it ha become cool. let the ki nd of catte as the dead one into the kitchen. place it on th e hearth and beat it lu stil) _ (if a horse. then hor es; if a cow_ then cows. etc.) feed taking care n ot to strike upon the knot. The evil one over th e place." will be paid wi th the measu re with whi ch hc mea u red ." '-When the cow does not g ivc milk, take a wash rag. in Here the fl our bag is symbolical of the closcd tea L from the morning before unrise, and without being bespoken, which the milk cannot fl ow. The witch receive the re­ and wipe the teats or udder downwards, crosswi·,e_ There­ ward of its labors-worthy of its hire. upon take the dishrag to th e doo r or under the door, Jot only was a cow tbat gave n o milk th ought be­ pl ace it on the sill and strike heartily upon it until you witched, but al 0 a co w tb e cream of wh ose milk doe are tired- and the milk will be restored." n ot readily turn to butter: " When a cow is enchanted. ot all th e remedie for lost milk are remedic· for be­ take of the cow's urine. put in a pot, cover and let boil witchment. There are simple household remec/i e : " Give away. Cl ose th e house 0 that no one can enter. If the the cow to drink of her own milk ; take large blacksnake malt (Maltz) ha been taken from a co w. take such a root or rattles nake root a mu ch a you want, \ ash clean it till yield s and put in a churn early in th e morning. and boil and give to the cow to drink several times; give Then go. unbe hrewed_ to a pl ow and take tj'e joi nter ground iv . peed well. and salt in the feed several day; and heat it red hot and cool it off three tim s in the give her own milk to drink with salt in the morning be­ churn. Return the j ointer. unbeshrewed, to its place. fore she feed ." and boil the milk pot , milk pail. and b utter churn'-' Just how the foll owin g remed y was to be opplied to The uper titi on connected with butter making have a table in which occult forces wcre at work is obscure : pas ed a wa y with the rise of creamerie a nd hipping " Take a broom, entirel new that had never been used tation . The older peopl e remember that a recl hot poker. and have a fl our ack, which, a last u ed for A Uf_ l ying or red hot iron wa tirred 3round in the chu m: or boil ­ ready outside the door"ill or thc door of th e room ; ing water wa poured into the milk_ th en take th broo m and weep the r oom cl~a n . back­ Cows th at were re ties and kept moving to [; nd fro \ ard or go backward and sweep the dirt alwa or from ide to ide. would give n o butter. Then a meat towa rds you unto th e doo r of the room or 10 th c door fork was taken and stirred a roun d in the mi lk. a ncl in i Il- th n stcp backward across th e sill a ncl take the thi manner tirred around in th e bowel of th o; witch. If bag a nd gather all th e dirt into it a nd tie the bag hut a cow didn't yield any m ilk a gun \\ a fired u nderneath with three kn ot _ then lay the I ag on the sill [> nd beat it bell y clo e to th e udder. Or milk wa taLn. put into lu til y upon it with the broom. but not on thc kn t : a ll an old pail. and a hot fired into iL this mu t be done without looking around." Othor like intere ting recipe or r medi 5 for be­ [The source of the above materials is a manuscript col­ witched ca LLi e are the foll ow ing : "When an an imal di lection of cures and remedies- all in lhe German lan­ on a 'count of witchcrafL a }O U urmi e, take the ca r a _ guage- collecled by the late Claude W . Unger alld no'v a place wood upon it and around it and et a fir e_ and \\hen part of the Ba ler-Unger Co /leclion of Franklin all d th e carca i en tirel) h u rn ed and th e place (, the fi r Marshall ollege. Editor.]

31 dorothy l~alb ach

By OLIVE G. ZEH ER Artist Kalbach at work on linoleum block.

Although Doroth y K albach ha hand·cut over 300 In vo lumes 3. 6. and 7 of the series. Because nth 'r felt linoleum blocks ince 1943, which he uses to produce that her work was worth using, Miss Kalbach began to her line of P enn ylvania Dutch print. her int rest in wonde r if he couldn't produce omething to sell to the a nd use of P ennsylvania folk art motifs date,; back to public fo r herself. Her father. Irvin . Kalbach, operator 1936 when she wa s an instructor of art in Wilson High of the Kalbach press in Reading since 1906. 0ffered his chool in We t Lawn. near Reading. technical help and presses, a nd in 1944 the first o r a long Berks County Dutch in background. she lives with line of stationery was created. This date coint:: ides with her Mother and Father on a far m near Wernersville. the awakening of public interest in the arts and c raft wh ere she raises sheep. She wa s g raduated from Key· a nd Doroth y Kalbach' ucce and progre kept pace stone ( now Kutztown ) tate Teachers College ir; 1930- with th e movement. She devote her fu ll ti :'!le to this majoring in art. Sh does not recall ever having u ed Ir ork a nd now even he r Mothe r help with the pacbging local color and motifs in he r work there. Her first awa re· and cl eaning- up department in what has become a fami ly nes of the possibility of doing just that came wh en she venture. She prints a ll of he r work her elf on he r fathe r' observed a cla sroom demonstra ti on at Reading High pre es. with her father working be ide her "n hi s job School led by Anna Lee Taylor , who used a eri es of printing. P enn 'lva ni a motifs printed on card and had th e chilo Much of her work is done b y the four-color proce S. d ren repr od uce them freehand. She carried th is idea back which means tha t she cut a eparate block for each color to her claE es at Wilson High chool. and in ord r to of ink and prints each item four times. Each block must keep her tudents supplied with motifs she I ;::; il ed th e be exact, in order fo r one color to register correctl y into museum here a nd in Phiiadelphia. a noth e r. Mr. K albach likens the technique to th e wood Most of her love for traditional de igns rea ll )' C3me. block which he used ill the early days o ( his printing she says. whcn she used her talent in giving a ~e ri e of exp rience. Fi e often wi she for th e many. man)' ha nd-cut pen a nd ink drawing to the late Dr. Jo hn B::lf' r Stoudt. ha rd maple blocks that he thre w out hort! y after he who hee. rd of her work through a mutual fri ~ nd. The Irent into busine s for him If. drawings were u ed in a volume b)' hi son Dr. J ohn La t year Doroth y Kalbach is ued a mail 0l'Cler cata­ J oseph Stoudt- vo lume II of the Proccedinl!s of th e loguc of he r work tha t Ii t 32 different set of item. P ennsyl ania German F olklorc ociety. entit lcd "Con­ he has added a lin ~ of textile of which the ha ndker­ sider th e Lilie H ow They Gre,r'·. It appeared in 1937 chi f are th e mo t popular. Every y a r at th e Kutztol\'n and late r in 1948 was reprinted by th e a uthor. Folk Festiva l she acids something new carrying out th e In 19-13 when Mr . C. laaman Keyser bcgan pnnl1ng thcme of th at )ear's festi val. H er paper fa ns a re most her H omecraft Cour es, some of the e drawing:; appea red popul ar in th e J uly weather. They carry her fam il y recipe

32 Paper items in all sizes, designed for many purposes . They are printed mane /0 four colors.

for shoo-A y pie on the back of th e!ll a nd attractive Di tel­ finks on the front. Many of her items have dialect ayings and recipes on them. Becau e she and her pa rents could not agree on the Dutch pelling, she co nsulted the late Irwi!l C. Riegel of Mt. P leasant and Mrs. Margaret Paulus of . inking pring in tra nslating such things into printed dialect. Although she does mai l- order a nd some IV h 0 1 ~ sa l e business, th e greater volu m e of her prod uct she sell s persona ll y at th e vari ous fairs, festiva l. and exhibits throughout th e Dutch Country. Her compHe line can be e n at th e Seventh A nnual Kutztown F olk F e ti vaI thi year and one ca n also watch her de:llonnrate her ra rt on an old-time hand press.

Item all fabric, prill/ eel Ln fa t-colored inks.

33 The "Plain Dutchman" has re ervations about the WORLD.

34 and Cay)Juich • • Two Worlds In the Dutch Country

By DON YODER

Two worlds th ere are in th e Dutch Country, two com­ pletely different ways of life. One might say that the Dutch Country ha a double soul, a plit oul. had it ever been united. But it ha not. Pennsylvania has been characterized from the ve ry beginning of its histor y from what Professor Crane Brinton in The haping 0/ the Modern Mind calls the " multanimity" of We tern Civilizati on. The main cleavage has been along reli gious lir,e . The divi ion has b en between "Gay Dutch" and " Plain Dutch." The " Gay Dutch" "(Lutherans, Reformed, and others like them) were those who lived in what WI' call. re­ li giously peaking. th e " world," and made :10 attempt to reject it total cultural pattern. The " Plain Dutch" (Menn onites. Ami h. Br thren, and related :oectarian group ) were th o e wh o preferred Lo li ve apa,~. in the world and yet not of it.

*The term "gay"' in re fere nce 1.0 the world' people in Ihe P enn ylvania Dutch culture omes from the themselves, among whom "goin g gay" mean be· coming world ly. i.e .. leaving the plain group. By the same token. " turning plain" mean joining the church. adopl, ing Ih full adu lt req uirement for plain dres . This use of the term "ga) " and "plain" originated a mong the Quaker. a llhough in Ihe 181h entury Ihe curious te rm "Wet Quaker" wa synonYlllous with the lerm "Cay Quaker."

The "Cay Dutch" farmer lo oks at the world around him. and like ils creator, calls it good.

" Cay {) utch" crou,d, Penn sylvania Dutch. FollL Festival. Kutztown. Like OLLr forefathers, the create their own rural amLLs ewnents. Traditional American play party games (actually folk-dan ces) are still alive at Amish " Singings".

The " Gay Dutch" have always been the maj ority, th e instance th e Eisenhower Country of Lykens Valley in ' ·Plain Dutch" the minority. The Gay Dutch et the Dauphin County-the cotch-Irish and Engli sh minority patterns of what we know generall y as " P ennsylvania wa absorbed into th e Dutch majority and adopted the Dutch culture." The Plain Dutch created a Plain world Dutch tongue. Hence in that valley, northward vf Harris­ of th eir ow n_ which through the di appeara'lce of the burg, we have in 1956 Dutc h -s p e akin ~ familip,s of Dun­ general Dutch culture has become the symbol of ever y­ leavy (Scotch-Irish name), Davis (Welsh name), and thing Dutch. We used to be the Quaker tate. We are Buffington (Engli sh Quaker name) - all as " Dutch as till. to the out ide world , the " Plain State.'· a nd th e sa ue rkraut"- a n expression which in th e Dutch Country Amishm a n has become our symbol. is an affecti onate rather than a derogatory one- but with fa mily name a nd fa mi ly heritages that go b ~c k to the 1. British lies. WHAT I " PEN SYLVA IA D TCH"' ? Radicall y more important than " blood" in a definiti on But before we discuss th e roots a nd r a ti o n a l ~ of P enn ­ of Dutchness is culture. " Pennsylvania Dutch" is not a ylvania's " Plainne ," a few basic term neecl clarifi ca­ blood-based, D.A.R. type. re tricted-membersh;.iJ organi­ ti on. zation. " P enn ylvania Dutch" is (or better. wns) a cul­ The basic que ti on to the outsider i _ " Who a re th e ture, a curiou mixture of Continental and Brlti hI les 'P ennsylvania Dutch'''? folkwa ys that wa created here in the Dutch COi ll1tr y and is to some extent still preserved in the cultural aspic of 1. the dialect. First of all , they are n ot Holiand-Dutch a nd th y have Actually the elements of the culture which \'Ie today n o connection with H oll a nd or H oll and-Dutch culture. call " P enn ylvania Dutch" are very much of '1 mixture. They a re the d e~c e nd a nt s of th e 18th C e ntUl ~ ' German Penn ylva nia was never a " Little Germany" wh e re pipe- a nd Swiss wave of migra ti on aero s the Atl a ntic. with a moking and beer-drinking peasants transplanted th eir few Germa n dialect-speaking Asatian a lJd Lor;ainer in entire homeland wa y of life. There was al wa Y3, from th e th e bargain. In most cases th e a ncestors of ~ h e pre ent ve ry beginning_ th e interplay of culture with the Scotch­ Dutch were prerevoluti onary Am ~ ri ca n s . colonial German Irish a nd Quaker neighbor _ an interpl ay which pread dialect-speaking emig rants. both way . The typical " Pennsylvania barn"-th e wi ss After 200 hundred years in Ameri ca there can be no or ba nk barn- that two-story affair with stables on the que ti on of " pure" Dutch strains. J ntermarriage with th e ground Aoor and the threshing Aoors and mows ap­ Quaker. th e Scotch-Irish. and oth er strain beg&n in th e proached from a dri ve- in entrance from a higher level­ colonial period, and in area wh e re the Germ fl n dialect is a Continental adaptati on. The Quakers anrl cotch­ kn own as " P ennsylvania Dutch" predominatecl- a for Irish borrowed thi ba rn -pattern, and P ennsylvanians

36 whose rural culture is half P ennsylvanian-straight through the Middle We t, reaching Kansas by Civil War time . Northward they went too-into the Genesee Country of Western New York, and acros til e King's border into . While the Dutch dialect was spoken for years in these econd ary settlements, it is (except for the Amish settlements of th e West) defunct in West and South, but in Ontario. through cultural lag fostered by reli gious difference (again among " plain" ) it is still ver y much alive. Hence the term " Dutch Country," as we use it, means basically th e dialect-speaking area of P enflSylvania. Within P ennsylva nia the Dutch Country is roughly outh-Eastern P ennsylvania- the triangle you ca n draw yo ur elf by connecting troudsburg with Somerset. It overl aps however into parts of Central P en'lsylvania (Centre and Clinton, U nion and Snyder Counties) , and spilled over originally into the counties of Western and the upper Shenandoah Valley f which were until 1850 cultural Iv Da rt of th e Dntrh Country, th e Mason and Dixon line notwithstanding. It was this area where the " P ennsylvania Dutr: h" dialect wa s spoken and where the Dutch culture developed- all by 1800. 2. Group 0/ Gay Dutch hoedowil ers at Penn­ A word on th e term " Dutch." While we Pennsylvanians sylvania Dutch Folk Festival, Kutztown. (mo t of u ) kn ow that th ere is no co nnection with Holl and , th e term i alway confusing to outsiders, who pi cture us in wooden shoes among tulip gardens. They do not realize-and this includes many P en nsylvanians­ that the terms " P enn sylvania Dutch" and " P enn sylvania Dutchma n." \I ith th e abbrevi ated form " Du,ch" ami spread it as far west as Iowa. On th e other hand, the " Dutchm an"-have been in use for two centuries and typical Pennsylvania farmhouse was Engli h Geo rgian a re well e tabli shed in Ameri an hi stori ogrnphy. W e in pattern- and th e Dutchman borrowed it from hi needed a name for th e culture and th peopl e and this is English-spea king neighbor. It wa an even trade . it. There are a minority of scholars wh o prefer lh ~ term o general was this cultural adaptati on between Con­ '·Penn ylvania German" - "an uncouth n ame .. one tin ontal and Briti hoI les groups here in P enn sylva ni a unsa ncti oned b y time or use on man's tongue." Frederic that we can ay that the America n pattern of cultural Kl ee say of it. " interchange. of mutual adaptation. began in the Middle " P enn ylvan ia Germ an" leaves th e imprcssion. a rad­ Colonies and principally in P ennsylva ni a. Not in homo­ ica ll y w r o n ~ one. of hyplpnated Americans. of geneous New England or homogeneo us Virgi ni a. but in "German " in P ennsylva ni a. which is exacthr what we the Dutch C?untry, wh ere th e colonial emigrant pnopl e are no t. While th e majority oJ th e ancestor we;·" Germ an - brought hIther by William P enn's patent of heed om­ or wi ss. th e cultur developed on American !:'oil out of mingled as nowhere else. And while thi mingl;ng of cu i· th e inlerchangf> with Engli h neil!; hbors. a we have ture has not been without its problem . a we point out poinled out. · ' P ~ nn s) Ivan ia Dutch" i a Am erican a as we outline the concept of two opposing work in th e Penns) Ivania il r lf. Dutch Country. we can be proud to ay th at " America lt all becomes clear wh en we look at th e hi to ry of the began here." \I orc! " Dutch. " While in general use it is li mited today Through migrati on from P ennsylvania. these mixed to Holl and . in th e 18lh Century. in the colonics and in pattern , . American rather than European. weTe trans­ England, the \\-ord " Dulch" \ a ynonymous with p ~ anted el ewh ere. There wa from P enns) Ivania. begin­ Germ an. I t was not an Ameri can corruption of the mng before th e Revolution and continuing throughout the Gr rma n word " /J elll ch"- lh usage i much older. 19th Century. a three-fold migrati on. outh wa rd th Con­ While th e terms " Dutchm an", " Dutchifi ed". " Dutchi ­ estoga Wagons r olled into Maryland and Vircr jni a-th e ness". etc .. came in the 19th Century to be Il sed in a We tern parts, which therefore became diffe r ~- nt in cul­ deroga tor y ense. th e terms " P ennsylvania Du[ch" and ture from the slave- bound Tidewater areas"-.liFI Dutch- th e ab!)rrvia ti on " Dutch" for the dialect- peaking P enn­ peaking Penn ylvanians got a far south a th ~ C1To li n l S S) Iv ama n . are well·eslablished Ameri cani m . e" tahli sh­ by Revolutionary time . Wes twa rd they went into - ed in hi s t o ri ograp~l) a well a popular u age. It merits *The be t eli cussion of the cultural conAi ct in the . o uth ou r use as much as the partiall y misunder tood and between the sLave·based tidewater economy atd th e equa ll y we il established term " cotch-Tri h." free· farmer back·country culture (shaped by em ig ration from Pennsylvania. not on ly of Dutch but of Ouaker a ncl *Frecl r" c Klees' lolume. The Penn sylvania Dlltch (New . cotch-frish elf'mf'n's "as we ll ) C3 n be found ·in Thol111s York: J\ iacl11 illan, ]950) is the best one·voiume stud y J. W ertenbaker : The Old OU fir (New Y... rk: Scrih· o f every as pect of the Du !ch culturr; Wf' recom mend it to nor., 1950). the bcg:nn or.

