Physiology on the World-Wide Web Daniel Gardner Department of Physiology Cornell University Medical College

The World-Wide Web, a part of the Internet, is the fastest- eration of sites renders less gloomy A.J. Liebling’s famous growing communication network in the history of humanity dictum that freedom of the press is restricted to those who and potentially one of the most important advances ever in own one. scientific communication. Software available at little or no However, it is this anarchic and explosive growth that cost permits an individual using any contemporary desktop makes it difficult to find the addresses (called Uniform computer to select and view text and images, including sound Resource Locators or URLs) of pages of interest or even to and video, created and provided by a remote computer. know what sites exist. There is no official central registry or Because the Web is machine independent, users with directory, and unlike the earlier Gopher protocols, there is no one type of computer, such as a Macintosh, can readily select hierarchical tree structure. (There is an art to deducing URLs and view documents created and provided by any computer, known to experienced Web users. It is based on a variety of whether Mac, IBM PC, or UNIX. An intuitive point-and- formal or informal conventions, but the guess must be exact.) click interface provides easy-to-use navigation of “links” One approach to keeping track of the continuing growth (underlined in Fig. 1) from document to document. This of this new medium is provided by on-line indexing and graphical interface largely shields the user from having to directory tools. A major indexing resource is the World-Wide know the actual site-the location on the Internet of the Web Virtual Library (WWWVL), a set of distributed subject remote computer--or even whether related documents are catalogs. One of these is the WWWVL: Physiology & stored on the same machine or on computers at different Biophysics, maintained at the Department of Physiology at sites. Further navigation by button or menu permits retracing Cornell University Medical College. This Virtual Library a series of links or revisiting any of a set of personally select- serves as an index and guide to physiology sites on the Web ed sites. and as a list of other sites that are likely to be of particular Posting documents (“pages”) on the Web is technologi- interest to physiologists. By combining the functions of a cally almost as simple as reading them. The resulting prolif- directory and index, the Virtual Library provides a contem- porary and informal definition of physiology. As the name implies, usage of this Virtual Library is indeed world wide. During one typical 24-hour period begin- INSIDE ning noon on August 14th, the site was used by hundreds: The Training of Physiologists 189 academics at 40 US and Canadian universities; US govern- ment, commercial, and military organizations; and other On-line and Into the Future 192 users from 18 foreign countries as geographically diverse as First Summer Institute Held 198 Australia, Brazil, Estonia, India, and Malaysia. for Teacher Research Fellows Experimental Biology ‘96 Preview 203 Origins APS Conference: New Discoveries i As a developer of this new technology at Cornell, I began by Within the Pancreatic Polypeptide constructing a local Web site that indexes and describes Family: Molecules to Medicine research, teaching, and people within my department. This con tin lred 011page 193

Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 187 CONTENTS

FEATURE: ARTICLES EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY ‘96 187 Physiology on the World-Wide Web 203 Symposia Preview D. Gardner 212 Bowditch Award, Cannon Award 189 The Training of Physiologists for the 21st 212 Distinguished Lectureships Century J. A. Williams PUBLIC AFFAIRS 214 Legislative Alert: Oppose the “Animal A MATTER OF OPINION Experimentation Right to Know Act” 192 On-line and Into the Future 215 APS Council Approves Resolution on “Class B” Dealers APS NEWS 216 Coronado Sentenced,Repudiates Own Activism 195 Letter to the Editor 195 Council Meets in Bethesda, MD 217 SUSTAINING Assocr~m 197 Council Thanks APS Staff 221 PEOPLE AND PLACES

EDUCATION 223 SENIOR PHYSIOIA~GISTS 198 First Summer Institute Held for Teacher 224 POSITIONS AVAILABLE ResearchFellows 199 Education Staff to Promote APS Programs 225 BOOKS RECEIVED at Fall Teacher Conferences 225 BOOKREVIEWS

APS CONFERENCES ANNOUNCEMENTS 200 Conference Report. Understanding the 228 XXX111 International Congressof Physiological Biological Clock Sciences 201 1996 Conference. Neural Control of Breathing: 229 Director, Division of ResearchGrants, NIH Molecular to Organismal Perspectives Position Open 202 1996 Conference. pHysiology of Acid-Based 230 Scientific Meetings and Congresses Regulation: From Molecules to Humans 202 1996 Intersociety Meeting. The Integrative Biology of Exercise

Publications Committee: Chuirman, Leonard R. Johnson; The Phvsiologist Members. Dale Benos, Jerome A. Dempsey, Lorne Mendell, John A. Published bimonthly and distributed by Williams, and Loring R. Rowe11 (ex officio). Publications Manager, The American Physiological Society Brenda B. Rauner. 9650 Rockville Pike Subscriptions: Distributed to members as part of their membership. Bethesda, Maryland 208 14-399 1 Nonmembers in the USA: individuals $25.00; institutions $37.00. ISSN 003 l-9376 Nonmembers elsewhere: individuals $35.00; institutions $48.00. Single copies and back issues when available, $10.00 each; single Martin Frank copies and back issues of Abstracts issues when available, $20.00. Editor and Executive Director Subscribers to The Physiologist also receive abstracts of the Conferences of the American Physiological Society. Leonard S. Jefferson President The American Physiological Society assumes no responsibility for Brian R. Duling Past President the statements and opinions advanced by contributors to The James A. Schafer Presider2 t- Elect Physiologist. Deadline for submission of material for publication: Jan. 1, February Councillors issue; March 1, April issue; May 1, June issue; July 1, August issue; Walter E Boron, Gerald I?. DiBona, D. Neil &anger, Sept. I, October issue; Nov. 1, December issue. Barbara A. Horwitz, Diana L. Kunze, Heinz Valtin Please notify the central office as soon as possible if you change Ex O@cio your address or telephone number. Leonard R. Johnson, Franklyn G. Knox, Francis L. Belloni, Headquarters phone: 301-530-7 118. Fax: 301-57 I-8305. Ethan R. Nadel, Richard J. ‘bystman Printed in the USA.

188 THE PHYSIOLOGIST THE TRAINING OF PHYSIOLOGISTS

The Training of Physiologists for t e 21st Century John A. Williams Department of Physiology University of Michigan In the last year I have been involved in a number of discus- We need to develop sions and read articles about the oversupply-real, per- ceived, or potential- of PhD scientists in the US. The issue a better understanding has become prominent enough that it was addressed last fall of the physiology pipeline in a meeting of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) that considered for the first time PhD An understanding of the physiology pipeline as it relates to the production of physiologists in North America is impor- degree programs in medical schools and will be the subject tant both for our discipline as a whole and for individual again this year at a similar meeting. institutions mounting a significant training effort. While The oversupply of PhDs is generally believed to result there is no cluestion of the importance and need for improve- from an increased number of individuals being trained cou- ment in precollege and college science education, I am start- pled with a decline in the number of positions available in ing my consideration at the entrance to graduate school. both academia and industry. David Goodstein of the At this point students who have majored in a variety of California Institute of Technology has pointed out that if the areas, frequently biology or chemistry, and who typically past exponential increase of individuals receiving PhDs con- have had significant research experience, enroll in a PhD tinued until 2080, every man, woman, and child in the US program seeking a degree in physiology. will have a PhD in physics (1). Nationwide figures from the AAMC suggest the number Until recently it was fashionable to speak of how many of enrolled physiology students has remained relatively con- PhD students one had trained. The implicit assumption was stant at 1,200 to 1,400 while the number receiving degrees that these students would all find jobs as science grew and has declined somewhat from 1980 to the 1990s and is now that by training as many scientists as possible, the day would about 200 per year (2). be hastened when the benefits of science would be brought At my school, the University of Michigan, the number to bear on an array of problems affecting mankind. Now we of enrolled PhD students has declined gradually and is now tend to talk of how many people are applying for each avail- lower than any time in the previous fifteen years. able job or how many people register at the placement office In our case this recent decline reflects a reduction in the at the annual meeting. number of highly qualified American applicants, little With the growing realization that society may not be growth in funds to support graduate training, and a signifi- able to support all conceivable scientific research, that the cantly higher annual cost in stipend, tuition, and insurance costs of health care need to be brought under control, and per trainee, which now totals about $30,000 for out-of-state that certain political groups are espousing large cuts in gov- ernment spending at all levels, we are starting to hear that we students. It will be important to understand whether the dwindling should reduce graduate training. applicant pool reflects the general state of graduate educa- Obviously, physiologists make up only a small portion tion in the biomedical sciences or reflects the perception by of biological scientists. Even though this means we are not a fewer applicants of physiology as an attractive career. large part of a manpower problem, it means we are at risk of However, at the same time, there has been growth in inter- getting swept along in any solution. Certainly at my institu- disciplinary PhD programs such as cell and molecular biolo- tion some administrators would like to combine all biomed- gy, neuroscience, and bioengineering. Some of these stu- ical graduate training into a common smaller program with dents work with physiologists as mentors and will ultimate- less institutional costs. Thus, if for no other reason than self ly identify themselves as professional physiologists. Thus, interest, it is important for physiologists to take stock of the although graduates of American physiology PhD programs self-renewing aspects of our discipline and to be able to make up the major source of new physiologists, other disci- make valid proposals regarding graduate training and have plines or programs are graduating individuals who may also the data to back them up. become physiologists. The purpose of this article is to present issues that, in my Most physiology graduates go on to do postdoctoral opinion, physiologists should be thinking about regarding research. At this stage there is a great mixing of disciplines graduate education, to present some examples from the per- as some physiology degree recipients will do research with spective of one physiology department, and to develop my mentors who do not identify themselves as physiologists, view that we probably should not significantly decrease our whereas individuals from other disciplines such as biochem- overall training effort but rather, in some cases, we need to istry or pharmacology will come to work with physiologists. change our curriculum to prepare our students for the wide Working with a physiologist, of course, does not necessarily range of careers open to physiologists.

Vol. 38. No. 5, 1995 189 THE TRAINING OF PHYSIOLOGISTS make one a physiologist unless this training provides an or at least the feeling, that we are providing different training appropriate integrative background. now than was the case ten years ago. The postdoctoral pool of physiologists is also enhanced Thus, what is happening to our past graduatesmay not by foreign medical or science graduates. Although many of be relevant to our future graduates.This argument is proba- these scientists return home after training, large numbers bly overstated as scientists have always had to evolve with from certain countries, including China, UK, and the former their discipline. However, in the face of discussionsof over- USSR, apply for permanent resident status and remain in the supply and pressuresto downsize, this type of information us. will becomeincreasingly important. The postdoctoral period is also getting longer and many Finally, understanding of the pipeline demographics individuals take more than one postdoctoral position. My requires an appreciation of the fact that certain students, perception is that the average period of postdoctoral training including some women, individuals with disabilities, and for individuals identifying themselves as physiologists is those choosing physiology after an earlier work experience, now about five years. Moreover, there is the very gray area may have careersthat follow a different time line. of individuals who have completed postdoctoral training (post-postdoctoral fellows), which is handled differently in different institutions. This large expansion of the postdoctor- How do we provide education that al and post-postdoctoral pool is probably the basis for gov- ensures our graduates will get jobs? ernment figures indicating low unemployment rates among It is vitally important that we design our graduate curriculum scientists and the general perception, certainly among post- for individuals who will work in the next century and who doctoral fellows, that it is difficult to find a permanent job. will be able to evolve with the discipline of physiology. After postdoctoral training, most physiologists look for Although it is easy to tire of formulating missionstatements, a permanent position, i.e., one that pays enough to live on it is essential to identify and foster what we hold to be and provides some security of employment. In this area we unique. frequently provide inadequate information to our students The two aspectsthat always seemto emerge from gath- and postdoctoral fellows as to the breadth of career options erings of physiologists who discuss their discipline are open to physiologists. “function” and “integration.” It is also clear that physiology Too often we focus on being an independent principal can spanthe spectrumof life from the molecule to the organ- investigator, usually as a university faculty member in a ism. Thus, although we may focus our researchon the cell or basic science department, as the expected successful out- organ level, as physiologists we should always be consider- come. We need to be more aware of and publicize the ing how these structures are made up of their component breadth of opportunities for physiologists in research as well parts and how they integrate to produce a functional organ- as teaching, hospitals, clinical research, public health, phar- ism. maceutical and biotechnology industries, and government Thus, a successful training program should introduce research and testing laboratories. Knowledge of this diversi- students to different levels of organization. It is this need. ty of career options is important not only because it affects combined with the complexity of science,that makesit nec- our students’ abilities to find meaningful and rewarding posi- essary for all but the most gifted students to receive their tions but also for guiding the evolution of our educational training in a center with a “critical mass”of faculty investi- structure. gators and students. Clearly not all these types of careers require the same We need to expose students to the most modern tech- intensity and length of research training. Exposing graduate niques of biomedical research.At present, this meanshaving students to a meaningful teaching experience is essential if hands-on experience with cell and molecular techniques, that path is to be perceived as an option. There may also be particularly thoseutilizing recombinant nucleic acid to mea- a place for some research-intensive academic centers to offer sure mRNA, express proteins, and produce structurally a designed masters level program in place of a PhD. altered proteins both in cells and animals. We need to be aware of several special circumstances in Students should be introduced to prominent cell physio- considering the physiology pipeline, primarily the time lag logical techniques,including patch-clamp electrophysiology in the system. When the average individual takes ten years and the use of fluorescent intracellular reporter probes, both from the time of entering a PhD program to obtain a perma- of which give information from living cells at the molecular nent position, evaluating and correcting problems becomes level. Immunological techniques that students should learn difficult. include the generation and use of specific monoclonal and Due to the large demand for postdoctoral fellows, essen- polyclonal antibodies. Some of these techniques may be tially all graduates of physiology PhD programs get a job, learned during a hands-on research experience and others but most of us have little data about our graduates’ success or personal satisfaction five to ten years after they receive their through classes,seminars, and observing work going on in other laboratories. degree. Furthermore, this analysis is confounded by the fact, The aim here is not to make new physiology PhDs