37 Two favorite forms 0/ adult recreation w the Amish COiU/try are going visiting and attending public .sales.

3. We have mentioned th e " Dutch" dialec t. (literally "meeting ," i.e., "Dutch Mee tin g~") and " Dutch", or " Penn sylvania Dutch." is an Am eri ca n "Grundsow Lodches" (Groundhog Lodges) in which dialect derived. hi toricall y. not from tandard German, Di placed Dutchmen from the cities renew th ei r ti es with but from what linguists call a High German di alect. And a largely defunct culture. it is not, as so many wrongly believe. a degenerate form The dialect is one of th e few thing which binds the of " pure" German. Its ba e was brought from the Gay Dutch and Plain Dutch worlds together. At least a by th e 18th Century pioneers. lts main fea· Lancaster County Amishman can be under tood by a tures how close t resemblance to certain Pfn[zisch or Berks County Lutheran. ome words and expre ion Palatine dialects. poken in the areas around H '~i d e lb e r g . ci iffer from East to We t. but ba icall y the dialeci is one. Even the wi s Mennonite had dropped mo ' t of their There has been a large but now dying Dutch lilf' rature­ har h Swiss dialect for th e softer Rhineland tongue dur­ mostl y doggerel poetry and humorous letter ing th eir years in th e Palatinate. - all with American rather than German themes : and But th e dialect of Penn) Ivania and that of Heidelberg. there is today a variety of Dutch radio and TV pr ogram say. are not mutually co mprehensible today. Two hundred and a n occasional Dutch play given by a church group­ years on Ameri can oi l ha ve made a g rea t difference. but oth er th an that the dialect is d ying. and fa t. Even New words have been adopted from th e surrounding among the "Old Mennonite " "-Pennsrhrani,l's large t Engli sh language. and construction modified to so me extent from contact with English. German traveler in ':' In Pennsylva nia Ihe term "Old :'Ilennonite" i. used, un· th e 19th Century u ed to look down th eir c< ristocratic officiall y. for the largest .\fennonite body. whi ch ('a ll itseH nose and shake their roma nti c curl at ,,'hat th er called offic ial ly the :'Ifennonil e Church, with 71,000 members in " thi Bastard patoi " or "this Bush-Germ an'-' But toda) the l fnited Sta te. This is what i left of tht' main tem of Swiss .\nabaptism in America. after the deparlure ( in cholar are beginning to recognize it for ,,,hat it is-an the 1690' •. in Europe) of the Amish, followed in .\merica American h) brid. made up of elements bro1lft ht from by " \ elV l/ennoniles" ( Herriles or R eformed lJ ellnoniles. German-speaking Europe. mixed with elemel lts picked a small Lancaste r County

38 Menn onite body-it i a thing of th ~ past. Only am ong Church history is a grand march, "an endlzs line of the Amish. and certain ultra·conservative Menn onite pl end or," as one of our poet call ed it. in which Penn­ group wh o have reli gious reason for it p re ~ rv a ti o n ­ sylvania's Menn onite plain folk take their place beside they preserve it and it preserves them- will it li ve beyond th e Roman Catholi c. be ide the Lutheran. the Huguenot. th e present generation. the Puritan, the Quaker, th e Meth odist. and other p'ltterns 4 of hi storic Chri ti anity. There is am ong the Pennsylvania Dutch th emselves. no Roots are important. Let us s ~ e k the roots. " Dutch consciousnes ," no se nse of being different from l. other Americans, except in speech. As one of their hi . If yo u were to ask a plain per on wh y he beli eve as torians has said, they may speak " Dutch," but they he does, he wo uld tell you it all goes back to thc Bible. " think American." This has bee n true of every generation " ... be not conformed to th is world : but be ye tran - since the forefathers stepped off the emi grant boa ts and formed by the renewing of your mind, th at ye m!'y prove walked the red·brick streets of Philadelphia on their way wh at is that good. and acceptable, and perfect, will of to the upcountry farms that were their " promi ed land." God" (Romans 12 :2) . That was t. Paul pe;;: king, one There is no movement- fortunately-to keep th e of the great formative minds of all human hi tory. " Dutch" language alive, and it is dying at the predi cted Certainly the basic biblical root of plain71es - the rate. There is no Dutch "nationalism," as i:l Canada, sumptuary legislati on of ancient Israel,* the emphasis wh ere French cultural nationalism. backed up by Roman on moderation in the ew Testament Chur c h ,~'" the Cath oli cism, fosters in the French·speaking Canadien a * Reli gious condemna ti ons of " fashion" a re at lea t as 5" nse of eternal difference from hi Engli sh.speaking a ncient as Isaia h 3 :16·24: ":\Ioreover the Lord a ith, Be· Canadian neighbor. His world is hedged by language cau e the da ughters of Zion a re ha ughty, a nd walk with and religion and he prefers the outsider to keep on th e stretched forth necks a nd wa nton eyes walkin u and mincing as they go, a nd ma king a tinkling 'With th e i ~ feet : oth er side. Fortunately, because of our basic religiou The re fore the Lord will smite with a scab the I; rown o f the diversity-our di vision into two reli gious worlds. gay head of the da ughters of Zion, and the Lord will discover and plain. Pennsylvania has been spared th :l t sort of their secret part -. headache. " In tha t day the Lord will ta ke a way the bra ve ry of II. the ir tinkling orn a ments a bout their feet, a nd the ir caul , a nd the ir round tires like the moo n. the cha ins, a nd the THE LONG ROOTS OF PLAI I IE S bracelets, a nd the muffl ers, the bonnets. and the orna men ts Where can we turn when we seek the root;; of Penn­ o f the leg, and the head·bands, a nd the tabl,' l , a nd the sylvania's "plainne "? earrings. the ring, and nose jewel , the changeable uits The ave rage American look at reli gion- natura ll y­ of a ppa rel. a nd the mantles. and the w imple . a n I the cri ping pin , the gla se . a nd the fin e linen, and the hoods, from a contemporary sta ndpoint. He see the f1 :> tterns a a nd the va il . th ey are today. "A nd it hall co me to pass, that instead of weet sme ll For each of our contemporary religious pattern there there ha ll be stink ; and instead of a g ird le a rent ; a nd in· are long. long roots th at nourish the presen t group - tead o f well et ha ir baldne s; a nd in tead of a tomacher whether they kn ow of them themselves or not. The hi tory a gird ing of sackcloth : a nd burning in stead of beauty." *"Among ew Te tament rul es on d re cited by Men. of th e Chri tian m ovement since Bible times i- the tory nonites a re I T imothy 2 :9-10, which urges women to of a great development. in which patterns of ri c- hn and "adorn them e lves in mode t a ppare l, with sha mr faced ness pl ainness. of estheti c and emoti onal ac r ame nt c·li ~ m and and obri ety; not wi th broided ha ir. or gold, or pearl , or of pirit·prompted " plainne ." are born a nd wither a nd co tl y a rray; but (which b cometh women professin u

Pllblic sales are one of the very few occasion when Gay Dulch Gn d Plain Du.tch m ingJ.e .

39 Be- ha wled Amish women U1 winter garb.

Dunkard grandmother demon­ s/ratin g baking in bake oven.

A .1I1 S I1 PII O TO G R~PIII' By CllA Rf. ES S . .'?fCE

Pauline doctrine of nonconformity, are the firat- and to the Mennonite groups th emselves (who strive ir. all thing to be " biblical" Christians) - the most importa nt sou rce of "plainne s" as a wa y of life. But "plainne s" has always been in th e min rit)" in Chri tianit . The maj ority have been th ose \ ho have compromised with th e world and lived in it and have not felt it wrong to be " of it" as well. Hence in th e Dutch Country the " Ga y Dulch· ' have been the historic majority. Following th e tradition of Luther and Calvin. th ey beli eved in living in th e world a nd accepting the social and economi c and go v ~ rnm e nt a l systems that exist. In this en e they are " c'atholi c." imply carrying over into modern times. wi!.hin Pro· testantism. the medieval Catholic " world" wh erp "citiz n" and " Christi an" were one and th e same person nnd where the " City of God" and th e " City of Man" were to over· lap. like two circles with the ame radius and center. In the Lutheran and Reformed tradition - in Germany. witzerland. Holl and . and elsewhere. a in medieval Cath oli ci m, one wa born into th e Church, baptized. confirmed. married. and buried b y th e Church. The rest of his life. how he made his living. how he dres£ed. how he lived. rarely made a difference to th e Church. Thi i the answer to th e old and fascinating question. Where wa P,ote ta nti m before the Reformafon? Actu­ Ami h pau m wnmer garb. Woman wear a ll y it was there. it , as part of Catholi ci m. That is. th e "prayer veil."

40 Protestant spirit (in all it "gay" and "plain" va rieti e While there was within th e Lutheran and Reformed wa found within th e great medieval ynthesi of classic Churches a pieti ti c'!' tradition inherited from Germany, and Judaic ideal . within the great all·inclu ive medi eval there was no un anim ous voice in earl Pennsylvania on . the .grea t creation of Western Man. the the requirements of reli gion in life, fro~ either Lutheran Greater Vehicle of . or Reformed pulpit. Hence, around 1800, th e more The Middle Age have been portrayed a a dull time pietistic elements in both churche were drained off into wh en the Church "controlled" ever ything. When one the new "bush.meeting" group , the Dutch Methodi ts tudies life in the from the h um an stand­ uch as the nited Brethren and the Evangelical A o· point, th e people in many ways had more freedom and ciali on. " " joy of living under medieval Catholici m than under the The Ga) Dutch accepted the world- its fashions. its more austere forms of Prote tantism. "Merry England" spi rit, its problems. The Plain Dutch rejected th o c parts wa medieval England. not Puritan England. J n this of the common culture which they felt were detrimental sense, medievalism is one of th e parents of th e "Gay to the oul. To the modern man the choice they made Dutch" pattern of life as found among ou r Dutch would seem to be one between joy and ren un ciation. with Lutheran and Reformed people of Pen nsylvania. the j oy. the exuberance in living, th e fullness all on th e It wa they. th e "Gay Dutch," who sang the folksong side of th e yea·saying Gay Dutch. and th e sombre. elf· - ribald and risque-it wa they who danccd at the denying. death.remembering pattern on the side of the ta verns and caroused at the battalion days of the Penn· Plain Dutchm a n. But th e Plain Dutchman had joy on his sylvania militia, it wa they who held the "frolic ." it ide too. He drew a line over which he could not pass. was they wh o decorated th eir barn with the "bex sign " a line of ren unciation. and tried to be happy Oil his ide (actually onl for deco ration), it was they who made the of th e line. He kn ew the joys of renunciation, of elf· gay Dutch baptismal certificate with the birds and th e discipline. of centering his atten ti on on th e thing of tulip and th e fiddl ers on them . the spirit. And the multitudes of erene faces one has It was the "Gay Dutch," in other word. wh o created seen under plain bonnets in th e street of Lancaster and most of what we call the Pennsylvania Dutch folk·culture. Lansdale. of Goshen and Kitchener- are they 'lot perhap They were th e majority, theirs wa the "world" "that an indication of th e truth and joy of thi " plain" way of the "Plain Dutch" rejected. life. the same sort of proof that one ha when one looks * eetarian groups. in their Ri ght from the world. have into th e face of a Catholic sister, who ha dral n a line a way of condemning as "sinful" what they ea'1not afford of renunciation too. and gIVen a life to God? or appreciate. , like other Re formation eets, was orginalJy a church of the disinherited, of the poor, and the type of rich living that wa possible a mong III. wealthy wi ss burghers of the Calvinist persuasion. was THE MO lK Al\'D THE ME J 0 ITE not for them. Pietism. Puritani m. and Methodism likewi e While th e histori c pattern of Pennsylvania's Gay Dutch originally condemned as "worldly" and therefore " infu),' is th e old medieval Catholic pattern (scparated of course anything connected with lei ure or amusement. in thi coun try from State·Church concept ), Catholic in it fullne . it acceptance, its belief that all of life must be god- th e strict living of the Plain Dutchman, th e renunciati on. th e self·denial , also has medieval roots. The "plain" way i more in the spirit of th., medieval monk th an of the "Merry England" type of medieval li ving. * Pi etism was a great reform moveme nt within German Lutherani sm. beginning in the 17th Century. whi h de· manded a conversion experience rather t han orthodox be· li ef alone, plu prayer meetings, plus ., hristian" li ving­ which disapproved dancin g and various other social prac· ti e that have been popular among " worldly" peopl of every generation. **The "Bush·l\Ieetings" group were the third main pat· tern of P ennsylvania Dutch religion- after the Gay and Plain Dutch pallerns. The were r viva!i ts (Method ists) in a Dutch elling. While the two main groups ( . B:s and Evangeli cals ) arose a part of the meri can " , econd A wakening" around 1800. the patte rn of applyin g reo I il ali sm to g roups cont inued throughout the 19th Century. and otht" r groups aro e whIc h fit tht" bush·meeting pa ttern, t he Church 0/ God (or Winebren· neriansl, lIenllOllite Brethren in Christ, United Zion's Children , United hriSlians, a nd Holiness Christian s bein g those form ed by the yea r 1880- all from the a pplication of .\I ethodist rev ivaji m to .I ennsylva nia Dutch needs. \\' e call the m "Bush·Sleeting P eopl e" beca use in P", nns) hania the famili a r r e,i' a li t recruiting technique, the "camp. meet in g:' was freque ntly called by the Dut chi m ··bush· meoting." The " Btl h·i\[eeting P eopl e" ha'Je been in ger I I ~- · and houters, and vc r)' different from the staHl " pl a in " What the well-dressed Be/ore bonnets Plain pattern we are describing, and equa ll y differe nt. due to their stricter more (no smoking, no dancin g, :1 0 drinking, Vlellllonite wore ill 1815. women wore the " Flat no hows. no circ use , no "amusement s" in general l from Ifat. " th e wo rldl y " Ga y Dutc h" Lutherans and R t' formed. Young Amish couples U7 courting buggies.

What must have happened at the . that drew, wishing to go fa rther than lwingli in trimming g reat ifting time at the birth of modern civilizati on­ away from their church life all extra-biblical growths and and this has been studied in many scholarly books-wa systems. These were th e Anabapti ts. that Protestanti m, especially sectarian Because th e Anabaptists adopted th e principle of non­ ( the ancestor of the "plain" groups) took over the higher conformity to th e world-of li ving in the world and yet Christian ideals of mona ti ci m and applied them to la y not being of it- they were alway in a mill'Jrity. The living. within the famil y pattern. Even th e di ~c irlin e of state-church of witzerland ( now Reformed rather than th e Amish groups-the "shunning"-has medicval un ­ Cath oli c) persecuted them so bitte rl y that they left dertones here. Switzerl a nd , finding refuge under hos pitable ano tolerant Immediately before th e Reformation broke (lu t, ome overeigns of petty German states who needed h~rdw o rk­ monastic ideals were beginning to be applied 10 the life ing farmer after the Thirty Years War (1618-1648). of the la ymen, in such groups a the Brethren of th e And so the eco ndary ettlements of Anahapti m in Common Life_ whose "New Devoti on," says Albert H ym? Europe-Alsace, the P alatinate, Waldeck and el ewh ere in hi s Christian Renaissa nce, " reached down to th e - were planted. people, and welled up from the people; it entered th e Tn the Rheni sh P alatinate-th e area of Germany cen­ kitchen, the farm-house_ and the worksh op, ;1 . well as tering a bout Heidelberg-th e home of 0 mut: h of our the school hou e, th e pulpit, the offi ce, and th e palace : P ennsylvania Dutch pattern of life- the Menn onites be· where the great humani t refu ed to go it readil y ca me_ came farmers on the isolated farm-, under the and where they were forbidden to en ter, it approached local lords. Becau e they were not members of the state­ L·nhindered ." And thi happened in H olland and th e church, they were not allowed to own land, being simpl y Rhineland, areas so fruitful for the developmenL of th e tenant fa rmers. As such. in competition with till" natives. Menn onite pattern of plainne s. And it is signifi ca nt also th ey had to work ha rder than th eir neighbors, and thus that through the centuries, the g rea t devoti on':! manua l. attained thei r pre ent reputation for good farming th e Imitation of Christ, which came out of the "New De­ methods. votion" of the 14th Century, has been repnnted a nd They were reall y onl y exiles in Germany, tl :~ve r fully continued to nouri h the God- eeking Mennonites of accepting the existing culture. Economic r ea~o n s drew P en nsylvania. th em to P ennsylvania, where there were no strings upon land -o wn er hip, and religiou rea ons too, {or in th e Promised Land across the Atlantic li ved others (Quaker 1. from the British Isles) wh o were alread y living a ~ imilar Biblical and monasti c and late medieval roots of plain­ "pla in" life with a ll it ideals of renunciation. nes a a wa y of life we re all. directl y or ind irec tl y- and And so it happen th at th ro ughout the Dutch Country thi too i a much-debated hi storical que tion- channeled we have the e g roups of plain people, who still bear. in into the Reforma ti on movement kn ow n as Anabapti m. mo t cases. Swiss family- names (Sta uffer, Brennima n. The Anabaptist movement wa th e direct forefather o( Brackbill , Ebersole. Gingrich. Wenger, and ell' wanger, P ennsylva ni a's Mennonites. In the earl y 1500' _ at th e fo r some examples) - name which appea r, in "purer" same time th at Luther was leading th e exod u ~ from Germanic spellings. on th e busines house and in th e Cath oli cism that became Lutheranism_ and at th e ame telephone directori e of Berne in witzerland. While lim e th at lwingli th e wiss reformer was h ing the three enturies have elapsed ince th eir leavi ng witzer­ groundwork fo r the Reformed Churchcs. thc , \ n~bapti t land. th ere i evident among Lancaster County Men­ Movement was beginning in witzerl and. nonite - si nce th e Mennonites h ave interm arried more lwingli and th e Reform d Prote tants in ~ t' ll ral dc­ among them lves than have th e "Gay Dutch" - still here part?d f urther from medieval Catholicism than Luther. a nd th erc a dark wi s complexion, a small wiry German- basing thei r practise on direcl bibli cal commalld . Some ",iss constitution. a 11'] p hysiognomy Ill at would of his foll owers refused to upport him I\'hen hI" insisted doubtless delight th e 18th Cen tur phy. iognomist on a stale-co ntrolled church. where all believed <'li ke and Lavater. "here "could be punished by the police. The e I\ith- Perhap th ere is even o ll1 ething of th e ,. wi "spirit

42 in P enn ylvania Mennonitism. At lea t one wo nders if ned worship, was of course a very different patlern of th e hi storic Swi s preoccupation with hard work and religious life from the simple, back-to-the- ew Testament morali m- and lack of interes t for the most part in mu sic type of worship that the Mennonite had brought from and art- might not al 0 be part of the Menn o!lite heri­ and th e Rhineland. tage in P ennsylvania. Swis religiou patterns \ a ll on th e The tll~ O groups, however, agreed on ont' main tenet­ puritan and morali tide) have had more tban their and that was that th e Chri tian hou ld refuse to "con­ hare of inAuence upon th e modern world, a wider in­ form" to the " world" as it exi ted around them. They Au ence. say. than that of LutheTan ism. The PlI:-itan and agreed. in other words. upon Plainnes as a way or life th e Presbyteri an in th e Briti h Isle and th e Ht:guenot and a a sy mbol of th eir wa y of life. and th e Dutch Calvinist on lhc Continent all drew their Plainne s was to th e Quaker, in th e word o[ th e Balti­ in piration from th e fi ghting wiss. Geneva more th an more Di cipline that nouri hed generation of Central Wittenberg was the Prole tant Romc whi ch sent its in· Pennsylva nia Friends, " like a hedge about us. which. Au ence over half a world. So perhaps the Swiss on­ though it does not make the g round enclosed rich and science-whi ch has after all been the ba ic appeal of this fruitrul. yet it frequently pr e l ~ e nt s th o e intr:l<; ions b y fa cinating little land. bristling with indepell cL> nce and which th e labor of th e husbandman is injured or de - hardworking and self- uffi cient, 011 the r oof of Europe­ troyed.· ' This " hedge" of plainness protected them from has contributed more than it share to the P enfl sylvania the guile and the pride and the ambition of the world. plain spirit. This wa s the line that th ey drew to separate th emselves IV. from th e world. Becau e he limited hi s de ires. the plain THE PLAI J WORLD OF THE Q AKER per on was spared the u ual ambitious eH-spcking. in­ The link between th e Continental " pl ain peopl e" or tent upon wea lth and comIorl:, whi ch characterized the the Anabapti t tradition. and the Quaker "plain people" Iro rl d. The plain peopl e preferred. in the wonL of the of th e British Isles. wa none other than William P enn. hindledecker ister , in Elsie ingmaster's Bred in the that great heart of the 17th Century. himself. He visited Bone, to be " little and unknown. loved by God alone."<' his spiritual kinfolk in th e Rhineland. sent out th e invi­ It Ira th e kin hi p of ideais which drew the wi ss­ tation. and they came to P enn's Woods. Germa n Mennonite to Quaker P ennsylvania, ,md apart In the "plain" world of Early P ennsylvania. Quakers from th eir recognized differcnces, has kept them co­ outnumbered th e German dialect-spe

43 Amish m en at a public sale.

Lanca te l' stores, mall Y 0/ them . have " Plain Clothing" departments.

l"',- 'I '~" n~" <: V. 'II:? " m THE EVOL TIO OF THE PLAI T CO T ME While the plain groups wea r wh at amoun ts to " uni ­ fo rms" today, easily recognizable in fi ve or six main group . they dressed differently in the 18th Century. This always comes as a shock to the nati v ~ P nnsyl. vani a n. wh o thinks he kn ows everything about his plain neighbor. a nd picture them Lepping off the emi gra nt fROCK BAC K CAPt OV[RCOAT fROCK OV[RCOAT TOP (OAT BRoAofAU: boats with bonn et and the entire contemporll ry plain lROU5fR5 " uniform." Nothing is farther from th e hi tori cal truth. The pre ent tyle among the mo t co n ervative Men­ nonite g roups- the long dre s of the women. with the 'O m triangular shoul der "cape" and stiff bonnet- is a "UJ "ffi urn "frozen" style which goes back at lea t to Civil War HOOK &£Y[ V[ST HIG HCO llAR V£ ST HOOK 6< [~E fRO NT HOOK b- [ Yf vm day . <> W hen we go back Lo 1800 we find that Menn onite HIGH (Oll AR V£ST women did not dress in this way at all. From descriptions STYLES OF "PLAIN " COATS AVAILABLE AT HAGER 'S DEPARTMENT STORE , LANCASTER IIhl \ lroted here i\ th e great ,"oriety of "plain" styles in men's coots, 0 $ odve rt i,ed fot use amon, and pictures from th e period (the Lewis Miller draw· ,"orioYs sects of Pe nn,ylvanio', "plain people." CoyrtesJ of Hoger', "Pla in Clothin9 Deportment ," ings) we find that Menn onite women wore not a bonn et. lonco,ter, Po .

*From the lillIe 17·page pa mphlet. tatement oi Christian but the 18th Century " Aat hat" ( traw in th ~ summer Doctrine awl Rules and Discipline of the Mennonite and felt in the winter) tied under the chin. 18th Cen­ Church, Lancaster Conference, 1881·1943, come the foll ow· ing d res regul ati ons in o perati on among the (Old ) len­ tury shepherde s fashion. nonites in Lancaster Conference. The Rules and Disciplin e When the plain bonnet came into fashion ill the 19th were adopted October 7, 1881, revised and a pproved Sep· Century, first among Quakers and at la t among Men­ tember 16, 1943. nonites, it went through an evolution into it present [1.) According to the teaching of I Tim. 2 : 9. 10; [ P et. 3 : 3: etc .. our brethren are req uested to wa lk orderly variety of forms, differing in degree of stiffne . in in dress as becometh representati ves of the plai n faith and length of cape and frills, in under-the-chin ti ~s , so that to wea r the regulation coat ; a pla in hat, withou t dent or one remembers Ameli a Gummere's words, "Like the creases ; black shoe and hosiery. W e believe that a neck­ stars, each bonnet differeth f rom another in glory.""" ti e i unnecessary, and suggest that it be om illed. When we tu dy the men's co tume, we find thil t a round [2. ) The sisters a re requested to be mod st II1 their ap­ pa rel, to wear a plain bonnet, of a sq uare pallern , made of 1800 it was very different from the costume today. The ma teri al whi ch is suita bl e fo r a plain bo nnPl . without trimming and consi tent in size, with tie or In nds for *. According to Amelia MOll Gum mere, in her The Quaker : fastening. The coat and dress should be of materi al beco m­ A S tudy ill Cos tume, the Quaker bonnet-calleo by t he ing to modesty and meeknes of spirit. A plai n dre s sha ll irreverent the coal-scuttle or sugar- co p bonn et. was ;n roo include a cape, be full to the neck, ha ve let've to the d uced inl o P enn ylva ni a a round 1798. through the " visit wri st, and be in siz and length mode t in every way. in gospel love" paid the P ennsylvania Friends by the En g­ Hosiery and footwear shoul d be black. Ii h Quaker preacher. Ma rtha Routh (1743-1817). Her vi it [3.) Long and Aashy neckties of any kind shall not b to Goshen Meeting in Chester Count)' wea ring t he new Eng­ worn. AnYlhing which is worn for d isplay is unscriptura l lish bonn et caused such a Aur ry of imitati on among the and hall be avoided. tyli sh ha ir d re in g, \·. ea ri ng of Quaker ister that E nnion Cook, schoolmaster at Birmi ng­ transpa rent or Ae h-colored hosiery. tylish shoes. etc .. are ham. recorded in his .llemorandlllll Book (] 820) that unbecoming to mode ty and meekne of spirit 1nJ sha ll not ister la rtha was a mea ns "of bringing bonnets in h shion be lolerated. Members who persi t in wearing jewelry, lor our lead in g F r[ien)d' . and hoods or a p on the Cloak­ small round bonnets (whi ch are not large enough to cover in the Galleries. which of Latter ti me the Hood, en the pa rt of the ear). turban. anklet . or those who expo e Cloaks of our ove rseers and other active memhers have their bod ies in an imm ode t manne r. forfeit thpir member­ increased to an ala rming height or size :- how unlike the ship. dress of their grandmother !"

44 y /

J

pau- m

A mish paLl' Ul winter garb .

I ... •

men wore kn ee breeche rather than long trousers (which rea on for its existence. it can la t indefinitely. And if came in a a result of the ) . shad· yo u ask a Mennonite woman wh y she wear the "veil­ bellied coats, neckerchiefs, and broad·brimmed hats. ing," he will an weT that t. Paul required it of Chris­ With the exception of the broad·brimmed hat. which was ti an women in the Tew Testament. But 31m o t two the farmer's hat rath er than the more fashionable th ree· thousand fascinating years of human history and develop­ cornered hat of revoluti onary days-the cut of the Men· ment li e between her prayer veiling and t. Paul.! <, nonite men' costume wa what everybody wore, except Apart from the historical development, the ]mportant that it had fewer frill . thing i not ~hat the " plain people" today dres- djfferent­ It i obviou from hi tory that the "plain" co tume Iy from the re t of American people. but wh y they do it. ha changed radicall y over the year. even th e Am ish And here the root of plainness, as expresiied by the co tume. Fa hion i all·perva ive. and even ph'i n p ople apostle of plainne in 18th Century Quakeri m, still dre ed in the general fashi on of the times. minu frill. tand va lid- th at and plain living is a The little white net cap called the "prayer vei ling" or " hedge" agai nst the world. 'I ee I he pamphlet by George R . Brunk, Bible Teaching on prayer covering, wo rn by the Ivomen of 1110 t plain th e Prayer Veil fo r Christian Wom en (Ephrata, Pa.; The group, mayor may not be the last survivi ng American Gos pel Tract ommillee. n.d.), which explains the recent exampl e of the continental German and I~ 1- peasant Mennonile position on I Corinthian 11 :5, Ihe c urious Haube or headdres . Actuall y Quaker women wore it opini on of t. Paul Ihal "every woman tha t prayeth or too, and when one tudic the fac ~ s th at peer oul of the prophesi th with her head uncovered di honour th her daguerr otype frame of ou r g[eat'grandmother". whether head". Modern translali ons u e the word "veiled " a nd "unve il ed" for "covered" and " uncovered", so that Men· they were of "plain" or of "gay" Dutch orig in . mo t of nonites today prefer Ihe IeI'm "prayer vei l" 10 the older the older women wore a ti ght-fitting cap of ihi sort. term " pl ayer covering." \"X' hil e (Old) Mennonll e women Perh ap here too ~ have an example of a general style w('ar the " ve il" a t a ll times, I he more progressive Brethren whi "h through cultural lag (induced by reli giou., rerluire­ groups wear it onl y at communion, and of ourse the "wMld" sees the a ncir nl cuslolll onl y in I h Prote ta nt ment ) ha become limited to a mall egment of th (and Roman Calhol ic) pra tice of the cove ring "f wom n's population. When omething can be g iven fI reli g iou heads in side a c hurch building.

45 Recess ill Amish school. The girls are barefoot. ote the aprons and the braided hair in snail-like coils.

VI. Let us enter an Amish home. While there l S no elec· A PLAIN WAY OF LIFE tricity. and no televi sion nor radio- for in th ose thing But " plainness" was not limited to appa rel. It was a the world enters and thu endangers th e sheltr' red oli· total wa y of life. and included the home. th e meetin g· da rity of the Amish comm u ni ty- modern ki tchens are house, worship pattern , a nd dealings betweE n peopl e. th e ru le among La nca ter Count Amish. Bou! ed g s It was a way of life e p ~lI ' at e and complete in ltself. stoves a re permitted, for the sa me reason that electricity To the average American, encased in hi s terhnological is forbidden. cocoon, with day dreams of compl ete automation . to en· P lainness is in evidence in the lack of curu:ins and ter a "plain" home is to enter anoth er world. And y::'l fa ncy wallpaper and pictures (except for calenda r "art" the differences encoun tered are on I y of degre". which is permitted because it accompanie a " u eJ ul "

Amish girls, dressed like their mothers, wear A trio of Amish chool shawls U1 winter, never coats. girls cleaning era se rs.