190 THE PHYSIOLOGIST THE TRAINING OF PHYSIOLOGISTS experts in all these techniques but to give them a basic under- to carry out experiments in animals also indicates that keep- standing of the technique, an appreciation of its power and ing integrative biology alive will be a challenge in the future. limitations, and the feeling that if it becomes essential to While this usually relates to large animals, another new fron- answer a particular question they know they can set up and tier in physiology may be to carry out integrative or system use the technique with advice from others. This may be function studies in mice to understand the consequences of thought of as “molecular empowerment” and has gone a long gene mutations or knockouts. For their own research, physi- way toward replacing the “molecular angst” of the previous ologists can now obtain mice expressing a particular protein generation of physiologists. in a tissue-specific manner by making use of core facilities At the same time we are providing training in molecular available at most major research centers. techniques, fostering a deep understanding of integrative function is essential. The main difference between what I do and what some of my biochemical friends do is that while Does the enterprise need attention? they are studying a molecule or process in yeast or COS If we expect to continue training PhD-level physiologists, we cells, I am studying it in pancreatic acinar cells and relating need to pay more attention to how this training is done. We what I learn to the tissue-specific function of this cell while need to be able to justify the type of training we provide and keeping in mind the role of the acinar cell in digestion. to understand supply and demand as it affects our graduates. It is this sort of approach that makes physiology so rel- In the face of pressure to combine programs and down-size, evant to medicine and is the basis for bridges between phys- we must also be able to articulate the unique mission of iology and clinical departments. Seeing this sort of interac- physiology. tion being practiced may open our students’ eyes to career However, we may also need to contend with a decreas- options in clinical disciplines” ing number of students simply due to finances or a dwindling At Michigan we have married the molecular and the applicant pool. In this case, medical schools might institute integrative approaches by creating a Cellular and Molecular combined graduate student recruiting among the biomedical Aspects of Systems and Integrative Biology training pro- sciences, as well as a common first year curriculum. This gram. This program, which started out as a training grant would be followed by election of a program and discipline- application, has been so appealing to students that it now specific training in the second year, which would then be fol- forms the predominant training path. Students in the pro- lowed by thesis research. gram take courses in gene regulation and advanced bio- Are we training too many physiologists? I would answer chemistry as well as cellular and integrative physiology. a resounding no. Are we training the right people in the right They are encouraged to have two mentors, one being cellu- way‘? I would have to answer, not always. lar/molecular in emphasis and the other being integrative. It is our responsibility when admitting students to be This frequently involves one mentor being outside the reasonably confident that each student’s background and department. Students can also carry out rotations within a innate abilities, coupled with his/her training, will enable the broader group of faculty. student to obtain a position that is both personally satisfying To reinforce understanding of integrative physiology, and makes use of the training we provide. This may mean we each student spends time teaching in an undergraduate human need to be more rigorous in our entrance requirements and at physiology course. Whenever possible, we encourage stu- the same time do a better job of recruiting interested highly dents to design a thesis project in which cellular/molecular qualified applicants. techniques are used to answer a question of integrative impor- In some cases there may be pressure to fill a class or to tance. Even those students who choose a pure cellular/mole- provide research and teaching assistants to meet other needs. cular or integrative study benefit from being in this milieu. A reduction in graduate students may require us to look else- Ten years ago the challenge to physiologists was to where for people to fill these roles. However, if we are com- introduce cellular and molecular techniques. The more diffi- mitted to providing the highest quality educational experience, cult challenge for the future is to keep integrative biology our curriculum should, in any case, be designed with the stu- alive. dent in mind and should prepare him/her for the position As a departmental chair reviewing faculty applicants for he/she will take five to ten years after entering our programs. a position specifying both integrative relevance and teaching, Thus, it is certainly not hyperbole to assert that we need to it has become obvious to me how few individuals address any think in terms of training physiologists for the 2 1st century. sort of big picture in their research proposals. On the other hand, I have noted that there is a smaller group, distinguished References by having received training in classical physiology, who may 1. Goodstein. D. Scientific PhD problems. Am Scholnr have trouble competing successfully for research grant sup- Spring: 99-104, 1993. port because of their lack of familiarity with modern molecu- 2. Matyas, M.L., and M. Frank. Physiologists at US medical lar tools. Complaints from our colleagues in the pharmaceu- schools: education, current status and trends in diversity. tical industry regarding their trouble recruiting scientists able Physiologist 38: 1- 12, 1995.

Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 191 A MATTER OF OPINION

On-line and Into the Future August 1, 1995, marks the dawning of a new age for APS. tion, and gray scale and color images.The userinterface sup- On that date the Society signed a contract with Online ports full-text searching using Boolean capabilities, wild- Computer Library Center, Inc. (OCLC) to publish the card, adjacency, and proximity indicators. Most importantly, Journal of Applied Physiology on CD-ROM and on-line. In the Guidon user interface will allow the Society to link the deciding to take this step, the Society acknowledged that, in referencesin the Journal of Applied Physiology to relevant the future, the distribution over the Internet of full-text sci- external databasessuch as Medline, other articles in Journal entific journals will be a vital meansof information dissem- of Applied Physiology, and other OCLC electronic journals. ination Ultimately, on-line publication of APS journals Electronic Journals Online can be accessed via the should also speedthe publication processand help to reduce Internet or via dial accessthrough CompuServelines. Each the growing cost of serialsfor libraries. user is supplied with an authorization number that allows APS has long been a leader in the distribution of infor- one simultaneoususer at a time. The software can also be mation over the Internet. With the initiation of the APS loaded on a local area network to facilitate usageamong a Gopher Information Server in December 1992, the Society group of users. The Society will offer multiple-user sub- becameone of the first scientific societieswith a presenceon scriptions at a modest additional charge, making this an Gopher. attractive option for institutions or others who want to offer In January 1994, APS created its first electronic journal, accessto a number of simultaneoususers. APStracts, an on-line publication of current research in the OCLC’s Electronic Journals Online offers userstechni- form of abstracts of accepted manuscripts scheduled to be cal support through toll-free telephone support and compre- publishedin the APS journals. Started as a pilot project with hensive documentation. OCLC’s offices in Birmingham, abstracts from the American Journal of Physiology: Cell UK, provide support for international subscribers. The Physiology, APStracts was expanded to include abstracts Guidon interface’s extensive on-line help system is comple- from all the journals in 1995. It was then that the Society mented by a documentation package (including journal-spe- also began the publication of APStracts on the World-Wide cific reference cards) and startup information (including a Web. separatesection on connectivity). The Society has been exploring the electronic publica- As a publisher of multiple journals, the Society had to tion of full-text journals for some time. Initially, APS decide whether to mount all the journals simultaneouslyor to focused on the production of a monthly CD-ROM, but begin our electronic publication venture with only one jour- advancesin technology renderedthe concept obsoletebefore nal. Becauseof the uncertainties associatedwith the on-line implementation. publication environment, APS decided to start with one title With the development of Web browsers such as Mosaic and evaluate how it is utilized and how to price it to ensure and Netscape, on-line publication becamea more promising cost recovery. platform for the monthly publication of the Society’s jour- The large member subscriber base contributed to the nals. Consequently,the Society switched its focus and began Society’s decision to initiate the venture with the Journal of investigating a combination of on-line publication and pro- Applied Physiology, titling the new product the Journal of duction of archival CD-ROMs. Applied Physiology Online. The journal will be published APS selectedOCLC basedon its pioneering role in the on-line and on paper simultaneously, but becauseof mailing publication of scholarly journals on-line. OCLC’s electronic delays it will appearon-line before it arrives in the library or journal platform was introduced in July 1992. Today, OCLC subscribers’offices. is one of the world leadersin the distribution of journals on- As a fully searchablefile, Journal of Applied Physiology line. Currently, OCLC Electronic’ Journals Online publishes Online will provide the user with immediate accessto the Immunology Today Online, Applied Physics” Letters Online, wealth of information appearing each month. In addition, Current Opinions in Biology, Current Opinions in Medicine, subscriberscan receive notification, via e-mail or fax, of new Electronics Letters Online, The Online Journal of articles appearing that meet the search parametersof their Knowledge Synthesisfor Nursing, and The Online Journal of particular fields of interest. Having identified articles of Current Clinical Trials. OCLC plans to load 13 other jour- interest, subscribers can print the article locally, order a nals at the beginning of 1996. OCLC has also signed a mem- reprint from APS, or download articles or sectionsof articles orandum of understandingwith Elsevier Science to make all for future use. Elsevier titles available electronically under a joint market- In order to make the Journal of Applied Physiology ing arrangement. Online attractive to subscribers,it will be available indepen- OCLC’s Electronic Journals Online uses Guidon, a dently or in combination with either the print or archival CD- Windows and Macintosh graphical user interface, for the on- ROM version of the journal. The Journal of AppZied line delivery of the journals. Guidon offers typeset-quality Physiology Online’s attractive introductory price for APS presentation,complete with tables, math and scientific nota- members will maximize utilization of this exciting new

192 THE PHYSIOLOGIST PHYSIOLOGY ON THE WORLD-WIDE WEB resource. APS plans to invite member subscribers to evaluate tional information about the Journal of Applied Physiology the product and help the Society determine the utility of on- Online. The journal should be available to subscribers in line publications. The success of the Journal of Applied May 1996, with access to all issues published since January Physiology Online will help APS decide whether to publish 1996. all its journals on-line. We look forward to having you join us in this adventure. In the coming months, APS will be distributing addi- Martin Frank