46 Barefoot Amish boys, with lunch kettles, on the way home from school.

item ) . There are no famil y portraits on the wall, no The rule eem to be this, that they forbid <.15 " inful" famil y album on the table- becau e Amish consider what might endanger th e solidarity of the group, and photograph under the ban of the "graven images" of lead to it disintegrati on. Anything which increases con­ th e Ten Commandments, and an incentive to pride. Win­ tact with the world- like owning an automobile, watch­ dow blind are permitted, sometimes of a brjght blue ing televi sion. even listening to the radio- i thus taboo. color (around ew Holland in La ncaster County) . but When outsiders realize this principle, they can under­ n0 c urt " i'1 ~ . Rea on: blinds keep out the un ~ nd a re stand the many contradicti ons, which otherwise would thu useful-curtain are merely decorative. In other seem to be "Ami h loopholes," ways of getting around words, the Ami h live like other people, minu (in most their own trict rules. For in tance, motor-driven ma­ ca e ) th e frill th at came in through modern tf'r: hnology. chinery not entirely prohibited. Tractors are prohi-

Amish boys wear farm-made straw hats artd " barn-door" or broadfall trousers. I ~ nil 10 •• HI·S • I •. :!!!!!!II

Amish farmhouse with nzunerous addi- tions for the retired generation. bited. but sta ti onary e ngines are not. Old Order Amish may use any modern form of tra ns portation. even air­ pla nes, as long as th ey do not own and drive them. Tele­ phones are prohibited in Ami h home. but use of a pub­ li c telephon is common. and permitted. The use of horse-dra\\n tra nsportation b) the Amish and Conservative Menn onites'" i of course not a dis­ tinctivel "plain" contribution to Pe nn sylvania life. It is simply an example of cultural lag- wh ere oider mean of transportation once found in th e entire P enn ylvania Dut h world. a nd th e entire American world, for that matter- a re today preserved onl ' in a ma ll 'l"gment of the community. for religious rea on . This is true even of such e otcri c " A mish" cystom as " bundling" - th e premarital courting of a ) oung cou­ " Plain" farmhou.se with front porch and pl e. in th e girl's bed. " fully dre sed ." which is till per­ traditional benche . mitted in certain Amish communilie. Origin all y bun­ dling Il'as found ever ywh ere in rural Ameri e:t- Luther­ ans and Reformed did it too. It was a peasant (u tom in these at least mi"ht be classed a Old Order with beard_ Europe. with ver y practical reasons for it cOI! ti nuance. long hair. hook a nd eyes. and wi th ut meetin.s hou e . In th e past, where one room in a fa rmhou e. the kilchen They rangc in order on th e ba i of conservalive prac­ alone. was heated. where could lovers court hut in th e ti ce a ll th e way from the Nebraskas. I ho ob crve all bedroom? While for th e " world" the aulomobil e. lhe th e usual ta boos of the Amish, a nd besides are di tin­ corner drug store, and the drive-in lheater h:we made g ui shed by II-hite shirt , and white dea rborns. hair fail­ bundling passe. it is till " necessar " a nd wclcor!le among ing to th e sh ould ers. n o s u penders. the old fc.shi oned the Amish. homemade haker h at ti ed under the chi n for women. 2. and who e c hi ef dish a t th e S Ll nda dinner given after The Ami h are o nl y a s mall part of th e "plain" I'o rld . th e ervic b y the ho t is bean oup ; through th e Old if the most " picturesque ." The piclure becomes bellilder­ clwol who may wear colored hirts. with hilir a bit ing wh en one realizes the hierarch y of ect c;v:~ n in th e shorter than th e above. driving yell ow topped nearborn . liltle A mish world. higher and lowe r Ami h groups each a nd whose women wear small bonnets: then the Yost with its o wn pattern of rules and ob erva nc . Yoder church whose members may cut their hair to C. H enry mith. in Th e tory of the JVIennollltes , gives th e ti p of th e ear. are permitted one u penner if non­ us a good idea of th e diversificati on even among the elasti c. and no I ean soup at the common ullday din­ Amish. taking one ettlement. the Big Valle-: (Kisha­ ner. a tipula ti on h owever, that may have no reli gious coquilla Valley) of MilIlin County in Cenlral Pe nn­ s i g nifi c~lIl ce; then fourth. th e Peachey chur;; h. a lillIe sylvania. a a n example: more liberal still. I hi ch permit hair cut as h I' a th e " There a re seven g rade of Amish in thi beauti fu l m iddle of th e ea r. dearborn bl ack or brown. [; nd WOlll­ valley, including th e Ami h Menn onites : a nd fiv e of en permitted to II-ear th e pa teboard or " lat" bonnet ; " Among Con e n ative :\I(' nnonit e g roups in Lancaster a nd so on through several other advancing grade until Count) the Wislerites, the Wengeriles, and the Slallfjeriles we reach the wh o havp meeting or "Pike .\Iennonit('s". , ome of them d rcs almost a;; Amish-Menn onites, consen atively as the ,' mi s h, m inu the beard . use Dutc h house. and. II ith th e e ception of hats for lhe Il omen in daily life ancl a P ennsyh a nia Dutc h attempt a t " High and m usical in trument in I,or hip. have no objecti on German" in the ir meelings. orne of the \ Vi slerit ('s are to modern forms of dre or LIp to date conveniences. known locally as "Black Bumper .lJennollites" or simpl , Each of these groups believes it OIl n brand th e be t." " Black Bllmpers", because they can o\\n ancl c1r i\e automo· biles if the " Aa shy" chrome bumpers are painted over with And each group. ays one wh o grew up in a Bi g black. Tn Ontario there a re se\'eral conservati\'(' :-[e nnonite Valley mish fa mi Iy . " looks at the ch urch above with groups all with difTerent name . uspi cion . a nd th e c hurch below with compassion. " 48 The "Gay Dutchman" built soldly, but e'l:pressed his worldliness in architectural styles. pallg mansion in the Oley Valley oj Berks Coullty.

In m eeting ho use arc hiLecture there lS also sOPleLhin g eli Lin cLil'el) "plain." leither the Quakers nor the Ge r· m a n plain sects beli eved tha L there was a ny thint; " holy" in a hurch building. There were no altar for th e sacri· fi ce o f the ma s. n o incense. no stained glas') lVindo\\~ s . no contrived esthe Li ci m fo r the e R eformaLion puriLans. The "churc h" Lo them wa not the building where they \\ orshipped. but the peopl e of God- them elves. H ence their " churche " are hi sto ricall y called " meelin1! ho u es" - lhe) 1\ re " hou e" (a nd Lh ey looked like 18 th Cen­ Lu r) Georgi a n h ouses, \\ i Lh sh u LLel' a nd plain d oors) III \\ he re the "church " m eets for \ or hip. Th pa Llern o f the pl ain m e ~ tin g h o u se- wiLh a L leasL L\\ ~ o d oors a nd the a i running the short\\-a y Lhrough III lhe bui Id i ng- was seL b the Quakers in the 18 th Cen­ Lur y. a nd b orrowed b y the German-speaking pl ain p eo­ ple." T oday. h owever. Mennonite have begun building ~III huge ba rn-like brick str ucLure - like M ellinger ' n ear La nca Ler- \\ ith the axis the long lVa y Lbroug h the build­ III ing. like a "church." and calling Lh em "church es." Bul Lhro ug h the hill s and va ll eys of the DuLch Country one come upon the o ld er meeting houses. '> lill in use a mong rural congregation. iLling peacefullv in their g rove o f Lrees. looking out ove r the fi elds, , hutter ed. \\iLh plain glass \rind o \\~ , Irith a row o f hor 'Oe -sh eds in lhe back or on the side fo r the convc ni ence o [ Ihe faith­ Doorway oj an Ol"'y Valley manswll. ful h o r e Lh a L pull the carriage lo m eeting. 2. l. There arc no [rill. either, on \\or hip am ong lhc J lain When one look fo r " plainne ln arc hiL('ci ure. one gr o ups. Tf le \\- T e La ment \\ 0 1' hipineluded .cripture ha on I) Lo drivo throug h Lanca L r Co un !) . I-lo use read i ng. pra) e r. a ermon. a nd the i ng i ng f) f h y mn . architecture is everely pla in in the Ami h 'l nd M en· plus Lh c " L\\ 0 acra me nL -, of bapLi sm and the L ord's nonite COunLf). The big Lone hou e 12 or m 0rc r oom S UpP E' r. lh n Me nno niLe . BreLhre n. a nd Amisl fo ll o \\ -are impre ive for ize bUL have a Jack o f dccora Li o n e \\ Testa me nL pa Llerns. LhaL i rem ini cenL in spiriL o f the CisLe rcian mona · *The reason tha t thl' '[ennonit('s ado pl ed th( Quake r­ terie of the 12Lh a nd ].jlh ·enLuri e . Th ) ar ~ l eT) dif· sl) Ie mf' t' tinghouge, upon coming 10 P l' nnsyh a ni a, i ferent from the " fa nC} " G orgia n home o f Lh c " Ga) I hat in S witzf' rl and I he) we re forbidden to hold meel· DULch"- Lh e maj orit} LULh era n a nd [{e fon'led thaL ings o f ()ler thirt) pe rso ns, hence Ihey mel in pri\ale hOll ses; a nd in Ihe P a la linate la nci -o \\ne rshin was forhid · I one see. a} . a ro und l\uLzLov. n in the ri ch F 'l Penn dell ; set' I L Fra nk Eshl eman. His /oric /3 ac k '~ro ll ll'l and Vall e} . lh Fisher [I o u e in 01 y. or the g rc:J t hom 's of A IIl1als 0/ th e wiss and Germ an Pioneer Sell ler,s 0/ lhe Leba non V a ll ('}. oll /heas/ern PeI1 Il S) ll'Wlia (La ncasler, Pa., 1917). Of thQse retaining the basic planned Christiall service. bi shop. wh o head not a large "diocese" centering in a these plain group are the least liturgical and possibly city. but a mall church di trict, made up of a group the m o t biblical of all Protes tant g r o u ps-~ xce pt of of rural fa milies. worshipping in farmhou e . Hi power course the Quaker . wh o went further still in thei r reo a nd the r spect paid lo him by his follower i almost volutionary my ti c co ncept of worship in ib nce. wail· th at outlined b y t. Ignatius in the 2d Century of the ing upon God. Christi an E ra. ome of the plain groups, notabl y the Brelhren* or There is omelhing very P auline about the Amish and " Dunkards". even serve, in conn ection with the com· co nserva tive Mennonite mini ter' wa y of life. He i a munion. a religiou meal of bread and brolli . At thi minister (preacher) usuall y onl y every other Sunday, "love feast"-and ori ginall th e communion of th e ew but he supports himself with the work of hi. hand Te tament church was part of a regular mea l hared in during the week. St. Paul the tent·maker did as much by the members- feet are washed in preparalion fo r JI1 ew Te tament times. communion (foll owing the Gospel of J ohn) ?nd th e When we come to the rites of the plain groups, there " holy ki "(which we read about in the New Te lament ) is naturally a great deal of diversity. Baptism in all the i passed from man to man, and from woman 10 woman. plain groups- Menn onite, Amish, and Brethren- is adult Mennonite and Amish choose th eir own ministers. baptism. They insist that it doe no good to sprinkle an some of the very con ervative ones choosing th em by infant and say word over him. To be a Christian a lot. gambling on it, so to peak, following the Book of person must be of an accountable age; hence lhey bap. Acts. In those liberal Menn onite groups wh er2 the edu· ti se onl y adults. ome of the plain group in isl on im· cated ministry, and the salaried ministry, has made it mer ion- like the Engli sh Baptist , to wh om they are wa y, "Mennonite" worship differs very little :from other cl osely related- and the Brethren are familia :- Iy known middle·of·the·road Protestant worship services. as "German Baptists" or " Dunkards" - from the German There i omething very apo toli c about the Amish word "dunken," meaning to "dip," that is, into the wa· *The Brethren or "DlInkards" are now a familv of related ter. The word "dunk" in its religious as well as its sects all from one stem- the German Bapti t s~c t foun ded ecular sense may have come into American ;,peech via in 1709 at chwarze nau in Wittgen tein , an ar"a in North the Dutch Country. Central Germ any tinged with sectari an Pieti sm and coming This great diver ity is insoluble to the out:;id er. The out of Pieti sm rather than out of naba ptism. H owever, from similarity in beli ef and practises, the Brethren, who main principle of the Mennonite·Brethren groups mu t came to P enn ylvani a and settled among the Mennonites. be retained instead- they attempted to retur!l, via the have absorbed the genera l " pl a in" Mennonite pattern of reading of the Bible, to what they considered Ih e prac· dress and li vin g from their J\Iennonite neighbor . . They are ti se of the New Te tament Church. And in this they now split into everal main g roups, on progressi, e and have been just as successful, and just as unsuccessful, a con ervative requirements. \VhiJ e they operate two col· leges- Elizabethtown and J uniala Colleges- ;n P ennsyl· every other " restoration" movement in Chri"lian hi s· vania. their cent " r and lh p· .. le1. ri ('l's hip is now J\Iid dle tory which skips over the centuries and attempts to \Vestern.- The " " ( now call ed 'Brethren in " restore" a pa t way of life. But if spirit is more impor. Christ"), the sect wh'ch came into prominence with the tant than form, and it is, then certain a pects of Penn· Eisenhowers, had no conn ecti on with the " Dunkards" but came oul of Lanc:lster Co unty J\Iennonilism hortl y a ft er sylvania's " plain" patterns of life breathe a New Testa· the Revol u t ion. ment spirit.

A " Plain." Barn from Lan.caster County.

50 Plainne has thu its main expres ion In clres . ar- this is an unpleasant part of Prote tant hi story-believed chitecture. wor hip. In these outwa rd wa y p l

The next to th e mo t gaily hex-decoraled Penn sylvania barn , between /einsburg and Coopersburg. Bucks County.

'-1 Typica l cO ll servative Mennonite m eetingholl se.

Tn th e forms of a lternate ervice to ma nkind during J. time of genera l war. and throug h th eir reli ei programs The first of th e e is discipline. In an)' religiou sect in the aftermath of war. th e plain people ha 'e given a in which the g roup i more importa nt th a ll the in· practical example of their concern for God's rreati on in dividua l- and that i the ca e among P enns) Iva nia' man. The American Friends ervice Comll !iltee. th e pla in gro ups- the individual must \ a lk a rigidly pre­ Menn onite Ce ntral Cilmmillee. and th e " heifer projec t" ' scribed path. If he transgresse. th e discipiinary ma­ of th e plain g roups. have been a \\ itne s to Ih.e intense chinery of th e group is broug ht immediately i ll lo. action. practicality o[ the " plain" world . reinfo rced by g roup disapproval o f th e erra nt individua l. But basicall y the " plain" refu sal to con [ 0 1"1 11. th e in· To how you how this can work in a trictl y knit siste nce on th e rig ht to he different. i th e g rrat gift g rou p. th e Amish practi ce 0 f "shu n ni ng" (iVJ pidung l i of th e plain g ro up to civiliza tio n. While ~ !1 western the be t example. When an mish member is caught civilization freedo m of consrience ha come fr om man) transgre, ing the Ami h ru les. hi name i read out at ources- Puritan and Deist 'md U nitarian il'i \\ ell a meeting by th e bi ho p. a nd his family a nd th > commu­ peaceable Quaker a nd Mennoni! e- it is good to remem­ nity are required to "shun" him until he acknowledge ber th a t P ennsylvania' plain g rll!l p havc helped us to his sin in public and is thus restored into the g roup. win our American freedo m. Thi trict " hunning" of the l11i sh. whi ch was o ne '·Perhaps." as good Doctor Ru h of Phiiadelphi a said of th e reasons for their origin in Switzerla nd a nd A lsace in 1789, " th ose German ects of Christians \\ho re(u e in th e 1690' . involves eating and leeping separately to bear a rms for the shedding of huma n blood may be in th e home. a nd member of the fa mily a nd C'",mm unity prcserved by Divine Providence as th e renter o f a circle are not all owed to ta lk to th e person hunnecl. which hall g radually embrace a ll nati ons of Ih e Elrth In such a case th e Amish bishop \\-ield more power 1n a perpetual treaty of friendship and peqce.'· o\er an individual th a n is actu a lly th e case \\-ith a Roman Cathol ic bishop, popular opinion to the con­ VIII. trary. Catholic "exc mmunication." anelit ,IOi'S exist. THE SURVIVAL OF PL TNNE' doe5 not remove th e excommunicate from his famil)' H o\\ lo ng can th e pallern of p lainne s enclilfl:' in th e table a nd his wife's bed. modern world? Th::tl i the s rious que5 tion most fre­ Di cipline of thi sort, backed by g roup el i -a pproval. quentl y asked by th e out ider. is the hi toric way of m aintaining a sec t 3 ri ~ n g roup Among the Pi3in Dutch th ere a re th ree mt1i~ m th· pattern. When the community begins. through cultura l ods by \\'hi ch they a llempt to k a ~ p th em e lv ~ togethe r cha nge. to show sig ns of disintegration- it ties oth er as a coheren t g rou p. mean5 of elf-pr servati on.

52 Th Ami h have their own fi g ht with the public chools. over th e age limit et by the tate fOl com­ pulsory ed ucati on. Wedded to rural life almo t 10or~, Amish fa the rs Ie I that many things ta ught in high are not of use ~o th eir child ren. in a faJ ming cul­ ture. In this of cour e th ey a re correct. )et the opposi. tion fee l tha t Amish parents have no right to " creen" th eir children fr om what might be of benefit to them. Amish parent hav in isted on taking their children out of chool a t th e age of 14. at th e end of I he eig hth g rade. ince in th e Ami h ociety the child taki' a man' place on the farm in his earl) teens. The legal impa se reached by th e AIllishman with the ta te school la ws. II-a di olved recentl) II-ith a decision that after the age of 14 Ami h children may do " upervi ed" pra tical project at homc until the) reach the required age limit of compulsory ed ucati on in th e commonwealth- at which time. to th e mi h II-a), of thinking. an mish boy j practicall y read) for marriage. E lemcntary education i one thing. college e lucation anoth er. Tn groups in I,hich th e mini try upp')rts itself. and is chosen b) lot. origin a ll y no education for th e min­ istf) \l'a th oug ht desirable. The th oug ht was that God \I ould not "calJ" an unprepared man to the ministry. But as M nnonitism ca me in SOine area to a "supported" I alaried I ministf) . ed ucati on has become important. Mennonitcs nOIl- opera te evera l colleges- Goshcn in In­ diana and BlufTton in Ohio being th e best known of them. It is sig nilicant th at th ere a re no Mennonite coll cges in Penn) k an ia- whi ch is still the heart of conservative M nnonitism. 1n oth er word. the progressivc If·adership PhotograPhy by II",,'y J. Kallfflll an of meri can Mennonitism is out ide Pennsylva ni a. prin. Cay Dutchdom's proudest pi re - Trill ity cipal!) in th e Middle W e t. Lutheran, Lancaster. Me nn onite education is I artial onl y in thc en e th n a ll parochi a l ed ucati on i partiaL R oman Cath oli c in- luded. It begin s Irith an II-e r in stead o r with questi on3. 2. It is c lu cati on II-hi ch aims to lit the student n ot for the Educalion is a second reinfo rcement of plainne . II orld th a t exist . but th n world tha t th e reli gious g roup a econd means of holding the g roup togethe r. lI ould like to ex i L a " Me nn onite" 1V 0rid in one ca e. a In educati on the plain g roup have a pecial problem. "Cath oli c" lI orkl in tho oth er. As S ll ·h. parod'ial edu­ which is more difficult for them today th an b fore th e cati on ha a eparatistic t ndenc) which i nol without advent of th e pullic hool over a centur) a~o. In the its problems. But th ese a re not problems for the total colonial period th ere were no public schools and most ocict). c\-iden Ll ) Mennonite educati on appe<' [" onl y to churches had parochial s hools- ne ighborhoor! chool Mennonites- on l) lor ~ o f th e student in Mennonite col­ attached to th e church or meeting. a nd ta ught ei th er b) leges a re member of oth er g ro up ." th e m ini ter or someone directed by the mini t f'~. church. "Quaker ed ucational iueals ha\(' promOI d a b roader type or meeting. Christopher Dock. th e Mennonite f,·hoolma . of indilidual than mo t i\[ennonite ed ucation. Without ter of the kippack. \\'ho Inote an earl) treati e on ele­ neglecting Quaker id eal , Quaker o ll eges a nd private mentar y educati on in thi countr). II a one of the schools have mini tered 10 a much wider co mmunity than Goshen and H e. ton and Eastern Mennonite. Can it be pioneer here. thaI where the "le nnonile begins (and SlOpS) wilh God a In the e chool each religiou g roup lI a f re to found in an infallible Bible. Ihe Quaker begin ",ilh Ihe tach i ts own type of life. and p lain g roups insi ted on continuing revelalion of God in human life? \Vha lever the and taught a "plain" education. or an ed ucati on fO I plain ' reasons, Quakeri m has taught the Quaker to do his own living. thinking, and to , a lue individual opinion. Tn Quakeris m the opinion of each pe rson is so va lu ed I ha t no decis ion T oday the jtuation j a ltered. Th maj rit) uppo rt i, made in "meeling" unle it i a unanimolls de is ion. and a ttend puhli chool. and g t a general u lu a ti on \nd this Q uaker se lf·reJia n e- grolling out of Ihe central de-igned to lit them for life in ou r vel') complf'x secular doctrine of Ihe " Inn r Light"- has worked it s<,lf out in ' o civiliza ti on. The plain group - till at liar II ith the lI orld elery pha I' of Quaker li fe. For Ihe besl practical example, cons id e r farmin g pa tl erns. ertainly in Ihe ·' olonial a nd - have begun a cond time in th eir histof) to estab· ea rl y national periods of our hi tory- and Ihis will come a' Ii h parochial chool. IIhe re th r can g i e t!l e ir chil· a sho k to mo t Penn y h anians ~ the Quaker wa as good dren a heltered " hri ti an" (and a uch. jJa rti a l I as if no supe rior to the "l ennonite as a farmer. Le bound rd ucati on. for lif" in tho "plain" \Iorl d of 'heir OIl n In continenta l co nservalism and "set" pattern< of living. he woo f"ppr '0 experimenl, 10 in\(' nt fand Quakers s howed choo ing. There ar I~ ithin th (Old I Mennonitc group an almost "Yankee" inl'entil('ness "he n it caone 10 farm alread} ome lift) of the e elcm- ntar} schook manned Jll::c ~l : nf ' )), to adopt ne" fannin ,; methods, 10 promo:e b} Mennonite tcacher . &nd the number i g rU \IJng. agri ult ural as ociations and chook

.'53 Higher education. acce] ted in Mennonite ci, d 2 only th emseh-es are not unconcerned over thi change of after long struggle. has helped to undergird American character from community·controll ed li ving to conver· Mennoniti m in an age of tran ition. As a '-crent Men· ion·centered r ligion. And it look to th e out ider a if nonite hi torian p uts it. "Their acceptance of educa­ Pieti m and Methodi m are winning out over 'lIe hi tori· ti on and church· upported coll eges ea rl y in the pr ent cal Anabapti t pattern of life. centur) ha res ulted in a mighty potenti al of Y(J uth stay­ Tn th e mid t of th e e basic problem of nclju stmen t ing with th e church. Their youth by th e hundrcd become Penns lva nia's Men nonites and Brethren groups have mi sionari e . pa tors. teachers. doctors. nur. f'S. tec hni · become inten ely mis ionar),- minded. But what they are cians. and th ey stick by the church."'" sharing with the world, a world that perhap ne ds ome· 3. thing of their plainne s of spirit. i only the '·old·time Ther is yet a third way in which the Plain Dutch a re reli gion" of revivalism available through other group. attem pti ng to hold th ei r groups togeth er. This third II a)' L. revivalism. THE DUTCH IMPRE ON AMERfCA Instead of dependin g upon th e famil y a nd the church. Today th e nited tates j quite aware of Ihe " P enn ­ fortified with "plain" education . to teach th e ideal of ) lvania Dutch." plainne s and to hold the group together. Mennonite are today turning rapidly to the "old·time reli gion." the Fifty years ago there was no general knowledge of earlier Meth odi t.Baptist.frontier revival system . seizing a nything Penn ylvania Dutch spread generally over the upon it in the hope that it will enable th em to I(Ja rch for· co untry. The Dutch culture had taken on its full p ropor­ ward into the future with th e g roup solid arit Ih y ha ve ti ons b y 1800. but by 1900 it had made no g neral 1m· had in the past. p re s on the nation as a whole. The " plain" family is in a decidedly diffi cult spot to· There wa a regional impress. to be sure-for the day. * The world is more intru ive than it was in 1900. or Dutch culture was transplanted outhward. Westward. 1850, or 1800. In every realm of life, except Ih e church. Northward. into i olated areas where the Dutch dialect the plain Dutchman meets more " worldl y" people. comes lasted for a time and then (with the exception of Ami h in contact with " worldly" ideals. His neighbors have and co nservative Mennonite co mmunitie) disappeared. television and radio, ever y outside contact pell " "-orldli· Two Pennsylva nia Dutch customs a re now part of ness." Young people are restless, and we hea r even of the national heritage- the Christmas Tree and the Ea . a modified " juvenile delinquency" problem in the heart ter BUllny. But without the 19th Century German emi­ of the staid Lancaster Conference Menn onite fold . . g ration- which came to all parts of the country-it i Hence the (Old ) Mennonite Church- th e largest diffi cult to say whether the e customs would have won American Mennonite body-is turning revivaiist. In· their way into general acceptance from the colonial emi­ stead of growing up within the church and ceing bap­ gration to P ennsylvania alone. tized as one approache maturity, a "conversion exper­ The neare t claimants to national renown are the ience" is now being insisted on. a conversion (:'xJ eri ence - which became th e "covered wagon" with th e revival·pieti st moralism tacked on as a proviso. of the moving frontier, and the Penn sylvania or Lan· As a Mennonite leader said recentl y, "When revival caster Rifle, on the frontier became the " Kentuck y Rifle." enters, a lot of fooli Im ess goes out." Among th e "fo ol· The national renown of th e Pennsylvania Dutch which ishness" whi h went out wh en th e Brunk Brothers, Men· is apparent today. inspired chi efl y b y tourist intere t nonite evangeli st from the henandoah Valley. i Iwaded which has come principally since the eco nd World War. Lanca ter County in 1951, was the raisin g of tobacco, centers on three separate facet of the hist0ric Dutch one of Lancaster County's biggest ca h crops. Menn onite culture : Pen nsyl ania Dutch folk·art. Perlmylvania farmers converted by th e Brunks plowed under their to· Dutch cookery. and the Pennsylvania Dutch Pbin P eople. bacco acres, and the plowing under is till going on . The Through tourist interes t the design of Du tc h folk·art mish- wh o have not yet been affected by I evivalism (a n actil'e body of primitive popular art which fl ourished but are still attempting to live according to their com­ until ] 830 a nd then died) have been revived a nd re­ munity idea]s of two cen turies ago. have not given up worked for th e purpo e of modern li ving a nd home either the raising or the moking of tobacco. As one of decoration. Attractive a it i . this is a r evival of ome· them said wh en he wa asked about it. "Where in th e thing dead and not omething newly creative !' pringing Bible does God say. 'Thou shalt not smoke'?" from the Dutch culture. P ossibl y the only thing nell' With th e infiltrati on of the revival pirit jj~ to Men· about it i th e fa ntasti c symbolism which i sold with it. noniti m, Penn ylvania's Mennonites are becoming more Dutch cookery is attracting national attention. and theology·conscious. and are being drawn into the circle one come upon Dutch specialtie on unexpected menu of other ultra·conserva tive. fundamentalist Prote tants a ll ol'cr the country. But this i impl y part of th e gen· of th e kind. unfortunately. which call liberal American eral American interest in regional variati on. ,md i part ocial Go pel Prote tant "infid el."' They ar" tarting of the eclecti c pattern of American cooker) ill general. too to pass tracts. paint rocks with apocalyptic ,,-am· And while shoo fl y pie ha made the hit pararle. nothing ings. and are even advertising in their periodiral motel Penn) I a ni a Dutch ha a yet arisen to tak its proud wi th "Chri tian tandard." whatever that m ay mean. place beside th e H amburger or the Pizza at th ~ American J n all th ese thi ngs they are changing charactcr. thi nk Lunch Counter. ome of thei r leader . It i ignificant th at Men nonites Interes t in the Plain Dutch is. basically. fr om the tourist standpoint. interest in a past way of li fe which " J ohn A. Hostet]er. in .11ennonite Life ( cottc1ale. Penn· syh ania; Herald Pre , 1954). p. 28. his di appearcd in other part of the country. In areas

54 or culture isolated by geography, language, or religion, out understanding and love, diver ity, nonconformity, older patterns'" have a wa y of hang in g on when they are difference, brings suspicion, prejudice, hatred. And P enn­ dead elsewhere. This is what the sociologi t all "cul­ sylva nia has had more than her share of these universal tural lag"-th e survival of earlier wa ys into .J changed human commodities. situation- and this alway interests the touri t, wh ether But th ese are universal problem. In discussing th e he find it in i olated parts of Europe or in ' Penn syl­ " pre ent discontents" of WesLern Ci vilization, Crane vania Dutchland. Brinton in The Shaping 0/ the Modern Mind makes thi The mo t important fact of the pre ent naii onal in­ tatement: " In th e perspective of Western intellectu al hi - terest in things Penn sylvania Dutch is that the Plain tory, we can ee th at many of the problems th at seem Dutch have captured the imagination of the American to our alarmist so new, 0 demanding, 0 imperative outsider. and the Amish have become the s mbol of oJ olution. are in fact ve ry old problem that men and ever ything P ennsylvanian. women of We tern culture have managed to survive There is 0 much more to it than thi . But we can with out solving. Notabl y, th o e prophets of doom wh o begin with this. for interest can lead to understanding. hold that modern Western man must agree on the Big and under tanding to sympathy. Qu e tions, that we must somehow e cape from our pre - We have attempted to point out how ver y complex ent multanimity into a new Age of Faith, have again t is the Plain Dutch pattern of renunciation, wh at a world them several th ou and years of Western hi tory in whi ch of change and heart-searching they face a they attem pt men have di agreed over these fundamental qoestion ." to carry their ideals-ideals which are important for The Dutch Country has never known unity an y more civilization- into the new age. than human society ha ever kn own complete un;:, nimity Diversity is good, for it i human, and diver ity li e of th ought and life. at the base of ever ything good in modern ocicty. It pro­ Perhaps Penn sylvania's split so uL her double path of du ced our libertie . it gave u our faith. And yet with- plain and gay worlds_ can help us to understand the ' For the sake of another example. " hillbill y" or " mounta in probl em that all people face as th ey go through life music"- whi ch is simply a once general pattern of folk­ foll owing differing ideal . mu sic from frontier Ameri ca- was "di covered" in the The Gay Dutch have their ideal s, the Plain Dutch Kentucky :\Iountains and the Oza rk , by 20th Century have theirs, and human understanding and broth erl y tourists. who fo und, to their amazement, entire isolated etllements of people living in earlier patterns of life which love are th e keys. th e bridge, between them. had disappeared el ewhere. The ame folk-music and folk· Only a recognition of our common human heritage, dance patterns have urvived equall y long in the Dutch of our common human need , can bridge the far of cul­ Co untry. where the 19th Century " pl ay party" ga mes tural diversity. (actu ally dances, except that dances were taboo to " Bible Belt" fo lk) are still alive among the Ami h youth, at their The Palmi t th ought so too. In th e midst of a diverse frequent .• ingi ngs," whi ch dissolve into fo lk-dance session and tension-bound I rael he dared to write his faith In a the eveni ng wears on. th e oneness of man. " He /ashioneth their hearts alike" (Psalm 33 : 15) .