Physiology on the World-Wide Web continued from page 187 provided any Web user, whether at Cornell or far beyond its walls, with descriptions of our research, bibliographies of our recent works. and schedules of our courses. This continually updated site serves not only its original purpose but now also acts as a directory to other servers at Cornell and allied institutions. One of its most popular com- ponents is a student handbook-derived guide to New York life and the neighborhood surrounding Cornell. This departmental page served to keep the world informed about us and our work, but I saw the need for a compendium of sources of information elsewhere that phys- iologists would find useful. This naturally included physiol- ogy and biophysics departmental and program home pages at other institutions but would also include physiology journals. databases, techniques, and resources, as well as organiza- tions such as APS, the Biophysical Society, and the Physiological Society. I also saw the need to emphasize how physiology was Fig 1. The top of the WWWVL: Physiology & Biophysics page, as viewed on a user’s computer equipped with a Web browser (here, continuing to evolve, to stress the range of contemporary Netscape Navtgator). Visible under the category Physrology & physiology and the strength of its ties to such related sci- Biophysics Servers is the start of an alphabetized list of links. Pointing to ences as molecular biology, neuroscience, structural biology, and clicking on any underlined text selects the corresponding page from cell biology, and information science. a remote computer and displays it on the user’s screen. On the right, the Therefore, I selected similar resources in these disci- scroll bars are used to reveal other parts of a page too large for the win- plines to be included in my evolving physiology Web site. dow. Buttons permit further navigation and reading and printing pages. The major criterion for inclusion in this growing list The Bookmarks menu allows generation and recall of individual lists of remained the information’s utility to physiologists. pages of interest. Pages present a similar appearance on other graphical Once established, the page proved to be of more than browsers: nongraphical browsers such as Lynx provide a text-only equiv- local interest. Soon, maintainers of other subject areas of the alent. WWWVL asked me to convert my physiology Web page to a virtual library. Now, I maintain the original Cornell physi- ology site as well as the WWWVL: Physiology & The WWW Virtual Library: Biophysics page. Physiology & Biophysics The new WWWVL: Physiology & Biophysics page grows as new links are continually added. Some links, how- can be found at ever, are only temporary. For example, when matters related to research funding arise, such as Congressional action on http://physiology.med.cornell.edu/WWWVL/ bills affecting NIH or NSF, summaries and alerts are provid- ed during critical periods. The Department of Physiology & Biophysics at Cornell University Medical College Organization home page can be found at Much like a journal editor, maintainers of Web sites help to define and codify the current extent of a field. If well http://physiolog.med.cornell.edu/ done, Virtual Libraries make it unnecessary for every Web-

Vol. 38. No. 5, 1995 193 PHYSIOLOGY ON THE WORLD-WIDE WEB linked institution to do the research necessary to generate its Predictions own ad hoc list of links in a subject area. Estimatesof the future growth rate of the Web vary so wide- With links maintained to about 200 resources, utility ly as to be unreliable. However, predictions of the future of of the Virtual Library depends upon the efficiency of the physiology on the Web can be more focused. Most major classification and arrangement of listings. Currently, links departments, programs, and laboratories will post home are divided into three main categories and alphabetically list- pages, in part to stay competitive in the searchfor students, ed within each category. postdoctoral fellows, and clinical residentsand fellows. Web Physiology and biophysics sites form the first group, pagescan also provide preprints and virtual postersand list including approximately 60 departments, programs, databas- local on-line resources, including research descriptions, es, and organizations. The second category comprises about phone and e-mail lists, videoconference reflectors, and data- 100 resource pages for related or broader biomedical sci- bases.Keeping track of this growth will enhancethe utility ences. Examples of links in this more diverse category and value of such guides as the WWW Virtual Libraries. include chemistry, cognitive science, Digital Anatomist, the Japan Neural Network Society, the Journal of Biological Chemistry, the NIH and NSF home pages, three versions of the periodic table, and the Visible Human. WhatYou’ll Need to Gelf Hooked 17 The broadest category is labeled “of universal interest” and forms a short (28) select list of nonbiomedical Web sites For those not yet using the Web, all that is that say much about how scienceis performed today. Some needed are contemporary computer hard- of the most popular sitesin this section include airline toll- ware and software and access to the Internet free phone numbers, US postage rates, and package tracing (usually provided by one’s institution). for delivery services.Other sitessample contemporary inter- Useful hardware includes a Macintosh ests: I include the Shakespearehome page, world subway maps, weather sites, NPR (the radio network) and CPR (the with 4 MB of memory and 68030,68040, or technique), and views of the solar system and the Paleolithic PowerPC processor; an IBM PC clone with 4 cave art in the Ardeche. MB of memory and 386, 486, or Pentium processor; or a 16-MB UNIX workstation, all with Ethernet (either card or built-in) and Future APS Meetings appropriate transceiver. The most popular Web browsers, 1995 APS Conference Netscape Navigator or NCSA Mosaic, are New Discoveries within the Pancreatic Polypeptide available by downloading over the Internet Family: Molecules to Medicine and from many academic institutions as Nov. 8-l 1, Newport Beach, CA well. These browsers require contemporary system and windowing software: for Mats, 1996 Experimental Biology ‘96 System 7.x and MacTCP; for PCs, Windows April 14-17, Washington, DC (3.1, NT, or 95) and Winsock TCPDP, or

APS Conference LINUX; for UNIX, X Windows. Needed insti- pHysiology of Acid-Base Regulation: tutional support includes an Ethernet con- From Molecules to Humans nection to lab or office, either via fiber optic July 12-15, Snowmass, CO cable (IO-base-T), or coaxial cable (lo-base-2 APS Conference or 5), a link from the local net to the Internet, Neural Control of Breathing: Molecular to Organismal Perspectives and support for Internet TCP/IP and July 21-25, Madison, WI addressing protocols. There are alternatives. Older machines APS Intersociety Meeting The Integrative Biology of Exercise or those with slower processors can access October 16-l 9, Vancouver, British Columbia text on the Web (without images) using other browsers, such as Lynx. Where institutional 1997 Ethernet-based connections are unavailable, Experimental Biology ‘97 April 6-10, New Orleans, LA dial-up access using a modem provides a less-convenient and slower option.

THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

Letter to the Editor Following is a letter written in response to Past President er and bomber planes, two more Aegis destroyers, and a pot- Brian Duling ‘s open letter which appeared in the June 1995 pourri of other pork-barrel projects from amphibious assault issue of The Physiologist. shipsand army trucks to barracks and day care centers. The congressmenwho voted for this very substantial In your open letter to APS members,you relate the visits you increase in military spending want us to agree voluntarily to made with Martin Frank and Alice Hellerstein to congres- slashthe health sciencebudget, even though the total yearly sional offices. You explained the discussionsyou had and the NIH budget is only about $11 billion! positionsyou took asour representatives.In your discussions Despite the fact that our sciencebudget is very modest you agreedwith the opinion that cuts have to be made in the in relation to the large military expenses,all the resultsof the financing of scientific research and suggestedthat it is time work are very important. They make it possible today to for scientists themselvesto make the decisionsabout which maintain a healthy life for our citizens to a degreenever seen existing programs should be dropped and which should be before. New successesare on the horizon. The prestige of maintained. You were impressedby the fact that people in American scienceis high. It is clear, on the other hand, that Congressare ready to hear where cuts can be made and that the enormousamount of money by which military spending at least one congressmanwas offended at the reluctance of is increasing is a wasteof taxpayers’ money. scientiststo point fingers and name names. You suggestthat we should be preparedto point our fin- We have seen,however, that all thesecongressmen who gers at those whose research should be eliminated and at point their severe slashing fingers toward the budget of bio- those whose research should continue. You know that your logical research, health care, and educational programs, as work is excellent and your colleagues in the committees well as toward foreign aid and international collaboration, agree that it should continue. You will therefore, agree that fight vigorously for the procurement of unneededweapons their excellent work should also continue. The research of and for the maintenance of unnecessary military installa- the scientists not represented in the committees of power tions, especially when the weapons are produced and the would, therefore, have to be discontinued. Their knowledge, installationsare located in their voting districts. their skill, their talent, and their enthusiasmwould be wast- Following the levels set by the budget resolutions by ed. Finger pointing has nothing to do with the quality of sci- both houses, the Senate Armed Services Committee ence, rather it is necessarily determined only by the position approved a $264.7 billion military budget bill for fiscal year of the individuals in the power structure. 1996. They approved $7 billion more than the Pentagon As responsiblecitizens, the membersof the APS cannot requested. Congress is also prepared to spend $7 billion agree with decreasesin funding for biological or any other more than the Pentagonrequested next year and $11.14 bil- type of research.We cannot collaborate in this processwith lion more in 1997. The plans of both housesto spendover finger pointing. and above the very generousmilitary budget of the adminis- Walter Ehrlich tration are larded with the addition of different military fight- The Johns Hopkins University

--- -. -- Council Meets in Bethesc The summerCouncil meeting was held in Bethesda at APS lit affairs staff may account for this trend. With its increased headquartersJune 23-25, 1995. One of the highlights of the manpower, the staff is better able to coordinate projects summermeeting is Council’s opportunity to meet with com- involving multiple committees or groups, as well as make mittee chairs, receive reports on their accomplishmentsdur- suggestionsfor such cooperative efforts. ing the past year, and listen to their plans for the coming Recent examplesinclude the joint efforts of the Long- year. (Thesecommittee reports were published in the August Range Planningand Program Committeesand sectionalrepre- issueof The Physiologist.) sentatives,along with APS Council, to revampthe Experimental In addition, Council and committee chairs were briefed Biology meetingto increaseits drawingpower amongscientists by Lawrence E. McCray, Executive Director of the through better and more exciting programming.The Liaison Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy at the With Industry and Careersin Physiology Committeesjoined to National Academy of Sciences, on the recently published support a seminaron possiblecareer opportunities,both tradi- report on graduate education in the US. tional and nontraditional,in physiology. The Education,Women With each year’s committee reports, it becomes more in Physiology, Careers in Physiology, and Animal Care and apparent that while the committeescontinue to work as inde- Experimentation Committees jointly sponsor programs to pendent entities on their own projects, increasingly they are develop resourcematerials for the precollege classroomcon- joining forces to implement specific plans in areas of com- cerningcontemporary issues in physiology. In light of the posi- mon interest. The recent increasein APS education and pub- tive resultsof theseefforts. Council encouragedthe committees

vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 195 APS NEWS to continue to share resources and ideas. only. This should provide a more equitable distribution of Council reviewed the recent Experimental Biology (EB) funds than occurred previously. ‘95 meeting and the APS programs associated with it and During the meeting, Council discussed the awards pro- previewed EB ‘96. Noting that in a period of just two years gram and its impact on the membership. As a result of this the Distinguished Lectureships had become an integral part discussion, Council established a new Awards Committee of the EB, Council encouraged the sections to continue to and charged it with overseeing the entire APS awards pro- bring in the very best world-renowned lecturers in their fields. Following their retreat in the fall of 1994, Council generated many new programming ideas, some of which have been implemented already and a great many of which will be implemented at EB ‘96 in Washington, DC. The number of symposia was reduced in anticipation of having as many as three “hot topic” symposia and the new Physiology InFocus program, the subject of which will be “Ion Channels and the Mechanisms of Disease” in 1996. Council expects programs such as these to engage ’ members’ interest in attending future EB meetings. The individuals chosen for the 1996 Bowditch and Cannon Lecturers and the sectional APS Council. Back (I to r): Walter F. Boron, Diana L. Kunze, Barbara A. Horwitz. Distinguished Lecturers were announced at the Front (I to r): Heinz Valtin, Leonard S. Jefferson, Brian R. Duling, Gerald E DiBona. meeting (seepage 212). Council predicted that the outstanding quality of the individuals involved in the EB gram to ensureuniformity and conformity with the goals of meeting will generate greater enthusiasmfor it. APS and selecting the recipients of the Research Career Council reviewed the APS policy on reimbursementof Enhancement Awards, the APS-Genentech Fellowship, and symposia speakersat the urging of the Program Committee. others. The Council gave its approval for a second APS- In the past, reimbursement was limited to non-APS mem- Genentech Postdoctoral Fellowship in Mammalian Organ bers. Acknowledging the perception of discrimination System Physiology, renewing the Society’s commitment to toward the Society’s own membership,Council approved the training physiologists in integrative physiology. allocation of $2,500 for each symposium, beginning in 1996. The Society’s greater commitment to education at all The organizer of the symposium will then have the capabili- levels was evident throughout the meeting, but particularly in ty to distribute the funds to the speakerson the basisof need the Education Committee’sreport. With the recent establish- ment of the APS Education Office, the Society has undertaken a variety of new educational pro- grams. The Education Committee updated Council on the grants underway for the development of spe- cialized physiology curriculum for scienceteach- ers at the middle and high school levels. These include units on female role models in science (including 2 APS members),a curriculum devel- opment project titled “My Health, My World” for gradesK-4 that is run in conjunction with Baylor College of Medicine, and the summer research training program for high school scienceteachers. In addition, the Education Committee plans to become involved in professional educational issuesand to work with the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society in their attempts to develop a model curriculum for undergraduates. Council directed the Long-Range Planning Committee to APS Committee Chairs. Back (I to r): Mordecai P. Blaustein, Steven L. Bealer, and work with the Education Committee to prepare Franklyn G. Knox. Middle (I to r): Eric 0. Feigl, Barry T. Peterson, and Richard J. white paperson the criticality of physiology in the Traystman. Front (I to r): Cheryl M. Heesch, Eleanor Ison-Franklin, and Hannah Carey. medical school curriculum and on graduatestudent