UGGE TED REA DIN G 1. F or the 10la l P ennsy lva nia Dutch folk·culture, the begin · ner can do no beller than to consult Fredric Klee . Th e Penn­ sylvania DlLtc h ( ew Yo rk : The l\Iacmillan Co mpany. 1951). 2. For the A mish, the best pamphlet·l ength inl roducti on for the general rea ler. are J ohn A. Hostetl er, Amish Li/e (SCO ll· dale, P a.: Hera ld Pr ss, 1952), and A lfred L. S hoemaker, A Peek at the A mish (Lanca ter, P a. : The P enn sylva nia Dutch Folklore Center, 1954). Longer treatment of the J\ mi sh are alvin George Bachman' Th e Old Order Amish 0/ Lancaster County ( Torri town , P a.: P ennsylva ni a Germ an ociety, 1942) : Wa lt er M. K ollm orgen, Culture 0/ a Co ntemporary Rural Co m ­ munity: Th e Old Orde r A mish 0/ Lancaster County, P ennsyl· vania ( Washington, D. c.: U nited State Department of Agri­ culture, 1942); and Charl es . Rice and J ohn B. henk, M eet th e A mish : A Pictorial History 0/ the Amish Peo ple ( ew Brunswick, . J .: Rutge r Uni ve rsit y Pre , 1947). The most sym patheti c fictional treatm nt of the Ami h includes the two vo lu mes by J oseph W. Yoder, ROS(LI1Wl 0/ th e Amish (Hunting. don, Pa.: Yoder Publ i hing Co., 1940), and Rosanna's Boys (Hun ti ngdon, Pa.: Yoder Publishing Co., 1948). F or the Men­ nonites, sec J ohn A. Host ti er, M ennonite Li/e ( cottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1954). 3. The most us [ul bibliogra phies in tudes J ohn . Hostetl er. A nnotated Bibliography 0/ the A mish (colldale, P a.: fen­ no nite Pu bli hing Hou e, 195] ); and Emil Ieynen, Bibliograph y on German Settlem ents in Colonial North A m erica, es pecially on the Pennsylvania awl th eir Descendants, 1683- 1933 (Leipzig: Olto Harrassoll'itz, 1937).

Amish family carriage ab out to cross a covered bridge.

55 a gi rI in hi c1as wh o c uld alm ost speak Ih e dialect better than Engli h. o. whenever he was crlled on Dialect F olksay to give an explanation of omething or other. ~ h e used the word " and" 0 very often. In tead of saying ju t "and " in Engli sh. she aid "end a" which (' t;nds like (Only for those who speak Dutch) ducks in Pen n ylvania Dutch. The boy in her c1as de­ cid ed among them elve th e very next time hI' got up By ETHER and HELEN MOSER and aid "enda" again. one of them would say out loud: Now, sawg du moll GENS zU1shtal z ENDA. Tile ne t ti me the girl was giving her talk and aid "end a" one We say to children wh en Ihey hurt themEeives and of the fi ell ows said: Smug CEN lI nshtatz ENDA. And come running for solace: Haily, Iwily, homly-dreck in- thereafter there were not quite so many "end a" in her tead of, as elsewhere : liaily, Iwily, hinkel- rl reck, bis speeches and reciLations any longer. marriya jree iss olles aweck. And here i wh at our Aunt Ou r Uncle told u recenLI h011,1 the late I rvi n Hoch used to say wh en her children came running II' th a little u ed to say the train engin e aid when Ih ~ train started hurt or bruise : Ach, es iss lengs ht aweck, bis de kotz out in 3 town between th e hou e and slowly gained en oi galaigt hut. speed: HoDa-cleckel, hoDa-deckel, hoDa-rleckd, dunn er­ Here i a rh yme with per onal names we u::ed to say weclder, hoDa-deckel, dunner-wedrler, hoDa-deckel. wh en quite oung: If a couple ha to get marri d we ay : Hoch Isidc Es iss m ere so jar/ale in stead of huchlsich. And here a Dutch saving we Mit's Panna becker's mate, hear a lot: Abboddich m it da Kate. \VaishL du wos? Sie hut so'n glainer Jake, En alt foss. Dar gale sch ll nnt Init da male. E n n eie r boddem n yc. A person fond of Rowers we call en btU/nma grann y D ei nail' far dar shLuppe r, or a blunLlna grelz. I-Iere are some sa)'i ng for- yo u I' D eimoul far's hp unda-loeh. slip is showing: Du bishl lim shlippa; du dellkshl may jun dime dawdy oss 1Ue jun dinera mommy; dei monn Instead of sayin g DAM IT! we ay: Doe will ich iss um wotlsholl se dahame. ivver cZar Gotshalla clomtn bawda lin ken nossa jeese The " English" peo ple have tongue and th ought twi st­ greeJia. When someone ay THANK YOU, yo u fre­ quentl y hea r in our ecti on: er , and so do we Penn sylvania Dutch. Here il' one we Gross dunk, al ways said very fast, three times : C roomy, grawdy, Mit cIa naws im brode-shunk. sheppy, suppa-schissel. Another one to be repeated after the other perso n says it is : So jeel dawg in d('fn yore, [n Ba ll y II' have a good man y Penn ylv3:1i[l Dutch oss dar jux tun schwonlz lu~l hore. Catholic fami lies. The customa ry Protestant-C ath olic When people are fini hed eating and someone d rops relation exi t here as elsewh ere. And one ~ all hea r a in who ha not ea ten we say: Wos net hUl1/Pt tsu da Catholi c Dutchm an ay. in pointing out that Lh ey a re rechta tside, mllss nemma wos ivverich bleibt. \Vhen a no differ nt from oth er people : Unser !Linkel laya we young woman is painted and dolled up quite unu ua ll y onner fide eary aw or un ser lu:nkel ea ra shwen lz in so and we think it might not be 0 und erneath , we ay: lang we onner lide eary aw. Ovva hooyey un unna jooye)'. When a child (loes not ~T h e n so meono says : Ca Jis hl mit? and the other per­ listen by words and must be spanked, we say: IFar nel son ask, Woo heel we say : haira will, muss jeela. After a meal, when our men a re Ei, Isum Dickey Schmidt about to take a chew of tobacco, they say: Noch clem Ins reeva schlick. essa en kalrdowock ; doss shlail in da Bivvel. W hen a And if a person snores whi le taking a few winks of person is doing something that another who just ha ppens [eep in the daytime, we say to him wh en he wake up: along th ought that perso n incapable of, we say: I ch Du walVrsht widder wn reeva kocha. bin net so dumm wie doppich, lUI aw net so dreckich we When someo ne is angry we sa y to him: shloppich. Bisht base? Here i what one of our choolmates said 0ne day In Donn gay t urn oida Ka e. school wh en we were hort of Friday recitations: Da I' ride dich j vver dar race De mommy koocha gabocka h e ll , n kawft dar n n ier hoot; \Vonn sce male kott h e ll, o wa ht widder goot. W onn' n et um fett gfailt he ll. Occa ionall one will hear a woman say hereabout , When the coffee is unusuall y strong. we ay: Dar iss wh en cleaning : )'00 so htarrick, er ken net yoo en oi drawya. Fun bzaza un koira, If someone came to our door whom we kn ow ver Konn nimmand sich er-naira. well, we would ay for fun: Wonn'd schworz bishl, blibe drouse; wonn'd wise bisht, kU/nm rye. Of co u r e you would only ay thi if yo u knew well wh o I a - out. In other ection . we have heard they say: K'lmm rye, wonn'd hpeck uJj da gnee husht. The foll owing i a true story which our schoolmaster told us children one day in school. It happened some forty-five year ago, when he went to college. Tl, re wa

56 PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH PIONEERS By DR. FRIEDRICH KREBS-Palatine State At'chives, , German y T r anslated by DON YODER

Ba ic to genealogical re ea rch in thi co unt ry are the eight eenth New Land for the 12th year" (Inventory of 1762) . [Andre century imll1igrant Ii ts being assembled by chola rs abroad. Dr. Baudemont. Ship Osgood, September 29, 1750.] Friedrich Kreb . one of the principal researchers in Germany to· PETER DORST- on of P eter Dorst of R ohrbach a nd his wife day. here co ncludes a n article which was begun two issues back. \Ja ri a Catha rina- "who is in the e w Land" (Docum ent dated The O'lrce mate rial are the state and municipal a rchi ves cove r· May 12, 1762). in g the area from which so many thousands emi grat ed two cen· HA N S GEORG HOFFMA - on of Georg Bernhaldt Hoff­ I uries ago. mann of Rohrbach and his wife i\Iaria Elisabetha- "married in Oberhistadt (Kreis Gennersheim) the New Land" ( Docum ent da ted J anuary 14. 1765). A DAM BECKENHA U B- son of Jacob Beckenhaub of Rohrbach BARBARA HORTER, "widow of GEORG HORTER, decea ed a nd wife Anna- " who went about 15 yea rs ago to the New citizen a t Oberlustadt, left he re about a year ago fo r the so· Land" (Property In ve ntory of 1766). [Han s Adam ileckenhaub, ca ll ed lew E ngland wi th her son VELTE 1 HOK.TER. AI 0 Ship Neplnne, e ptember 30, 1754.] th ere was a son of hers by the name of GEORG J ACOB HOR­ HA S PETER HOFFMA IN- son of Ha ns Geor g H offmann of TER wh o went to the above-mentioned New England several Rohrbach and wife rargaretha- " who now ha been living in years ago" (Inventory of 1765) . [10hann Val tin Horter, Ship the e w Land o\er nine yea rs" (Inventory of 1742) . [Presumably BriLannia, eptember 26, 1764.] 10hann Peller Hofman, hip Dragon, eptembe r 30, 1732.] GEORG ADAi\I JAHRAU - son of Andreas J ahrau of Ober­ and hi wife [argaretha chmid- " re iding in America" Rutnbach (Kreis Pirmasens) ( Document dated October 30. 1786). A A ELl ABETH A CH!\lITT- daughter of Andrea chmitt ~\r ARGARETHA CA THARI A BU::Y- daughter of Jacob e u­ of Oberlu tadt and his wife Catharina J ahraus- "wife uf FRIED­ ha rd , assista nt judge at Rumbach a nd his wife Anna Barbara­ RICH DOLL. inhabitant of P enn ylvania" ( Docu ll1 ent dated " married to A DAM BLEY, citize n here (at Rumbach) and in !\larch 30, 1770). the pring (1753 ) emigrated to Ameri ca with her husband ANNA POLO 11A IGRI T- daughter of Ma rtin . igrist of dam Bl ey." Oberlustadt and wife Catharina Boehm- " went to Pennsy h a nia" GEORG 1\11 H EL CHAEFFER- so n of Heinrich Schaeff er, (about 1744) . citizen a t Rumbach and his wife Anna Maria chn eider- " who has been a citizen here a t Rumbach a nd emi grated secretl y to A me ri ca in the year 1766." Obermiesau ( Today Jliesau, Kreis K usel) U. A lA ATHARI NA CHAUB, HEI RI H SCHA UB, NICKEL L G- son of J oha nn e Lang of Obermiesau a nd wife MARIA DOROTHEA HA B- c hildren of Balthasa r chaub Anna Catbarina-" went to the ew Land" (about 1735) with of Ru mbach- "emi grated to America" ( Document dated June wife and children. from Waldmohr, where he wa tllf'n re iding. 23, 1770) . [Henry chaub, hi p Sally, ovembe r 10, 1767.] Of His step- iter EVA ROSINA J A OBl- daughter of i\Iartin U A A CA THA RI A S HA UB the records rClJ orl. " now Jacobi of Obermiesa u- went to Amer ica at the same time, pre­ married to J A OB NEUHARD the bl acksmith, citizen at Rum­ sumably with her brother, a nd was there married to FR IEDRI CH bach. and everal yea rs ago emi grated to America" ( Document TEFFJNGER. Her sister CATHARI lA JA COBI went " to the dat ed 1770). O f MARIA DOROTHEA : ,. ow married to GEORG New Land" with her, al ong with her hu ban I VA LENTl IE. 1\11 HA EL CHA EFFER, citizen here and like wi e gone to [Fal/endin eu, Nickel Lang, hip Harle, September 1. 1736.] Ameri a with the above mentioned." CHRI TIAN HAi\DIEL- on of Bernha rd Hammel of Obe rmiesau -"went to the lew Land in 1734 as a n apprenti e butche r." S t. 1ulian ( Kreis )

Obersuelzen ( Kreis Frankentha/) JOHA I I HE RICH ALUlA . rna on- on of He nrich AlI­ mann of ienha hen bach- ma rried a t SI. Julia n, January 18, PA L FRIED- on of the Anabapti t (Mennonit e) P ete r Fried 1746. to Maria Barbara o ff el, born at I. Julia n October 5, of Obersuelzen-"went to the ew Land" ( Document dated June 1723 daughter of Bernhardt offel of t. Julian and wife Iaria 6,1747) . Engel- "both emig rated to P ennsylvania with six child ren May 15. lOHA N JACOB F · CH - on of Georg H enrich Fuc h of 1764." Children, born at I. J ulian: 1. illaria ara, born July 6, Obersuelzen- "who is in the lew Land" (Document dat ed June 1747. 2. Anna illargretha, born ove mbe r 20, 1749 ("died on 17.1758). the way to America in 1764"). 3. Maria Elisabelha, born August LORE TZ BECK. of Ober uelzen. " in the 1 e w Lan J" ( Docu­ 14 , 1752. 4. lIaria Ca tharina, born December 11, 1754. 5. 10hann ment dated 1771). [10han Loretz Beck, hi p Tl ero, o\ ember 27, Nicol, born March 3. 176~ · ("died on the way to Am rica in 1764.] the ame yea r"). 6. Anna Elisabetha, born August 27, 1760. All re fe rence from the Lutheran hurch Book of SI. Julian. Ottersheim ( Kreis Kirchheimbolanden I JOBl\ I FRIEDRICH H I. R CHFELD(T) , bo rn a t I. Julian HE RICH LEBK ECHER-_on of J ohann Adam Lebkuecher October 12, 1728 -son of J ohann Phili pp H irschfeld a nd wife of Otter heim- "last summe r (1 753) for the second tim!' went Ma ri a Margretha- " turne r by trade- emigrated to P ennsylvania to the lew Land, wi thout paying the tiethe." [Henrich Leb/wcher, with wi fe a nd th ree c hildren [May 15,] 1764" (Re ference in Lu- hip Lydia, eptem ber 20, 1743.] theran hurch Book of I. Julian). Friedrich Hirschfeld mar- ried a t I. Julian, F e bruary 10. 1756, Maria 1argretha 1 eu. Ouersheim ( Kreis ) born a t Ob reisenbach (Kreis Kusel) , Sept ember 25, 1728- daught er of J oha nn J acob leu and wife Maria Elisabetha. hi 1- CON RA D DOL son of Georg 0 011 of Otte rshci m a nd wi fe dre n, born a t I. Julia n: 1. Maria Elisabeth a, born December Anna Margaretha Weinheimer- " this man IS in Ame ri ca" 22, 1756. 2. 10hann lIen rich, born June 13. 1759. 3. Maria l\Jar­ 1D0 umen' dated March 21, 1753). garetha, born Augu t 14, 1762. [Henrich Allmall, Priedric ', GEO RG K H -' on of Va len' in Kuhn of Ott e r ~ h e im -" i s said fl irschleldl, hil) Richmond, Oc:ober 20, 1764.1 to residf' in the I f'W Land, a cording to a letter wri tT en A Dril JOJ-lA N J 013 JE KEL, born a t , I. Julian April S, 1722- son 26, l747 from "Carlsdaun ' ( harleston) in , outh C~ro l i n 3." of J oha nn Christoph .l ec kel a nd wife Anna IIhria- "cmi grated '0 Penn yh a ni a April 24, 1752" (Reference in Luthe ran hurch R oh rbach . ( Kreis B ergzabern ) Book of • I. Julia n). PHILIPP and A UREA, BO OJVIO J) ·sons of Philipp Boud­ CEO RG AHH. !lAM J ACOB, b lachmith by tradf', h nrn ~ t mond, ci tizf' n of Rohrbach (died 1762) " who both a n ' in Ih (· I ~s (' h e n a u ( Kreis Ku

57 Peter Jacob of E chena u and wife Anna ~[argrtl1ha -mar · grati on took pla ce about 1744. In the yea r 1764 he returned ried at SL Julian, June 16, 1750, to Ma ria Dorothea G rill-bor ~l to Wei enheim , to receive an inheritance for the t wo chi ldren at SL Julian February 22, 1731- daughtcr of J ohann Georg of his brother JOHA ' 'TCOLA U REIDE BACI-t "ho had Grill of SL Julian- ·'both em igrated to P ennsylvania with five died in Pennsylvania. [Joha/1.11 NickeL Reidenbach, Johann ,l/ichel [four] children, May 15, 1764" (Reference in Lutheran Churc:, Reidenbach, Shi p Lydia, eptember 20, 1743; Michel Reidebaclr , Book of SL Julian ). Children. born at L Julian: 1 Johann hip Richmond, October 20, 1764.] Georg, born March 11, 1760. 2 . .'YJaria Magdalena Elisabetha, born LORE TZ and JOHA ' C HRI T IA LA FFER, from . ~ ei en· ovember 25, 1762. 3. J() hann Peler, born ovembel· 10. 1757. heim am Sand , "went to the New Land" (about 172!ll. (Abraham Ja co b, hip Richm.ond, October 20, 1764]. JOHA ES QAT of Wei enheim am and. '·'assa l. stay in g JOHA JCOL GRIM)\[, widower. married (lst) nt L J uli:Jn in P ennsylvania" ( Document dated 1775). (l olr . luasl, hi p ovember 27, 1736. to Anna Elisabetha. widow of Adam J eckel: Craw ford , October 16, 1772.] married (2d ) at SL Julian lay 25, 175L to Maria l\lagdaIer11- daughter of J ohanne Di ckes of Baumhold r- ·' bo(il migrated Westh eim (Kreis Cermersheim) to P ennsylvania with (-] children, May 15, 1764" (Reference VALE T IN BATTEICER-son of P eter Batteiger of Westheim in Lutheran Church Book of L Julian). Children, 'l orn at S ~ . Julian : L Fn:derich Ja cob, born November 2, 175fl-"died at and wife Ma ria E, a- "abse nL ta yin g in }\ meri ca" ( Document Port mouth in England on the way to America. 1764:' 2. Maria dated 1777). [Johann Valentin Batteiger, hip .Il inervrz, October Dorollr ea, born February 17, 1756. 29, 1767.] GEORG ADAM CHWAB-son of Andrea chwab of Westheim and wife Ros in a Barbara- '· re iding in Pennsylv ania·' ( Docu· S;einweiler ( Kreis Cermersheim ) ment dated March 17, 1765). JOHA E L1NGENFELDER- son of the master haker P eter Lin genfelder of teinweil er- " wh o is tay in g in the so·ca ll ed Wolfersheim ( Kreis t. In gbert, Saar) ew Land·' (emi grat ed about 1753). CHRI TIAN BRE GEL- on of Ki lian Brenge l of Wolf" r· sheim and wi fe Juliana- "having signifi ed with the prin ely au· tel ten (Kreis Kirclrh eimbolanden) thorities hi s int ention of returning, went to Maryland" (about MICHEL fEDERA ER-son of Jost Fritz iederaul'r of tet· 1754). Hi brother J A OB BRE GEL, " went under the arne ten-"who is in the ew Land·' ( Docum ent dated 1752). (Michel provision to Ameri ca." [C hristian Brengel, Jacob Brelt!{el, Ship Niederauer, hip Two Broth ers, October 13, 1747.] Pho enix, October 1, 1754.] A A CATHARJ A BRE ' GEL, sister of both, '· followed her two brothers CH RISTI and JA OB BRE GEL to America·' Waldmolrr (Kreis Kusel) (a bout 1764). GEORG BRE GEL. brother of t he above men· JOHA ' E HEILL- so ll of Mi chael H eill , resid ent and crtrzen tioned per ons, ·' married in America. whither he went (a bout at Waldmohr and his wife . 1aria Catharina cha efTe r- " went 1764) a an apprentice Iinenweaver." to the New Land " ( Document dated larch 10, 1745) . PHILIPP ' ICKEL BALBJERER-son of Henrich Balbierer of Waldmohr and hi s wife Maria Barbara- baptized Harch 22, Wolfstein (Kreis Ku sel) 1712, at Kleinottweil er- went to America in 1750 with the J\ l ARIA MARCARETHA F CHS- daughter of Friedrich Fuchs family of FRA Z K ' Z. (Philliebs Balbirer, Ship Edinburglr. of Wolfstein and wife Anna j\ l aria- " wife of PETER DOERR A ugu t 13, 1750.] of Rossbach (Krei Kusel), who went with her husband to VALE TIN BL M, black mith, '· by trade a nai lsmith, in the America" (Documenl dated 1781). [Peter Doerr, ~ h i p Prin ce l\iew Land," likewi se hi s sister EVA ELI A BETHA, who "'ao oj Wales, oveml er 5, 1764.] married to JCKEL LA G (q.v.) of Waldmohr. Emigration J OHA ' JA COB SCHMlDT- on of the master Lla ksmith about 1736. Sebasti an chmidt of Wolfstein- wen t to Ameri ca (before 1744). In a letter written October 17, 1753. from Bethel Township WalshaLLsen (Kreis ZweibrlL ecken ) on the Little watara, in Berks County. P ennsylvan ia. he men· tions that DEBALT WERNER from Wolf tein (emigrated 1744) HEI RICH HALLER-son of the citize n and rna ter tailor and WILHEL 1 DAUWER fr om Baumholder [Wilhelm DaLLber, Jaco b Haller of Walshausen, from his first marriage with Elisa· hip [-), October 20, 17.J.7) brought letters for him lo meri a. betha Ioser- "de erted from the old Du cal Body Guard and Hi brother JOHAN HE RICH SCH lITT went to America emigrated to P enn ylvania." This emi gration took place around in 1754. From him lhere is a letter from Philad elphi:!, re eived 1748. Hi property, pecifi cally an inheritance which later fell Jovember 21, 1754, which de cribe the ea voyage and trip to him, a sum of 102 florin s 11 bat zen and 6 pfennig, , as there· across to America. fore co nfi cated by the Zweibruecken authorities, ince his emi· gration took place wi thout manumission. (Henrich Haller, hip I. Andrew, Augu t 18, 1750.) W ollm esh eim (Kreis Landau ) JOHAN IV!ICHEL NGERER- on of tephan Unger I' of Weingarten (Kreis Cerm ersheim ) WolJme heim and wife Anna Maria Sahner ·'living ill the Jew Land" (Document dated October .25, 1759). [Johann Michel PA L BAUER ACH , born September 29. 1744, at Weinga r. Ungerer. hip Beulah , September 10, 1753 .] ten- so n of David Bauersachs, cit izen of Wein garten and wife Anna Maria Damian of Boebin gen- " who in the beginning set· (Kreis Cennersheim ) tied himself as a citizen at , but from there went away to America" (Docum ent dated Augu t 5, 1784). [PaLLllL s Bau er· PHILIPP JACOB GEl , farrier at Zeiskam- on of Henrich saclr s, Brig Betsey, December 4, 177L] Geiss of Frei bach- married at Zeiskam, May 4. 1745. to Anna PETER BRU EMER, baptized at Weingarten April 28, 1726 Appolonia Guenter- daughter of Andrea Guenter ,} f Zeiskam­ - on of J ohannes Brunnemer and wife nna Iargareth'J ­ widow of the farrier Conrad .\ laylaender of Zei kam. Children. "went a,vay to P enn sylvania without previous permiss ion" about born at Zeiskam: 1. Agatha Geiss. born eptember 29. 1747. 2. 1749. According to a power of attorney authorized by him, dated J ohann Georg Gei , born December 27. 1748. 3. M.1Tia Barbara. A ugu tIS. 1766, P eter Brunnemer wa settled in A ugu ta Coun · born October 5, 1750. According to official record the family ty in the Prov in ce of Virginia. we nt to America about 1751 and accord ing to a power of attorney of Philipp J acob Geiss, dated ~[ ay 28, 1763, was sett!0J in Bern Town ship, Berk ounty, P enn ylva ni a. [Philipp Jarob Ceis, Weisenh eim am Sand ( Kreis NelLstadt ) , hip Phoenix, eptember 25, 1751.] A A BARBARA RETTE BA CH- daughter of J ac.)b Reite n· ADREA EBERR RDT, born a t. Zeiskam June 4, 1733-son bach of Weisenheim am and and hi s wi f Gertraud Kell er­ of Frideri ch Eberhardt, ma ter weaver, and hi s wife Eli abetha, was taken along to merica in the year 1764 by the hrother of at Zeiskam-"who has go ne away to America·' ( Docume nt dated her father MICHEL REIDE ' BACH of Weisenheim . In Ameri ca June 22, 1772). (Pre u'mabl y Andereas Ebelrrtlr , hip Bannister, she married H CHEL LAUER. Michel Reidenbach·s first emi · October 21. 1754.]

58 Z eiskam (Kreis Germ ersheim ) JOHANl\ PETER ZWICKER. citizen at Zeiskam, married at Zeiskam August 9. 1753, ~ I a ria Magdalena Haffner. Children, all LORE TZ CH,\IlTT, surgeon and barber-son of Mathes born at Zeiskam: 1. Johann Peter, baptized J\Iay 24, 173 chmitt, citize n at Billigheim- married at Zeiskam, ~Iay 14, 1748. "went to the ew Land with hi father and mother" . 2. Magda­ Maria Helena Gu th- daughter of J ohannes Guth ::> f Zei kam. lena, baptized August 4, 1739- ame re ference. 3. Georg Melchior, After hi s marriage Lorentz Schmitt wa urgeon and harb" r at born ovember 9, 1743-same reference. 4. Johann Georg, born Zei kam. Children, born at Zeiskam: 1. 10hann Ja cob, born May June 27, 1747-same r"ference. 5. Maria Barbara, born October 23, 1749-" has go ne to the New Land". 2. Philipp Peter, born 23. 1750-same reference. Source: Reformed Church Book of September 22. 1750. ource: Reform ed Church Book of Zeiskam, Zei kam. According to governmenta l records . Iaria Helena chmitt, nee SAMUEL . 1N , master baker at Zeiskam-son of P eter Si nn , Gu th, intended in 1751 to go with her hu

ANDREW . BERKY. P ennsburg- director. Schwenk­ FRIEDRICH KREBS, Speyer, Germany- archivi t o f the felder Library; author of Practitioner in Physick, a Bi­ Palatine State Archive . ography 0/ Abraham ; The choolhou e near the pring, etc. ESTHER and HELEN MOSER, Bally- the tw o foremo t women coll ectors of dialect folklore_ HERBERT H. BECK, Lancaster- professor emeritus_ Franklin and Marshall College: voluminou writer on EARL F_ ROBACKER. White Plain _ New York ; pro­ Lancaster County life; well-kn own naturalist. fe or; author of Pennsylvania German Literature and Pen nsyivani1 Dutch tuU. THOMA R. BRENDLE, Egypt- Reformed clergyman: ALFRED L. SHOEMAKER, Lanca ter ; director of the co-author of definiti ve tudies on folk medicine, plant P enn ylvania Dutch Folklore Center and managing editor lore. and folktale of the Dutch Country: the dean of of th e Pennsylvania Dutchman. Penn ylvania Dutch folkl orist _

CLAUDE W_ UNGER, late of PottsviIle; the foremost VICTOR C. DIEFFEl\BACH_ Bethel- farmer: author collector of German-language imprints of P ennsylvania ; of numer ou article on Pennsylva ni a Dutch folk-life. co-author with Brendle of volume on folk medicine_

EDNA EBY HELLER, Her hey-authority and lecturer DO YODER, Devon ; Department of Religiou Thought. on Dutch cooking : author of A Pinch 0/ This and a The niver ity of P ennsylvania; author of numerou Hand/ul 0/ That ; The Dutch Cookbook. article on Ameri can church histor y : co-author of Songs along the Mahantongo_ HENRY J. KA FFMAN, Miller ville- professo r at Millersville tate Teachers College; author of Pennsyl­ OLlVE G. ZEH ER: Reading; writer and lecturer on vania Dutch American Folk Art, Early American GUIl­ P ennsylva ni a Dutch folk 2rt: co-author o f Co loring and smiths, etc_ Design Book lor Children 0/ all Ages_

MO HEY and BELLYGUTS (/rom /wgr' 17 ) Den bore him oud in a blate or tish, been written on evef) -day things in the Penn ylvania Or wt ever you vish, Dutch country i a seri es by D. K. oeiL entitled Seventy Put mindt virst you fliP him mit crease; Wit lart, or mit pll tter, Y ea rs A go, which appea red in the Sunday YL)rk Ga zelle I t ish not an)' madder, in the 1890' _ oell wrote in th e issue of Aug. 19, 1895: Unt you'll fiwl him gum 0/ mit rreat ease. " 'Bell y-gut ' was mola es and a little Oour hoi led to­ Do mit a ri, ti .. _ geth cr. a nd drawn out into thin trips, th en lairl upon a salve r, or waiter. a nd thu carried by boy alld girl on Den mit bulling anrl halling, 11.1 vingring unt mawling, batta li on or fa ir day through the treets_ for sale. seventy You'll hawl him into vight schtirks; yea r ago." Vich layout in slate, Victor C. Di effenbach_ alluded to earlier in Ihis article, On a port or ablate, thi s pa t April wrote th e editor of th e Dutchman that hi Unt den de paley cu tts will be quite vixt. Do mit a ri, ti _ .. grand moth er 'all d pulled ta fT y "schpell )-guts" in th e I ialcct. The Lanca t r Jounwl of April 12, ] 822.i n a lctter Thi about round out the informa ti on we h:-.ve on this fr om Harriburg, rel orted: " In on corner )OU mi ght ubj ect in the fil e of th e I· olklore Center. Who now will ee a crowd of sage 10 ely w dged around a Huck ler-;:; lake up a chall enge put forth by ) our editor ? W e need table, bargaining for bell y-gut and gi ngerbrcad_" a definili\ e a rticle in the Dutchman on Canoy in the P rhap the most informative article th at 'lave e\ cr Pennsylvan ia Dutch Countr ,175's-1875.