196 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS training in physiology. affairs issues during its future meetings. With the greater The Council also received an update from the APS staff involvement of the Federation in public affairs and the need concerning efforts to enter the world of electronic publish- for increased communication among APS Council, APS ing. The first APS electronic journal, APStrucfs. went online staff, APS Public Affairs Committee and Chair, the with AJP: Cell Physiology abstracts beginning in 1994. In Federation Public Affairs Executive and Advisory January 1995, abstracts from the remaining AJP journals, the Committees, and the Federation Board, Council decided an Journal of Applied Physiology, the Journal of ongoing discussionof current issuesat its meetingswould be Neurophysiology, and Physiological Reviews also began worthwhile. With the recent reorganization of the FASEB appearing on the Internet. Board and Public Affairs Executive Committee and the At the recent summer meeting, Council approved the elec- newly formed FASEB Public Affairs Advisory Committee, tronic publication of the Journal of Applied Physiology, begin- Council saw the need to be kept as informed as possible, as ning with the January 1996 issue, on the World-Wide Web and well as to keep Society representatives informed of the semi-annually on CD-ROM, in conjunction with the printed Council’s views on specific issuesin a timely manner. journal. APS signed a contract with Online Computer Library The Council began planning for its fall retreat, sched- Center (OCLC) of Columbus, OH, to execute this new project uled for November 9-l 1, 1995, in conjunction with the APS (seepage 192). OCLC is one of the few companieswith actu- conference on “New Discoveries Within the Pancreatic al on-line electronic publishing experience. By the beginning Polypeptide Family: Molecules to Medicine.” As a result of of 1996. OCLC expects to have over 14 journals online. The the development of APS’ Strategic Plan in 1992, many new Journal of Applied Physiology Online will include Medline programs have been started and many others have been links to the reference lists of each article. OCLC’s user inter- changed in an effort to better meet the needsof APS mem- face has the ability to handle scientific notation and equations bers. As most strategic plans are evaluated at a five-year and allows the journal to be accessedthrough either PC- or mark, Council, in anticipation of conducting such an evalua- Mac-basedsystems. Council approved a special introductory tion, has decided to use the fall retreat to reexamine the offer for the on-line version as a meansto introduce current and Strategic Plan and receive updates on progressmade toward potential subscribersto the service. with subscribersin turn reaching the goals set in 1992. helpingAPS to determinethe value of the service and the fea- Additional details of the Council’s actions during the sibility of publishing the other APS journals on-line. June meeting will be communicated to the membership at Council also decided to begin discussionsof public the next businessmeeting and in The Physiologist. Council Thanks APS Staff Council, in conjunction with its summer meeting at APS An important part of the annual staff appreciation recep- headquartersin Bethesda, MD, hosted a staff appreciation tion is the recognition of years of service to the Society. This reception for APS’ 58 employees. On behalf of Council, year, Jefferson presentedIO-year certificates to Martin Frank PresidentLeonard (Jim) Jefferson thanked the staff for all (Executive Director) and Karen Cannon (Art Department their efforts over the past year. He noted that becauseof staff Manager). Jefferson expressed Council’s appreciation for members’dedication,the Society’s programshave continued their many years of service. to be very successful,allowing APS to move in new direc- In addition, Council expressed its appreciation for the tions. such as electronic publishing. efforts of all the staff and its hope that the staff would con- tinue in their tradition of excellence for many more years.

APS Executive Director Martin Frank (left) receives a certificate for 10 President Jefferson (left) presents Art Department Manager Karen Cannon years of service to the Society from President Jefferson (right). (right) with a certificate for her IO years of service. Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 197 EDUCATION

First Summer Institute Held for Teacher Research Fellows The first Summer Institute, a component of the Frontiers in Columbus,OH, and San Diego, CA, Frontiers Local Action Physiology Science Teacher Summer Research Program, Teams (LATs). During the previous year, each LAT devel- administered by the APS Education Office, was held at APS headquarters in Bethesda, MD, July 29-August 3, 1995. All 23 Summer Research Teacher (SRT) Fellows participated in the Institute, which was designed to complement the two months the teachers spent engaged in research at the labora- tories of APS members. SRT Fellows had a number of goals to accomplish dur- ing the week-long Institute, the foremost being to begin the development of a classroom laboratory activity or lesson based on their summer research experience. SRT Fellows Institute participants prepare tubing for a blood flow andresistance- also had opportunities to: experiment. l network with their colleagues to discuss their research activ- ities, science education content, and teaching methods; oped physiology laboratory activities for in-service teacher l reflect on their teaching methods and practices to deter- training workshops. These activities were field testedfor the mine ways in which to improve their students’ science first time during the Institute. achievement. This activity was facilitated by a newly The Columbus LAT presentedneurophysiology activi- developed video produced by APS, “Reflecting on ties appropriate for middle school classroomswhile the San Effective Teaching Practices”; and Diego team presentedexercise physiology activities for high l explore the Internet for teaching resources and develop a school classrooms.Over the next two years, these laboratory plan for accessing Internet in their classroom or home. activities will be included in in-service training workshopsfor teachersin Brainstorming with Colleagues Columbus, San Diego, SRT Fellow Edward Neubauer, a teacher at Northwestern High and seven other sites School in Hyattsville, MD, said the Institute provided him with acrossthe country. the “most valuable experience a teacher can have-brain- For SRT Fellow storming with his colleagues for the improvement of education Evelyn Bradshaw, a for students.” Neubauer worked in the laboratory of Mordecai teacher at Cleveland Blaustein at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. Heights (OH) High In previous years, SRT Fellows did not have the oppor- School, who worked with tunity to meet each other until the spring Experimental Joseph LaManna at Case Biology meeting held nearly eight months after their summer Western Reserve Uni- research experience. For many of this year’s Fellows, the versity School of Institute occurred just prior to their completion of their lab- Medicine, the LAT activ- oratory researchactivities. This enabled them to discusswith ities “really explained each other ideasfor developing their classroomactivities and and showed me what for improving their teaching performance. inquiry activities are. Laboratory activities developed by the SRT Fellows will They’re not just hands- be publishedas a manual and several will be posted on APS’ on; they ask students to Internet home page ‘Orne UP with a problem Fellows simulate blood viscosity and as well. ”:: and then determine how flow in an Institute experiment. .:’.<.. to approach it.” Field testing the activities “gave us an opportunity . . . to Field Testing work out some of the bugs before presenting it to other Activities teachers,” said APS member Frank Powell of the University of California, San Diego and chair of the San Diego LAT. it SRT Fellows were also made the San Diego LAT aware of “the importance of joined at the Institute modeling innovative teaching methods,” Powell added. by APS member The Frontiers program is a three-year project supported ““rJ d’ s physiologists, sci- 5‘;“a4 :rji&;T j“ww j , , a** c by the APS, the NSF, and the National Institute of Diabetes, ence educators, and - Digestive, and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Its aim is to Fellows simulate bronchial asthma breathing scienceteachers who improve scienceeducation by building connections between by using snorkels and PVC pipes. were part of the scienceteachers and the researchcommunity.

I98 THE PHYSIOLOGIST EDUCATION

Education Staff to Promote at Fall Teacher Con This fall more than 26,000 science teachers from across the for use in middle and high school life sciences classrooms. country will have the opportunity to learn about APS educa- During the upcoming workshops, each participant will tion programs at conferences to be held in Arizona, do activities from several of the modules. Project consultants Maryland, and Texas. Ann E. Haley-Oliphant, Miami University, Oxford, OH, and At the annual meeting of the National Association of April L. Gardner, University of Northern Colorado, will act Biology Teachers (NABT) and two regional meetings of the as coleaders for the workshops. National Science Teachers Association (NSTA), APS APS project coordinator Phyllis Edelman will hold Education Officer Marsha Lakes Matyas will conduct a total workshops at both NSTA regional meetings on the Frontiers of five workshops for middle and high school teachers at the in Physiology program, with a particular focus on the summer meetings. The workshops engage participants in hands-on research program for middle and high school teachers. The science activities developed as part of the APS’ NSF-sup- Frontiers in Physiology project, supported by the APS, the ported project on female role models in life sciences. NSF, and the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and The project includes the development of 20 classroom Kidney Diseases, includes summer research fellowships for activity modules, each focusing on a historical or contempo- middle and high school science teachers and in-service pro- rary female life science researcher. Modules include a biog- grams led by physiologists for teachers in their communities. raphy of the role model and hands-on, inquiry, or problem- Participants in the NSTA workshops this fall will hear solving activities related to her area of research. The com- from both Edelman and past recipients of the APS Summer plete set of modules will be published later this year by APS Research Teacher fellowship about the influence of a sum- mer research experience on science teachers’ outlook, per- APS Mentoring Program for ceptions of science, and science teaching methods. Participants also will try some of the hands-on activities Women Keeps Growing developed by past Summer Research Teacher Fellows. The APS Mentoring Program for Women in Physiology is In addition, the APS Marketing Office will have a booth growing at a steady pace. Sponsored by the APS Women in in the exhibit hall at the NABT annual meeting, providing Physiology Committee, the program enables women phys- information on APS journals membership, and other publi- iologists to increase their networking and facilitates pro- cations as well as educational resource materials. fessional relationships between men and women scientists The NABT meeting will be held in Phoenix, AZ, October at all levels. Women who are graduate students, postdoc- 25-28. The NSTA meetings will be in Baltimore, MD, toral fellows, or faculty members in physiology are eligible November 16-18, and San Antonio. TX, December 14-16. to become mentees, and both male and female APS mem- APS members in these areas are invited to participate in bers act as volunteer mentors. these events. For more information on the upcoming work- The program began in the summer of 1993. By shops or the APS education activities noted above, contact October 1994, the program supported 64 mentors and 37 Marsha Lakes Matyas at (301) 530-7132 or mentees. Of those individuals, 20 mentor/mentee matches [email protected]. were made. As of August 1995, however, the number of Applications are now available for mentors had increased to 73 APS members. The number of mentees increased even more dramatically to 70 individu- Frontiers in Physiology als, an increase of 89% in less than 10 months. I996 Science Teacher Summer Research Program Matches between mentors and mentees have more than Through the Frontiers program, middle and high school science teach- doubled, to 44 in all. The growth of the Mentoring Program ers spend seven to nine weeks during the summer working in the research laboratory of an APS member who serves as a research host. is significant because such relationships can be instrumen- Applications are developed jointly by the science teacher and the APS tal to the success of women in science careers. Mentors play member in whose laboratory the teacher will be working. All applica- a vital part in steering women scientists through early career tions must be received at the APS Education Office by Friday, January 5, 1996. Applicants will be notified of their acceptance by March 8, stages and providing essential support and guidance on such 1996. issues as scientific and academic development, career If you are interested in receiving an application to pass on to a sci- advancement, and family and gender concerns. ence teacher, science supervisor, or principal, please contact: The APS would like to see the Mentoring Program Phyllis Edelman, Project Coordinator continue to grow. All interested individuals are encouraged APS Education Office, Frontiers in Physiology to contact the APS Education Office for more information. 9650 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 208 14-399 I Contact Marsha Lakes Matyas, Education Officer, at (301) Tel. (30 I) 57 I-0692 Fax (30 I) 57 I-8305 e-mail: pedelman @ aps.faseb.org 530-7 132, or by e-mail at [email protected].

Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 199 APS CONFERENCES

1995 APS Conference Report Understanding the Biological Clock: From Genetics to Physiology Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, served as the abstracts (29%) were submitted by scientists working in lab- venue for APS’ first 1995 conference, “Understanding the oratories outside the Americas. The volunteered abstracts Biological Clock: From Genetics to Physiology.” The con- were submitted by scientists working in 23 different depart- ference, held July 8-12, was organized by APS members Jay ments including 24 abstracts (25.8%) from biological sci- C. Dunlap, Jennifer J. Loros. and Heinz Valtin. The ences departments, 14 abstracts (15%) from psychology, and Conference was designed to take advantage of the fusion of 7 abstracts (7.5%) from physiology. two intellectually dominant but heretofore separate lines of The scientific abstracts submitted by students were clock research, vertebrate physiology and invertebrate and judged for scientific excellence, and the four best abstracts microbial genetics. As an outgrowth of this conference, the were selected for awards consisting of a $500 check, com- organizers hope to create a reference source of lasting value plimentary registration, and a certificate. Awards were pre- sented by the organizers to Brian Prendergast. University of California, Berkeley; James Comolli. Harvard

contextual, concerning Category Number biological timing. Member 15 Th; conference started Nonmember 97 with an evening plenary Retired 3 lecture presented by Student 68 Michael Rosbash, Guest 12 Brandeis University, and Invited Speaker 56 an opening reception. On Total 251 each of the subsequent evenings, attendees were able to enjoy plenary lectures presented by Michael Jay C. Dunlap and Jennifer J. Loros with the APS Student Award Menaker, University of Virginia; Robert Moore, University recipients at the APS Conference, Hanover, NH. of Pittsburgh; and J. Woodland Hastings, Harvard University; Yi Liu. Vanderbilt University; and Namni Gael. University. Each day featured a morning symposium and an University of Michigan. during the concluding banquet of afternoon poster session with ample time for discussion of the conference. research by the attendees. The Society also continued its efforts to increase the par- Ninety-three abstracts were submitted and programmed ticipation of underrepresented minority students in APS as poster presentations for the conference; 34% or 32 of the meetings by providing support for two students to attend the abstracts listed women as the first author. Three abstracts conference. Renee Markham, Xavier University of (3.2%) were submitted by scientists working in government Louisiana, and Jose Paul0 Castro, St. John’s University, laboratories and one abstract was submitted from investiga- received travel fellowships funded by the National Institute of tors in industry. The international nature of the field of bio- Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases. which enabled logical clocks was reflected in the fact that twenty-seven them to attend and participate in the meeting. A total of 251 scientists, both invited and paid regis- trants, attended the conference. Government scientists accounted for 3.5% (9) of the registrants, industry-based sci- entists for 2.8% (7) of the registrants, and non-American sci- entists for 16.3% (41) of the registrants (see table for a breakdown of registrants by category). The scientific successof the conference was clearly a result of the efforts of the organizers Dunlap and Loros. In addition, the invited speakers, abstract presenters, and attendees provided the opportunity for the fruitful discussions that make a meeting a success.The Society also gratefully acknowledges the contri- butions received in support of the conference from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the NSF, and Groupe de APS Conference attendees discuss the work of a poster presenter, Recherche Servier, France.

200 THEPHYSIOLOGIST APS CONFERENCES

1996 APS Conference Neural Control of Breathing: Molecular to Organismal Perspectives

July 21-251996 l Madison, WI The fundamental goal of this conference is to provide the Neurochemicalsin Ventilatory Control opportunity for in-depth exchange of ideas concerning the David E. Millhorn, Cincinnati, OH central neural control of breathing in vertebrates. Diethelm W. Richter, Gottingen, Germany; Albert J. Berger, Fundamental components of this important homeostatic con- Seattle, WA; Michael S. Dekin, New Brunswick, NJ; trol system will be discussed, such as the central neural Maria Czyzyk-Krezeska, Cincinnati, OH; Gregory D. mechanisms of rhythm generation and burst pattern forma- Funk, Auckland, New Zealand; Leszek K. Kubin, tion. These topics will be discussed on the molecular, cellu- Philadelphia, PA lar, synaptic, and network levels, providing the basis for mechanistic insights into system behavior expressed in Tuesday,-----. July 23..~ _--- - ____._- .._. _.____ intact, behaving organisms. Organismal perspectives will be Central COZ-Sensory Mechanisms derived by examining complex, integrated behaviors of the Peter Scheid, Bochum, Germany system, such as the ventilatory responses to exercise, hypox- Judith A. Neubauer,New Brunswick. NJ; EugeneE. Nattie, ia, hibernation, and sleep. The interplay between the respi- Hanover, NH; JosephS. Erlichman, Dayton, OH; H. V. ratory control system and other physiological control sys- Forster, Milwaukee, WI; StevenA. Shea,Cambridge, MA tems (e.g., cardiovascular, locomotion) will also be consid- ered. In each session, concepts will be explored using both Integrated Ventilator-y Responses:Sensory Mechanisms a traditional mammalian bias and a comparative physiologi- Gerald E. Bisgard, Madison, WI cal perspective, exploring the advantages of unique experi- David F. Donnelly, New Haven, CT; Gabriel G. Haddad, mental preparations for their technical and conceptual New Haven, CT; Tony G. Waldrop, Urbana, IL; Steven power. W. Mifflin, San Antonio, TX; Frank L. Powell, San Following is a preliminary program. Diego, CA; Eugene N. Bruce, Lexington, KY

Organizing Committee _----.-.-_-___.-----Wednesday, July-_ -_ 24--- -...-.---___~--- . -._.. - _ .- _.._ - .- Gordon S. Mitchell, University of Wisconsin, Madison Phylogeny and Ontogeny in Ventilatory Control Gerald Bisgard, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Jerome Sandra J. England, New Brunswick, NJ Dempsey, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Jack Neil J. Smatresk,Arlington, TX; E.W. Taylor, Birmingham, Feldman, University of California, Los Angeles; Marc UK; Mark A. Hanson, London, UK; David M. Katz, Kaufman, University of California, Davis; Donald Cleveland, OH; Douglas A. Bayliss, Charlottesville, McCrimmon, Northwestern University, William VA; Monique Denavit-Saubie, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France Milsom, University of British Columbia Modulation and Plasticity in Ventilatory Control Abstract Deadline: March 1 Gordon S. Mitchell, Madison, WI Advance Registration Deadline: May 31 JamesC. Houk, Chicago, IL; Donald R. McCrimmon, Chicago, IL; Duncan L. Turner, Leeds, UK; Liming Sunday,-~._. __..______. __..__.__July ______- 21-~ _ __ .-______-.__-_- ______--_.-_-___ ._- .__._. - ____ --___- .____ ---- Ling, Madison, WI; Kingman P. Strohl, Cleveland, Registration OH; Gary C. Sieck, Rochester,MN Reception Meeting overview and geographic orientation Thursday, July..-_L .._.___.25-. -_.-._ _ - -~----_- .____ ----__--.--_ ._... Gordon S. Mitchell, Madison, WI Integrated Ventilatory Responses:Exercise and Sleep Jerome A. Dempsey, Madison, WI Monday,_.. __..--.----. July.-.-_ 22- - --. - .--_------^.----- Dorothy M. Ainsworth, Ithaca, NY; Dona F. Boggs, The Central Neural Network-Mechanisms of Rhythm Missoula, MT; Ralph F. Fregosi, Tucson, AZ: Marc P. Generation Kaufman, Davis, CA; Lewis Adams, London, UK; Eve E. Marder, Boston, MA Alan I. Pack, Philadelphia, PA; William K. Milsom, Michael S. Dekin, New Brunswick, NJ Vancouver, BC, Canada Naweed I. Syed, Calgary, Canada; Jack L. Feldman, Los Angeles, CA; Jan-Marino Ramierez, Gijttingen, Germany; Bruce G. Lindsey, Tampa, FL; John M. Orem, Lubbock, TX

Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 201 APS CONFERENCES

1996 APS Conference ysiology of Acid-Base Regulation: From Molecules to Humans

July 12.151996 l Snowmass, CO

This conference will be unique in bringing together a range in vivo measurements of pH using magnetic resonance spec- of biologists who normally do not attend pH meetings or troscopy and the involvement of endomembrane systems symposia, especially together as a group. The meeting will (e.g., endosomes) in pH regulation. bring a fresh and integrative perspective to the field of pH regulation. Organizers - __ -I.._. - Our understanding of the mechanisms and relevance of Robert J. Gillies, University of Arizona Health Science pH regulation is undergoing dramatic changes, brought Center about by improved techniques for measuring pH in vitro and Walter E Boron, Yale University School of Medicine in vivo, application of molecular biological techniques, and measurement of pH in nontraditional systems. In addition to Abstract Deadline: March I including state-of-the-art advances in more traditional areas Advance Registration Deadline: May 3 1 of research, also included will be two new areas of research:

1996 Intersociety Meeting The Integrative Biology of Exercise October 1.649, 1996 0 Vancouver, British Columbia Muscular exercise in both health and disease is perhaps the In one meeting, symposia will offer integration on sev- most integrated of all biological functions, requiring often eral fronts: from molecular to whole organism function, from prolonged coordination among the central nervous, respira- health to disease, from biochemical to biophysical process- tory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, cutaneous, renal, and es, across species, and between organs. Such depth and hormonal systems. Understanding the scientific basis of breadth in the scientific basis of exercise are not available exercise therefore requires crossing interdisciplinary bound- through regular national or special meetings of either the aries in ways few investigators normally achieve. To facili- APS or the American College of Sports Medicine. The need tate this, we propose an integrative, interdisciplinary scien- for such a meeting can be appreciated by the success of its tific conference on muscular exercise. predecessor in 1992 and the eagerness with which partici- pants have agreed to be involved in 1996. The backbone of the conference is a series of 12 research symposia and 3 tutorial lectures. Contributed poster presentations by attendees will be unopposed by symposia and prominently featured. Six awards will be made to grad- uate students presenting outstanding original research. With an aging population living longer with chronic disease as well as a national focus on wellness in part via exercise, it is ever more important to develop a sound scientific foundation for medical recommendations. This conference will con- December 1 tribute to this goal. Abstracts Organizing Committee __ _ . February 23 Peter D. Wagner, University of California, San Diego e Registration Frank Booth, University of Texas Medical School; James H. Jones, University of California, Davis; Harold Laughlin, University of Missouri; Ethan R. Nadel, John B. Pierce March 14 Laboratory; Ronald Terjung, SUNY Health Sciences Housing Reservations Center, Syracuse; Tony Waldrop, University of Illinois; David Wasserman, Vanderbilt University Medical Center