S9 Sociely i" a Slud) of e ighteenth-century Germ an-la nguage poelry of the Pennsylva nia Dutch ounlry by Dr. J ohn J oseph toudl of Norristown. The ~ ud y bears the title Pennsylvania German Poetry, 1685-1830. Dr. toudt, who i the le:ld lll g authority on t'il!hl eenth cenlury life in the Dutch Cou ntry, was recently hon­ o r~ d by the Univer ity o f J\larbuTg in Germany. The only other schola r in Ihe fi ld prev iously to be thu eli tingui hed by a Euro· pean unive rsity wa the late George W. Richa rds, (Unive r ily of lle idelberg. 1925), form er prc ident of the Theo logic:i1 emi­ nary of Ihe Evangeli cal a nd Re formed Church, Lanca te r. and on ' of thc foremost advocales of Christian unity in the Prote tant world. Dr. Ralph E. Wood, active in P enn ylva nia Dutch a ffa irs, re­ cently was appointed the Executive Director of thc Carl churl The most l' uccessful of P ennsy lva ni a pamphleteers, A. '\[on· Memorial Foundation in Philadelphia, an institul ion devoting roc Aurand. Jr .. died of a heart a ilmenl a t his home in H a rris· it elf to Ameri can-German relation . Organ of thp F oundation is bu rg recenlly. A uthor of a . core o f pamphlets. rang lll g in sub­ Ihe bimonlhly The American-German Review, of importance to ject mailer from Bundling 10 P enn ylva nia Dutch humor and P enn ylvania Dutch cholar hip because of its annual Biblio­ wit, A ura nd for ove r a gene ration created a not al" ays avor) graphy American.a Germanica. (F or 1955 see the April-May, a ttitude 10 thin"s P ennsy lva nia Dutch among hundreds of thou­ 1956. j ue.) sand s ( lite rall y) of 10uriSIS. His lillie bookl els ha,1 outlets in Dr. Don Yoder, Editor of the Dutchman, ha recently been ap­ most paris of I he Nation where touri ts congregate. especiallf pointed 10 Ihe Department of Religiou Th-o ught at the Univer­ William burg and the F a rmer' '\[useum at Cooper tllw n in New ity of P enn ylvania, a nd at the ame time has been awarded ) ork tate. a re earch granl from the American Philosophical Sociel)' toward Mr. Howard Hughe . one of Ihe members of Ihe popular the complel ion of his vo lume, Plain Pennsylvanians. Friend ly Four Male quartette, "Thc ilve r Thalched Tenor."' Jo e ph W. Yoder. Ihe author of Ro anna of the Amish. Rosan . passed away May 28. The Friendly Four for many yea rs made a na's Boys, Amische Lieder, and Am.ish Traditions, is ill at his s pecia lty of diaieci so ngs. home in Huntingdon, Pa. Any of the aU lhor's four vo lumes is Dr. Harry H es Re icha rd . thc first lite ra ry hi toroan of I he procurable by add res ing a lell e r to The Yoder Publishing Com­ dia lect. known 10 the DUl ch-s peaking community 3t large as pany. Huntingdon. ··A ssabae.'· has been confined 10 his Allentown home ",ith eriou, Goin gs-on lal e this summer and early fall are : the P enn yl _ illne . In recent years Dr. Re icha rd has been working on a stud"! va nia Dulch Day at H ershey, Augusl 23·25. The new director of d ia ieci plays. 1935-1955. of Ihe DUl ch Da ys is Carl warr. wh o has been. for sevcral AI the 21 t annual meeting o f the P ennsy lva nia Germa n Folk­ year now. wriling a popular Dutch-Engli sh column in rhe Harri _ lore Society, he ld al Albright Coll ege on May 19, G. Gilberl (die burg (Sunday) Patriol-News. Lotwarrick parties will bt' ht' ld at WlInnernalls) Snyder, who has presented a weekl y unday dialrct Lititz on La bor Day, at Jewman town on e pl. 12, a nd at inking program for sO lli e 19 yea rs over station WEEU in Read:ng. w~ , pring on e pl. 14. awarded the " man o f the yea r" citation. Done in fraclur. II The jaIl meeting 'Of the P ennsylvania German ociety will be reads: held at Albright College in Read in g. which i Ihis year cele brat­ Th e Pennsylvania German Fo lklore Sociely presen!s this cila· ing it s centennial. lion 0/ esleem 10 George Gilberl Snyder: Two tours from the DUl ch Country are currently in Europe. Who, jar man) years, has given 0 / hi tim e and talen's 10 rel'il" e Dr. Pre ton A. Barba's European T our which left New York and perpeillale Ih e besl elem ents oj OLif lore, and, June 23rd. a nd Dr. Don Yoder's "Traveling P eflll _ylvanians" Who sin ce lanuary. 1933. has concincled radio prow.nns in th e which le ft July 2d. Penll sylvanisch diaieci lInder Ih e name 0/ DIE WUNNERNAUS. and TPho provided mil ch oj th e leadership in de ve lopi ~/! popllla: inlerest in Ollr histor)', cultllre and folk traditions, throllgh sllch grollps as Jie rsammillnge. Grllndsau Lodges, Lallwaerrick Parlies and Folk Feslivals, and Who has served as a vice president 0/ Ollr sociely and as rr MUSSELMAN'S member 0/ ils board oj direclors, TfI e record our gratitude. The mo t r ecent volume of Ihe P ennsylvan ia G rman Folklore Pen.n.jY!(l-tZn.itZ Dutch "Wonderful good" FOODS Pennsylvania Dutch Items apple sauce _ apple butter ~BY MAIL~ sliced apples _ spiced apples

FOOD : d ried corn. applebutter. ch ow- chow. cider vinegar _ fruit pie fillings bologna . shoo-fly pie. spi ced pe aches. jel ­ cherrie$ _ jellies li es. sc rapple. hickory smoked ham. etc. BLOCK PRINTS : note paper. stationery. tomato juice house bless in gs. napkin~ . place mats, Christ­ mas cards, etc. Enjoyed throughout America OTHER GIFTS : towel s. cigars, dolls, cook­ books. record i ng s, trivets, mi nts, e tc. C. H. Musselman Co., Biglerville, Pa. Let us pack and send your gilts Plant; .1'0 at: Gardners, Pa . and Inwood , W . Va . WIEAND'S PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH Qualify Foods since 1907 Allentown, R. D. 3, Pennsylvania

60 Classified Advertisements The charge for clas ifi ed adverti ing i 20 cents a wo rd, paya bl e in advance. Deadlines are March 1, June 1, eptember 1, and December 1. When fi guring number of words be sure to include name and address. For example: J . H. Snyder i three wo rds. ;\Iinimum ad 15 words. Direct genealogical queri es to: Genealogy Editor, Th e Pennsylvania Dutchman, Bethel, Pennsylvania.

Books Wanted ship, Lancaster County, Pa., 'Jntil about In 1803 one John Tawzer purchased a farm in 1760. Did he :narry (2) Margaret Mutchlec northern Menallen Township, Ad3ms County, in 1749, or was that the marriage of a son, Pa., where he is listed in census records un­ Desire to purchase following out of print Lorentz, Jr.? Was Lewis Huff i died Bote­ til his death. The 1800 census ?Iaces him in novels about the Pennsylvania Dutch: D is tourt County, Virginia, 1823) a son or Dickenson Township, Oumberlaod County, for Dutch by Thames Williamson; Floods of grandson o f the first Lawrence H uff?­ which is across the border from Menallen. Spring by Henry Bella;nann; A High W ind Charles Lord , 121 12th St. S. E., Washing­ Family tradition says he was an English sea Rising by Elsie Sing master; The Free Man by ton 3, D. C . captain, but he was a member of the Bend­ Conrad Richter; Liberty for Johanny by ersville Ger.11an Reformed Chur~h . His wife Adelaide H. and John C. Wunsetler; and I was Mary Magdalena [Wenk] . There are Heard of a River by Elsie Singmaster. P. B. LA NTZ-My emigrant ancestor Hans Peter Tawzers listed as taxed in Philadelphia city Reinhold. 635 Ridge Ave., Pittsburgh 12, Pa. Lantz (born 1718) arrived on ,he Thistle , and county in the 1770's and 1780's. Who 1738. I desire to learn the relationship of was his wife? Is there any connection with other people of the name of ~antz (Lentz, these Philadelphia Tawzers? Where are his The Pennsylvania Dutch Folklol'e Center, Lants, Sents, Lentsin) on the same boat. descendants? Frederick S. Weiser, Gettys­ Bethel. Pennsylvania, seeks the following Wanted also, data on Johannes lentz (born burg College, Gettysburg, Pa. novels to supplement its library of literature 1708) and wife Maria on the Ship Samuel, pertaining to the P.ennsylva"ia [)~tch: I 732.-Paul A. Lantz, 521 Oakwood St. S. Farmer Hildebrand, Eone Pennsylvanosche E., Washington 20, D. C. Erzaehlung by Otto Koischwi z, Frundsberg­ Genealog i ca ~ Research Verlag, Berlin. 1942; The Hawks of Hawk Hollow by Robert Montgomery Bird, Phila­ MATTERN-Wanted, materials on Mattern I will do research in Adams County families delphia, 1835; Light of Parnell ...,y John W. fa.11ilies of V/estern Maryland, Lancaster Appel. Philadelphia, 1916; C hMles Moser, on an hourly basis or in excha~ge for re­ County, and Spruce Creek Valley in Hunt­ search I desire to have done in ether areas. A Pennsylvania German Boy hy J. Fred ingdon County; in partioular, the ancestrv Bachman; Moses Nathan Israel by G. N. Contact Frederick S. Weiser, Gettysburg of George Mattern, pioneer settler of Hunt­ Colleg e, G e ttysburg, Pa . Lutyens, Easton, 1815; Hearts Contendin9 ingdon County, who came from Washing­ and The House of Yost by George Schoc!: ton County, Md., soon after the Revolution. (Katharine Riegel Loose); Joe's Signal - Mrs. Marion Mattern Cronister, Port Code by W . Reiff Hilsser; and The H e< Matilda, Pennsylvania. Murder by Forres er Hazard Philadelphia, Map of Dutch Country Lippinco , 1936. NOFZKER-NO FFSINGER - Peter Nofzker "Pleasure Map of the Dutch Country" was on the Phoenix, to Philadelphia, 1749, based on 79 pieces of literanJre from 13 and settled in York County, Pa. Want all Chambers of Commerce, 7 historical so­ Family Reunion possible data on him, his wife, and child­ cieties, 4 State departments .)nd commis­ ren. A Peter Noffsinger, wi h wife Salome, sions and 41 other authors. Drawn by Timothy Olsen, a native of New York who bought land in Botetourt County, Virginia, The Weiser Family Associa tion, which was in 1785. He married (2) in 1799, Mary has often visited the Dutch Country; 23 formed las summer, lis s as one of its ob­ (Pittinger?) . Want connection with above leading attractions illustrated; 78 spots for jections the collec ion and publication of Peter Nofzker. Which wife was the mother fun and recreation located and classified; data on the descendan s of .John Conrad of Nancy who married Samuel Huff, son of /7" x 22" open, 8" x I I" fold, gives ease Weiser, Sr., he pa riarch 0 the family in above Lewis Huff?-Charles Lord, 121 12th of reading; printed in traditional Dutch America. The Weiser Famil y, by H. M. M. St. S. E., W ashington 3, D. C . colors; for further particulars write: A nder· Richards, was compiled largely from church son Press, 527 Penn St., Reading, Pa. records fro:n the Womelsdorf vicinity. The Associa ion hopes to 9upplement this pub­ RUMBARSER-Wanted, ancestcy of Jacob lica ion with more detailed data. Perticularly Rumbarger, died May 4, 1852, aged 68 lacking is any data concerned 'vith heirs of years, 3 months, 6 days, buried Gatesburg. Pamphlets for Sale Peter Weiser (son of J. C., Jr.); Margaret Centre County, Pa., Lutheran Cemetery; Weiser (daugh er of J. c., Jr., and wife of and wife Elizabeth (Funk) RumLarc:er, died In addition to the literature advertised Rev. J. D. M. Heintzelman and :-] Finker); November 20, 1884, aged 95 years, 7 on the front inside cover, the PennsylvaniJ and of Benjamin Weiser (son of J. C., Jr.) months, 2 days; buried Gatesburg.-Mrs. Dutch Folklore Center, Inc., Bethel, Penn­ All descendants of he Weiser family are Marion Mattern Cronis ter, Port Matilda, sylvania, has the following publ;cations for urged to con act he Associa ion's Secretary Pennsylvania _ sale: for details-Frederick S. Weiser, Gettysburg Songs Along the Mahantongo by W alter E. C ollege, Gettysburg, Pa . Boyer, Albert F. Buffington, and i)on Yoder. SNAVELY-Jacob Snavely of Lampeter 231-page anthology of Pennsylvania Dutch Township, Lancaster County, Pa., wrote will folksongs. $3.75. l77b, probated 1781, listing Wife Fronica, Conestoga Wagon Lore by H. C. Frey. Genealogical Queries daug hters Ann (wife of Melchior Brenne­ $.50. man), Fronica (wife of Christian Groff ?f Traditional Rhymes and Jingles by A lfred L. York County), and Mary (wife of John Shoemaker. $.50. CRAWFORD-John Crawford, Jr., Revolu­ Steinma n), a nd son John (marri03d I. Esther Facsimile reprint of Edward H. Rouch's 1883 tionary soldier. lived in M. Bethel Town­ Herr and 2. Elizabeth Barr). Wanted, Jacob Rip Van Winkle. $1.00 (This is ;1 dialect) ship, Northamp on County, Pa.. want all Snavely's wife's 11aiden name, whereabouts 3 Myt hs about the Pennsylvania Dutch possible data on him, his wife, and chil­ of his family Bible (also mentioned in will). Country by Alfred L. Shoe11aker. $.25. dren.-Charles Lord, 121 12th St. S. E., Washi ngton 3, D. C. Would appreciate correspondence with de­ Check List of Pennsylvania Dutch Printed scendants.-Frederick S. Weise r, Gettys­ Taufscheins by A lfred L. Shoem'lker. $ / .00. burg College, G ettysburg , Pa _ (W ell Illustrated) GRAY-Wanted, ancestry of Par3r Gray of Pennsylvania Dutch Dialect Stories by Alvin Washington County, Md., "ho became F. Kemp. $.50 (This is in dialect) pioneer set ler and one of founders of WEISS-Johann Weiss was in Turbot Town­ Facsimile reprint of Edward H. Rauch's Methodism in Half Moon Valley, Centre ship, Northumberland County, Pa., by 1 77~. /873 The Pennsylvania Dutchman, Vol. I, County Pa., circa I 790.-Mrs. Muion Mat­ About 20 years later, he moved to He11lock Nos. I, 2. and 3. $3.00. Complete set. tern Cronister, Port Matilda, Pe nnsylvania. Township, where he died in 1809. Want Facsimile reprint of Edward >-1. Raluch's earlier data on Johann, wife, and children. 1868 De Campain Breefa. $/.00. (This is in HOFF-HUFF-Lorenh Hoff ca-ne over on - Charles Lord , 121 12th St. S. E. Washing­ dialect ) the Thistle in 1730, lived in Warv/ick Town- ton 3, D. C _ Schnihelbank Chart. $.50. JOin the "TRAVELING ' PEN~5YLVANIANS"1

Via K. L. M. ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES July 1 - August 15, 1957

Europe Awaits You in 1957

This, our Sixth Annual "Pennsylvania Tour of Europe," will enable you to seek the roots of Pennsylvania's Quaker, Scotch-Irish, and "Pennsylvania Dutcl1" forefathers in ire­ land, England, and the Rhineland-plus a gala "Grand Tour" to the style and entertainment capitals of Europe with congenial Traveling Pennsylvanians and "Honorary Pennsyl­ vanians" from the most unexpected places in the U.S.A. There will be your kind of people along-and we will have fun seeing Europe together. Dates are July 1 st to August 15th, the heart of summer. Travel across the Atlantic is via K.L.M. ROYAL DUTCH' AIRLINES, and in Europe by luxury motorcoach, which en­ ables us to see the real Europe. We stay at renowned hotels with local atmosphere and superb cuisine, sample everywhere the contemporary life, including the ni'ght life, of Europe, we will meet the people, and return with friendships of a lifetime made during our summer abroad. Included are Dublin, Edinburgh, London, Stockholm, Am­ sterdam, , Heidelberg, Innsbruck, Venice, Florence, Rome, Lucerne, and Paris, with unforgettable visits to the Gaelic areas of County Kerry, Shakespeare's Country and Land in the British Isles; a Journey through Germany's castle and vineyard belt; wine festivals in the Palatinate; a sampling of Austrian Gemutlichkeit in the friendly Tyrol; breathtaking scenery in the Italian Lake Country; matchless days in the Bernese Oberland; and we finish with a Parisian flourish. For complete itinerary, and full details, write: Dr. Don Yoder, Director "Traveling Pennsylvanians" 1957 Pennsylvania Dutch Folklore Center Bethel, Pennsylvania