THEPHYSIOLOGIST EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY ‘96

Experimental Biology ‘96 Preview

April 14-17,1996 l Washington, DC Comparative Aspects of Membrane Oxidants and Thiol Redox Control Transport: Functional Variation in the Gastrointestinal Tract Within Common Paradigms Gastrointestinal Section Comparative, Cell & General, and Renal Sections Tak Yee Aw arid Dean P. Jones and Epithelial Transport Group Christopher S. Potten, Tak Yee Aw, Dean I? Jones, Bruce Gregory Ahearn and Stephen H. Wright Demple, and Thomas Kensler Etana Padan, Helmut Wieczorek, Barbara Giordana, This symposiumwill focus on new developmentsin oxidants Gregory A. Ahearn, Stephen H. Wright, Bruce A. and thiol redox balance that have considerable impact on Hirayama gastrointestinal physiology. For many years, thiols have been Recent years have seen dramatic advances in the under- known to have critical functions in the gastrointestinal tract, standing of the molecular basisof membranetransport. The such as in maintenanceof mucus fluidity, unfolding of pro- past few years have also provided new information on the tein for digestion, and reduction of iron for its absorption. functional diversity of membranetransport processesthat, on There has been much interest in the role of thiols in protec- the surface, appearto have much in common with a few very tion against dietary oxidants and endogenously produced well-studied families of transporters. Two examplesof these reactive oxygen species.Recent studieshave provided con- functional variations on otherwise common themes are (i) siderableinsights into the use of dietary thiols for disposition the alkali ion/H exchangers and (ii) the al.kali ion/nutrient of oxidants in the gastrointestinal tract. Other studies have cotransporters. The proposed symposium brings together shown that oxidants and antioxidants can affect cell function workers whose studieshave emphasizedboth the conceptual independently of effects of cell injury by activation of tran- similarities that link together thesefamilies of processesand scription factors and control of gene expression. Oxidants the adaptational differences that, nevertheless, have them have also been found to activate cell death by apoptosis,and playing very different roles for someanimals and/or in some thiols have been found to inhibit this mode of programmed environments. With the family of mammalian Na/H cell death. These effects on both gene expression and cell exchangers (“NHEn”) as a focal point for comparison, turnover have far-reaching implications with regard to chron- Gregory Ahearn will discussthe distribution and functional ic diseaseprocesses affecting the gut and to gastrointestinal characterization of the electrogenic 2Na/H exchanger of responsesto diet and oral therapeutic agents. The sympo- many invertebrate tissues, Helmut Wieczorek will discuss sium will addresssubjects key to these new developments, the K/nH exchangers of some insect epithelia, and Etana namely recent advancesin the understanding of dietary per- Padan will discussthe electrogenic nNa/nH exchanger of oxides and thiols, regulation of gene expressionby oxidants bacteria. Comparisons to the nA/nutrient cotransporters of and thiol compounds, control of detoxication enzymes by mammalian intestine will be the backdrop for Stephen antioxidant responseelement, and modulation of apoptosis Wright’s description of the diversity of Na/amino acid in the gastrointestinal tract by oxidants and thiol antioxi- cotransportersfound ubiquitously in the external integument dants. of marine invertebrates, Barbara Giordana’s discussionof recent advances in the cellular physiology of K/amino acid The Single Smooth Muscle Cell: cotransport in insect intestine, and Bruce Hirayama’s pre- sentationof evidence for H/glucose cotransport via the mam- 25th Anniversary malian Na/glucosecotransporter, “SGLT 1.” The ensuing dis- MyoBio (muscle) Group cussion and comparison of these transport processeswith their well-studied “archetypes” will lead to a greater appre- Roland M. Baghy and Frederic S. Fay ciation of the underlying plasticity of the transport model Roland M. Bagby, J. Victor Smull, David M. Warshaw, that arose from Crane’s “Na-gradient hypothesis.” The work Frederic S. Fay, Joshua J. Singer; and Mark I: Nelson presentedhere should also point the way for valuable future The first successfulenzymatic isolation of living, extended, studiesthat may establishthe molecular basisfor a striking contraction-competent, vertebrate smooth muscle cells from panoramaof physiological function. We expect the material a tropical toad’s stomach in 1971 began a new era of smooth to be discussedin the symposium to be of substantialinter- muscleresearch, This symposiumwas organized to celebrate est to a broad selection of scientists,including those from the and document the researchthat has evolved during the first comparative, cellular, epithelial transport, renal, and gas- 25 years since that serendipitousdiscovery, as well as to trointestinal fields. point out future usesof isolated smooth muscle cells. Light

Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 203 EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY ‘96 microscopical documentation of changes that occurred dur- tive drive to breathe. In the final presentation, Jerry J. ing contraction, immunofluorescence studies of the localiza- Buccafusco will present data showing that brain stem and tion of contractile and cytoskeletal proteins in single cells, spinal cord cholinergic mechanismsare critically important and studies of force developed by a single cell have led to an contributors to the control of cardiovascular function. There understanding of the smooth muscle contractile system that will be time for discussionfollowing each presentation.The could not have been obtained without the single cell. Three symposium will conclude by pointing out important future main groups, led by Bagby, Fay, and Small did most of the opportunities for cellular and receptor level studiesaiming to work on the single cell contractile system, and each of those elucidate cholinergic mechanismsof autonomic control. groups is represented in this symposium. The work was not without controversy since the models developed from single cells challenged existing paradigms. The availability of sin- Molecular Targets of Vascular Disease gle smooth muscle cells also opened up a new era for under- Members in Industry Group standing the ionic currents and channels that are responsible and Cardiovascular Section for changes in the membrane potential of the smooth muscle David L. Crandall cell. A diversity of channels were shown to exist, and inves- Mark B. Taubman, Larry M. Wahl, William C. Sessa, tigations into their susceptibility to pharmacological agents Patricia D ‘Amore, and Charles E. Hart has led to the development of new agents directed at con- trolling smooth muscle function in diseases ranging from The understanding of the pathophysiology of vascular dis- hypertension to asthma. Investigations into the mechanisms easeremains one of the greatest challenges in today’s soci- underlying excitation-contraction coupling in smooth mus- ety. While cardiovascular diseasessuch as hypertension are cle were carried out at the cellular level using new Ca?+-sen- effectively managed, understanding the course of develop- sitive fluorescent dyes in conjunction with the digital imag- ment of diseasesof the vascular wall such as atherosclerosis ing microscope that, while having widespread application, and restenosisremains a challenge to both basic and clinical was largely developed for work on single smooth muscle investigators. This symposium will focus upon molecules cells. These investigations have provided fundamental new involved in various aspectsof the pathophysiology of vascu- insights into excitation-contraction coupling in smooth mus- lar diseasesand the potential effect of targeting these mole- cles and revealed a number of fundamental principles under- cules in development of therapeutic interventions. Crandall lying Ca’+ signaling in cells in general. As we strive to learn will provide an introduction of the topic. Taubman will dis- so much from such tiny cells, existing technology will be cussgene expressionin the vesselwall. Wahl will focus upon pushed to its limits, and new technology developed specifi- the role of monocyte matrix metalloproteinasesas contribu- cally for single smooth muscle cells will continue to benefit tors to atherosclerotic lesion development.Sessa will discuss the general scientific community. the role of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cell home- ostasis. D’Amore will provide information concerning the From Receptor to Response: effect of hypoxia on VEGF, a critical growth factor involved in angiogenesis.Hart will discussthe critical involvement of Brain Stem Cholinergic Mechanisms platelet-derived growth factor in vascular lesion develop- of Autonomic Control ment. Together, thesepresentations will provide an overview of a variety of moleculesthat can contribute integrally to the Central Nervous System, Neural Control & Autonomic processof vascular diseasedevelopment. Regulation, and Cardiovascular Sections Helen A. Baghdoyan Lung Inflammation: Cells, Secretory Helen A. Baghdoyan, Kazue Semba, Eugene E. Nattie, and Jerry J. Buccafusco Products, and Signaling Mechanisms Brain stem cholinergic systemsare known to play a key role Respiration Section in the central regulation of autonomic physiology. This sym- James D. Crapo and Jonathan S. Stamler posium will provide state-of-the-art presentationsof ongoing Stephan F: Van Eeden, C. Wayne Smith, Jonathan S. research and emerging concepts concerning cholinergic Stamlel; JamesD. Crapo, and Craig Gerard mechanismsof autonomic control. Kazue Sembax will begin the symposium with an introduction to brain stem choliner- The lung is unique in that it has a great surfacearea ( 100 m’) gic anatomy, placing special emphasison cholinergic projec- with a delicate air-blood barrier optimally designed for gas tions important for cardiopulmonary control. Helen A. exchange and that is continuously exposed to a wide variety Baghdoyan will present data demonstrating that brain stem of toxins, antigens, and infectious agents from the ambient muscarinic receptors are critical for generating the state of air. During an averagehuman life span,approximately 300 x rapid-eye-movement sleep. Eugene E. Nattie will show how lo6 liters of air and more than 3 x 10’” respirableparticles are brain stem muscarinic receptors influence the chemosensi- inhaled. Particles and infectious agents that reach the small

204 THE PHYSIOLOGIST EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY ‘96 airways and/or lung parenchyma can potentially activate Role of Nitric Oxide inflammatory responses. The lung is now being recognized to have unique anti-inflammatory pathways that enable it to in the Physiology and Pathophysiology maintain normal function under conditions that would other- of the Digestive System wise lead to extensive inflammation and injury. The lung Gastrointestinal Section contains large numbers of inflammatory cells, including marginated neutrophils, whose traffic in the lung is just Matthew B. Grisham and Paul Kubes beginning to be understood. The role of specific signaling David Wink, Daniela Salvemini, Timothy Billiar, Matthew pathways in the molecular regulation of inflammation will B. Grisham, Paul Kubes, John Corbett, and John be discussed. Unique aspects of the lung such as its high con- Wallace stitutive expression for leukocyte adhesion molecules, high Nitric oxide (NO) is a small, lipophilic gas that is produced constitutive expression of nitric oxide synthase, and high by a variety of mammalian cells. Over the past seven years constitutive expression of extracellular antioxidants will be this free radical has become one of the most studied mole- discussed. The possible roles of small molecular weight sig- cules in biomedicine. Much of the attention devoted to this nals including oxygen based radicals in the molecular regu- molecule has come as a result of the growing recognition lation of inflammation will be explored. The symposium will that NO is an important modulator of a variety of physiolog- emphasise novel, new, and emerging concepts that address ical processes. Nitric oxide has been implicated as a modu- the pathogenesis and unique mechanisms for regulation of lator of blood flow, motility, electrolyte and water transport, inflammation process in the lung. as well as a modulator of immune system function in the digestive system. Consequently, it is not surprising that an Fatigue and Endurance Capacity altered production of NO, whether it be increased or dimin- ished production, may lead to impaired organ function and of Respiratory Muscles: disease. An interesting development that has occurred in this Emerging Concepts field has been the realization that NO can exert both benefi- Environmental & Exercise Section cial and deleterious effects in different tissues of the diges- and Hypoxia Group tive system. These observations have led, in many cases, to controversy regarding whether NO is a “friend or foe”. Ralph E Fregosi and Gary C. Sieck Although several national and international NO conferences Roger A4. Enoka, Robert H. Fitts, Gary C. Sieck, Thomas L. have been held over the past 2 years, there has been no con- Clanton, Jerome A. Dempsey, and Ralph. F: Fregosi ference which has focused on NO and the digestive system. The purpose of this symposium is to present the ideas of sci- Therefore, the objective of this symposium is to present, entists that study muscle fatigue at several levels of organi- using a multidisciplinary approach, some of the emerging zation, from myofiber to the intact, exercising human. The concepts and controversies concerning the biochemistry, symposium is expected to attract individuals with interests in physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide in the diges- muscle biology, respiratory physiology, and exercise physi- tive system. In order to accomplish this objective we have ology. Because the symposium will address fundamental assembled a group of seven, internationally-recognized issues in the study of muscle fatigue, we anticipate a lively investigators who will address specific aspects of NO exchange of ideas between scientists that study this problem involvement in digestive system function and disease. We are with a variety of techniques and experimental preparations, particularly excited about the fact that the symposium will ranging from single cells to whole muscles in intact exercis- include three young investigators who have attracted nation- ing humans. It is the chairman’s feeling that this broad al and international recognition for their important work on approach to the study of physiology will also facilitate inter- the physiology and pathophysiology of NO. In addition, we actions between the reductionist and the clinical practitioner. have received commitments form four established investiga- Given the clinical significance of respiratory muscle fatigue, tors who are considered leaders in the area of NO and the we also anticipate good participation from specialists in pul- digestive system. Topics to be covered include the biochem- monology, critical care medicine, pediatrics, and cardiopul- ical and physiological factors that regulate expression of NO monary rehabilitation. synthase and NO reactivity in vivo, those physiologic or pathophysiologic situations in which NO may act to protect or exacerbate tissue injury, and the modulatory relationship between the NO and prostaglandin producing pathways. It is our hope and expectation that this symposium will provide the audience with a stimulating discussion of the latest con- cepts and controversies concerning the role of NO in the digestive system.

Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 205 EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY ‘96

idney as a Target Organ macological inhibitors can be usedto conclusively differen- tiate between the various types of K+ channels.Vasodilator for Growth Hormone responsesto several endogenous substancesappear to be Renal, Endocrinology & Metabolism, mediatedby activation of ATP-sensitive potassiumchannels. and Water & Electrolyte Homeostasis Sections Activity of ATP-sensitive IS+channels is impaired in several diseasestates, including hypertension, diabetes and athero- Aviad Haramati and Tomas C. Welbourne sclerosis.Calcium-activated K’ channels also may play an Edward Chin, Marc R. Hammerman, Raimund Hirschberg, important role in regulation of vascular tone. Calcium-acti- Aviad Haramati, Tomas C. Welbourne, and Susan E. vated K’ channels appear to be activated during chronic Mulroney hypertension. The symposium will review current concepts Growth hormone is known to have metabolic and somato- about activation and modulation of K+ channels in physio- genie effects in various organ systems; however, studies in logical and pathophysiological stress.The symposium will recent years have provided compelling evidence that the kid- interest physiologists and vascular biologists who are inter- ney may be a particularly important target organ for growth ested in regulation of the circulation. Future directions and hormone. Growth hormone, either directly of indirectly via implications will be discussedduring the symposium. insulin-like growth factor I, affects renal hemodynamics. regulates specific renal transport systems, and may play a central role in limiting the urinary lossesof electrolytes dur- Epithelial Na’ Channels: ing growth. New information has also come to light regard- Conclusions and Controversies ing the cellular and molecular aspects of growth hormone Epithelial Transport Group, Respiration, Renal, action in the kidney. The purpose of this symposium is to and Cell & General Sections highlight these new findings in the kidney to a broad audi- ence of physiologists who will gain considerableinsight into Sandy I. Helman novel actions of this hormone. The intent is also to focus on Pascal Barbry, Dale J. Benos, Bonnie Blazer- first, Dolrglm some of the controversial or unknown aspectsthat, hopeful- C. Eaton, Thomas R. Kleyman, Lawrence G. Palmer; ly, will stimulate discussionregarding future directions for Bernard C. Rossier; and W&le C. Sigurdson research. The presentations will be made by individuals The expansion of biophysical and mollecular biological active in the field (including at least two “young” investiga- approaches to study of transport in epithelial cells has tors) and will encompassmultiple levels of investigation brought not only new information but new controversies in (from genetic expressionto somaticgrowth of the organism). discussion of mechanismsand regulation of transport by Further, the forum’s multidisciplinary approach should inter- epithelial cells. The goals of the symposium are to: 1) foster est several APS sections (Renal, Endocrinology & open discussion,2) focus attention on current problems.con- Metabolism, and Water & Electrolyte Homeostasis).and it troversies, and discrepancies,3) educate the scientific com- also fits well with one of the El3 ‘96 themes,“Regulation of munity at large, and 4) promote exchange of ideas in as Growth and Development.” diverse a group as possible with particular attention to epithelial Na’ channels. To maintain the spontaneity and Potassium Channels and Blood Vessels timeliness of the symposium in the face of rapidly changing and accumulating evidence, the speakerswill focus their pre- Cardiovascular Section sentations so as to permit the audienceto leave the sympo- Donald D. Heistad and David Harder sium knowing precisely and concisely the importance and Joseph E. Brayden. Paul M. Kmhoutte. Richard A. Cohen. relevance of the issuesaddressed as they pertain to their own Frank M. Fcrraci, Kevin Dellspurge); and Nancy Rusch initiatives, interpretations and integration of ideas and evi- dence. Two major mechanismsthat mediate vasodilator responses are activation of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase. Recent evidence suggeststhat several types of potassium Mechanisms of Angiogenes’ channelsare present in blood vesselsand that activation of Cardiovascular Section thesechannels may be a third major mechanismof vascular relaxation. Activation of potassium channels produces Kathryn G. Lamping hyperpolarization of vascular muscle, which closesvoltage- IV. Judah Folkman, Gary K. Owens, Michael A. Reic/J*9 dependent calcium channels and thereby produces relax- Napoleone Ferrara: Robert J. i%manek, M. Harold ation. Several types of potassium channels have been Laughlin described in vessels,including ATP-sensitive K+ channels, Angiogenesisor growth of new vasculature is important in a calcium-activated K’ channels, delayed rectifier, and inward variety of diseasessuch as hypertension and hypertrophy. rectifier K+ channels.An important question is whether phar- and in the development of collateral vesselsin the heart with

206 THE PHYSIOLOGIST EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY ‘96 chronic coronary stenosis. The mechanisms involved in the Signaling YIechanisms and Genes initiation of angiogenesis are unclear. Considerable interest Involved in the Development has been stimulated in the role of growth factors and extra- cellular matrix in the development of new vessels. In addi- of Cell Hypertrophy tion to the role of growth factors in the development of Renal, Cell & General, and Cardiovascular Sections angiogenesis, growth factors may also be involved in the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle following balloon Patricia Preisi;; angioplasty. Inhibition of this response may be important in Javd Hunter; Seigo Izurno, GaryI Owens, Fund Ziyadeh,- and the prevention of restenosis. This symposium will review Patricia Preisig mechanisms involved in the vascular response to physiolog- Cardiac monocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and renal ical stimuli such as exercise and vascular growth during the epithelial cells all hypertrophy in responseto a wide variety development and will address potential second messenger of systemic disorders. Each form of hypertrophy is thought systems involved in the response of the vasculature to a vari- to be associatedwith detrimental long-term effects. Despite ety of growth factors. In addition, the role of extracellular its importance, both the development and sequelaeof cellu- matrix in the development of new vessel growth will be dis- lar hypertrophy are poorly understoodprocesses. The focus cussed. The symposium should be interesting to not only of the proposedsymposium isthe signal transduction path- coronary physiologists but also pathologists and anatomists ways and genesinvolved in the development of hypertrophy who are interested in angiogenesis. in cardiac, smooth muscle, and renal cells. The symposium participants represent a diverse group of scientists, each Central Mechanisms of Long-Term studying a different model of cellular hypertrophy. Each par- ticipant will focus on the signaling pathways believed to ini- Arterial Pressure Regulation: tiate the growtNhypertrophic processesand discussthe tran- A New Perspective scriptional regulation of genes believed to mediate the Neural Control & Autonomic Regulation, growth/hypertrophic processesin their model. Water & Electrolyte Homeostasis, Renal, and Central Nervous System Sections The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus I: John W. Osborn and Virginia L. Brooks Structural and Functional Johrl W Osbonz, Alan F Sved, Virginia L. Brooks, Gregory Characteristics D. Fink, Alastair V Ferguson, and Eileen M. Hasser Renal, Water & Electrolyte Homeostasis, The role of the sympathetic nervous system in long-term and Endocrinology & Metabolism Sections, control of arterial pressurehas been continuously debated. and Epithelial Transport Group and many issuesremain unresolved. The symposium will begin with a historical perspective of this topic. Evidence Jurgen B. Schrwmann and Armin Kurtx that long-term alterations in sympathetic activity effect arte- Jurgen Schnermmn, Luciano Barcrjas, R Darwin Bell, rial pressurewill be presented. This raises the question of Michael S. Goligorsk?: A min Kurtz, Sdavoshi- Ito, what afferent signalscontrol sympathetic activity chronical- and Josie I? Briggs ly. Studies of the effect of chronic interruption of barorecep- This symposium will outline the structural and functional tor pathways will be reviewed. A theoretical framework, properties of the individual cells in the juxtaglomerular basedon the concept that peptide hormonesprovide an affer- apparatusin the kidney, a cell complex located at the site of ent pathway for regulation of sympathetic activity, will be contact between the terminal end of the thick ascendinglimb discussed.A review of integrative studies suggesting that of Henle’s loop and the glomerulum of the same nephron long-term elevations of angiotensin II chronically effect that serves to regulate glomerular vascular tone and renin sympathetic outflow by acting on circumventricular organs, secretion. Identification of individual juxtaglomerular cells will then be presented. Finally, the mechanismsby which in various in vitro preparationshas made it possibleto apply peptide hormonesinteract with sympathetic neural networks a variety of techniques to studying the functional character- will be presented.The symposium will conclude with new istics of these cells at the cellular level. These approaches perspectiveson neural control of arterial pressureas well as have greatly enhanced our knowledge of membraneproper- future directions. ties and of intra- and extra-cellular signaling pathways. It is expected that this progress in the understanding of juxta- glomerular cell function will be followed by an improved understanding of the integrated responsepattern generated by the intact cell complex and that the interaction between participants will contribute to the final goal of identifying the

Vol. 38. No. 5. 1995 EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY ‘96 role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the control of elec- serves as a central intermediate connecting upstream recep- trolyte homeostasis and arterial blood pressure. tor tyrosine kinases to downstream serine/threonine kinases. This pathway transmits proliferative, developmental, and oncogenic signals from the cell surface to the nucleus and The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus II: involves the activation of a cascade of kinases including the Role of Nitric Oxide in Functional Raf family of serine/threonine kinases, the mitogen-activat- Regulation ed protein kinases (MAPK, also known as ERK), the MAPK kinases (MKK or MEK), and the Jun or stress-activated Water 8z Electrolyte Homeostasis kinases (JNK or SAP). Both biochemical and genetic studies and Renal Sections have revealed that this pathway functions in a variety of cell Ian A. Reid and Ronald H. Freeman types and developmental systems and in organisms as Jennifer 5’. Pollock, Christopher S. Wilcox, L. Gabriel diverse as mammals, Xenopus laevis, Drosophila Navac Ian A. Reid, Armin Kurtz, and Ronald H. melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans. The symposium Freeman will focus on the critical molecules involved in Ras-mediat- ed signal transduction and mechanisms regulating their Research during recent years has established nitric oxide as activity. The goal of this session will be to present a current a unique signaling molecule that plays important roles in the understanding for how Ras relays growth and developmental regulation of the cardiovascular, neural, and immune sys- signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. Since Ras tems. Nitric oxide also contributes to the regulation of renal signaling is fundamental to a variety of basic physiological function, particularly to the functions of the juxtaglomerular processes, this symposium has broad relevance to all areas of apparatus. Isoforms of nitric oxide synthase have been iden- physiology. In addition, it will appeal to other disciplines tified in components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus such as pathology, immunology, and pharmacology. including the macula densa and the granular juxtaglomerular cells. Evidence from several laboratories indicates nitric oxide participates in the tubuloglomerular feedback response Cell-Matrix Interactions and also serves to modulate angiotensin-induced vasocon- in Lung Development striction. In addition, nitric oxide contributes to the regula- tion of renin secretion, both under resting conditions and in Respiration Section the renin secretory responses to activation of the major Robert M. Senior and Jesse Roman mechanisms that control renin secretion. Jesse Roman, Philip I. Sannes, Lucia SchugeK Peter The purpose of this symposium is to review current con- Ekblom, Richard Pierce, Robert PJlteli, and Michael cepts concerning the role of nitric oxide in the functions of D. Infeld the juxtaglomerular apparatus, to identify areas where con- troversy or uncertainty exist, and to consider future direc- During human embryogenesis, the lung develops from a sin- tions for research. The symposium will be of interest not gle avascular epithelial bud into a specialized structure with only to renal and cardiovascular physiologists but to all a complex airway system, two complete circulatory systems, investigators involved in studies of the physiology of nitric and millions of functional gas-exchange units. The exact oxide. mechanisms responsible for this dramatic transformation remain undefined; however, multiple studies suggest cell- matrix interactions are critical. Lung development is associ- The Role of Ras in the Transmission ated with tightly regulated alterations in extracellular matrix of Growth and Deve opmental Signals (ECM) expression and composition. Although the conse- quences of these alterations are unknown, the ability of Endocrinology & Metabolism Section matrix components to affect the phenotype and function (i.e., Thomas Roberts differentiation, adhesion, migration, proliferation) of embry- Frank McCormick, Larry Feig, Deborah Morrison, Natalie onic cells strongly suggests a role for ECMs and matrix- Ahn, Dennis Templeton, and Andy Golden binding receptors in lung development. This idea is further supported by studies performed using various cell and organ The Ras proteins play important roles in the regulation of culture models that have implicated ECMs and matrix-bind- cell growth and differentiation in all eukaryotic organisms. ing receptors in specific lung developmental processes such Mutation of these proteins has been implicated as a casual as airway branching morphogenesis, vasculogenesis and agent in the development of human tumors. Ras proteins angiogenesis, gland formation, and alveolar differentiation. function during growth and development as essential, plasma This session will explore the mechanisms by which ECMs membrane-bound signaling proteins. For many years the pre- and matrix receptors may affect distinct processes during cise role of Ras has been unclear. However, recent studies lung development. have identified a crucial signaling pathway in which Ras

208 THE PHYSIOLOGIST Methods for Evaluating Higher Order some of this information. The areas selected for presentation are those in which sufficient progress has been made to allow Learning for going beyond the descriptive stage of the work (by mak- Teaching of Physiology Section ing some significant conclusions or developing novel and Education Committee hypotheses) and those that are pertinent to interpretation of Roger Thies data obtained by other groups of investigators. The material presented will concern consequences of the expression of Robert G. Carroll, Penelope A. Hansen, Laura Malloy, and human (pituitary and placental), bovine, and ovine GH genes Sheella Mierson as well as experimentally generated GH mutants in trans- Methods used to measure student learning strongly influence genie mice, with particular emphasis on alterations in the the nature and extent of that learning. Techniques currently neuroendocrine function. Analysis of the neuroendocrine used for evaluating students, especially machine-scored mul- function in transgenic mice expressing various GH genes tiple-choice examinations, may discourage the development will include data on hormone gene expression, CNS neuro- of higher order reasoning skills. Such skills include under- transmitters, activity of specific neuronal groups within the standing and application of concepts rather than memoriza- hypothalamus, structure of hormone producing cells, and tion of facts. This symposium will demonstrate some innov- peripheral hormone levels. It is hoped that the symposium ative methods for student evaluation. Each speaker will give will be of interest to molecular biologists, cell biologists, a brief description of their approach, and then participants pathologists, and physiologists interested in growth, will apply the information by developing practice student endocrine, and reproductive function. evaluations. First, Robert Carroll will demonstrate how multiple- choice questions can be used for higher order learning. This Refresher Course for Teaching information will be especially useful to participants who testinal Physiology teach classes leading to licensing examinations. Second, Education Committee and Gastrointestinal Section Penny Hansen will describe the triple-jump exam that helps students to develop their problem-solving skills. After ques- Norman Weisbrodt tions and a break, Laura Malloy will demonstrate the use of Helen Cooke, Leonard Johnson, Joseph Szurszewski structured exercises to evaluate learning in small-group The purpose of this course will be to promote the exchange activities. Finally Sheella Mierson will describe the use of of ideas, materials, and factual information that will facilitate feedback in peer, tutor, and self-evaluations of student learn- the teaching of gastrointestinal physiology. The Education ing in group activities. The symposium will conclude with a Committee was charged by APS Council to consider reinsti- discussion of any other evaluation methods by the attendees. tuting refresher courses in physiology as a part of the yearly The attendees at this symposium should be able to begin Experimental Biology meetings. The current proposal is the using appropriate techniques to evaluate higher order learn- result of an initial assessment, which included a polling of all ing in their students. Chairs of Departments of Physiology affiliated with APS, on the need and desirability of such a course and of extensive Effects of Growth Hormone Excess discussions among members of the Education Committee with input from representatives of the Teaching and in Transgenic Mice Gastrointestinal Sections of the APS. The course is designed Endocrinology & Metabolism Section to take place on Sunday morning and will be comprised of several components: poster presentations, demonstrations Thomas E. Wagner and Andrzej Bartke (e.g., computer simulations, videos), exhibits (e.g., books, Lucia Stefaneanu, Andrzej Bartke, Carol J. Phelps, C. lecture outlines, syllabi, problem-based learning cases), and David Rollo, James D. Murray, and John Kopchick didactic presentations. Ideas and materials to be presented as Transgenic technology provided means for creating life-long posters, demonstrations, and exhibits will be selected from excess of growth hormone (GH). During the past few years abstracts that will be solicited from the general membership. transgenic animals overexpressing various GH genes have In addition, materials for presentation will be solicited from been used extensively to examine the mechanisms of GH publishing houses and from the American Gastroenterologi- actions, including the structure-function relationships, and to cal Association. The didactic component will consist of three study the consequences of GH excess on the expression of 20-minute presentations, each followed by 10 minutes for genes for PRL and GH and their receptors and on plasma questions. These presentations will stress information that is levels of adenohypophyseal, gonadal, and adrenal hormones, considered important by experts in the field. that is likely to as well as on reproductive functions, pathological changes in appear on national examinations, but has yet to make its way various organs, tumor incidence, and aging. It is the purpose into textbooks. of this symposium to bring together and critically discuss

Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 209 EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY ‘96

Intracellular Calcium Communication tial in complex functions associated with the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Speakers will present instrumenta- Epithelial Transport Group, and Renal tion usedin their researchalong with strategiesfor monitor- and Cell & General Sections ing electrical activity in heart, neuron, and microvessels Amhew Charles and Michael Woodruff using a variety of techniques including photometry, imaging, Michael J. Berridge, Eric C. Beyer, Andrew P Thomas, and radiometric recording. Included will be discussionsof Scott Boitano, Maiken Nedergaard, and Lawrence C. appropriate voltage-sensitive dyes for different preparations, Katz dye-staining technique, instrumental methodsfor improving signal-to-noise ratio and reducing optical motion artifact, Stimulus-dependentintracellular Ca”+concentration changes calibration and quantitative measurements,multiple-site have been extensively studiedover the last several years, but recordings, and imaging of membrane potential distribu- the importance of the communication of these Ca2+signals tions. from cell to cell via gap junctions is now just starting to be appreciated. The nature of this communication is that an increase in intracellular Ca?+in one cell is correlated with Role of Natriuretic Peptides in Body increases in intracellular Ca2+ in neighboring cells. Fluid Homeostasis SynchronousCa2+ increases may be usedfor coordination of Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine development and maturation, as well as integration of cell and tissue responsesto chemical or mechanical stimulation Samuel M. McCann and Thomas Muac in the differentiated state. Despite its potential importance, Michael Chinkers, Donald B. Jennings, ThomasMaack, the mechanism(s)by which increasesin intracellular Ca’+are Samuel M. McCann, M. Ian Phillips, and John C. synchronized is an enigma. Evidence in several systemssug- Burnett geststhat Ca’+itself doesnot permeate gap junctions to trig- A number of natriuretic peptides have now been discovered, ger Ca’+increases in adjacentcells. The presentationsin this and they play an important role in control of fluid and elec- symposium will examine intracellular Ca’+ increasemecha- trolyte intake and excretion. This symposium will evaluate nisms and intracellular movements of Ca’+ (Berridge), gap the role of atria1natriuretic peptide (ANP) in this physiolog- junction expression and permeability in various cell types ical function and will review it particularly with regard to (Beyer), intercellular communicated Ca’+ concentration increasesin hepatocytes (Thomas), the possible role that most recent events as shown in the detailed listing of speak- inositol 1,4,5triphosphate plays in Ca’+ communication in ers. In essenceit will consider the localization of ANP and its receptors and their molecular genetics throughout the airway epithelial cells (Boitano), the occurrence of coordi- body and factors modifying the activation of the receptors. It nated, stimulus-dependentCa?+ increases in glial and nerve will then turn to the role of ANP in various physiological cells (Nedergaard), and the important role gap junctional systemssuch as direct control of releaseof the peptide from communication may play in developmentof the nervous sys- tem (Katz). the atria by atria1stretch and actions on the vascular system and kidney and the mechanismof action of the peptide. It will then turn to the central nervous system control of body Guest Societies fluid homeostasisvia ANP and other peptides. Since ANP and angiotensinII have antagonistic actions at most sitesin ew Approaches o Membrane the body in control of body fluid homeostasis,these will be otential Studies discussed.Finally, the possibleclinical application of ANPs Voltage-Sensitive Dyes will be considered. It is felt that this is an active area of research undergoing rapid expansion and cutting across Biomedical Engineering Society many systems to bring about control of body fluid home- and APS Central Nervous System Section ostasis,which is frequently deranged in diseasestates.

Lawrence B. Cohen, Leslie 1211.Loew, Brian M. Salzberg, Gene Regulation by i’lMech Force Guy Salama, and JamesM. Beach in Mammalian Cells This symposium, sponsoredby the Biomedical Engineering North American Society for Biorheology Society, will present a wide picture of optical membrane potential recording for scientistswho are interestedin incor- Larry V. McIntire and IL Kita Akvr porating optical techniques into their research or furthering Scott A. Diamond, Nitzan Resnick, Shu Chierl, Suzanne G. the development of new methods. Recent developmentsin Eskin, Larry lil M&tire, and Rena Bizios this maturing field have made optical recording an important In the last five years, it has become clear that mechanical and necessarytool for assessingthe role of membranepoten- forces can play a major role in mammaliancell gene regula-

210 THE PHYSIOLOGIST EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY ‘96 tion. Both fluid shear stress and mechanical strain have been the molecular and cellular levels. The papersto be presented shown to alter protein synthesis and secretion in several cell in this symposium will integrate molecular biology and types, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells. and mechanical approachesto the study of cell adhesion. pulmonary alveolar cells. Since each of these cell types The program will bring the audi.enceup-to-date on the resides in a mechanically active environment in vivo, gene newest developments in the molecular mechanismof cell- regulation by mechanical forces may play an important role cell interaction. The results of the symposium will stimulate in both normal physiology and pathophysiology. This sym- new research on the molecular and micro-biophysical posium focuses on new research concerning stress and strain aspectsof cell adhesionto achieve a better understandingof regulation of both secreted and membrane-associated protein this important physiological phenomena. expression. A second area of emphasis will be on the current state of understanding of the signal transduction pathways involved in the force/metabolism coupling. Several levels are APS Workshops involved, including membrane, cytosolic, and nuclear path- ways. Studies are presented on cytosolic second messengers, DNA binding proteins, and stress-sensitive gene promoter Physiology in a Changing Medical elements. Curriculum: Crisis or Opportunity? Education Committee Transport of Peptides and Proteins Aviad HaramaG Jordan Cohen, Aviad Haramati, Andrea Gwosdow, Carol Biomedical Engineering Society whitfield, and Herbert Chase Cynthia Sung W Mark Saltzman, Paul E Morrison, Melody A. Swartz, Michael E Flessner, Cynthia Sung, and William C. Animal Research News: The Guide, Eckelman the Regulations, and the Congress Advances in modern biology have made available a wide Public Afflars Committee variety of peptides and proteins with potentially important Jeffrey L. Osborn therapeutic applications. Progressin transferring thesecom- poundsto the clinic has been hindered in part by problems related to poor delivery to the desired target tissue.This sym- Careers in Physiology Workshop posium will present quantitative methodologies and models Stephen L. Bealer that have been developed to further our understandingof the factors that affect peptide and protein transport. The talks will consider localized, regional, and systemic administra- Women in Physiology Mentoring tion of peptides and proteins. Topics covered will include Workshop and Reception biodistributions and clearances,interstitial penetration, pep- Cheryl M. Heesch tide and protein stability, polymeric implants, and the role of lymphatics and pressuregradients in protein transport. The purpose of this symposium is to stimulate discussion of Past-President’s Symposium strategiesto improve the utility of peptides and proteins as pharmacologicalagents. Intercellultlr Signaling Adhesion Biomechanics: in the Vascular Wall Molecular, Cellular, and Biomechanical Brian R. Duling Aspects of Cell Adhesion Biomedical Engineering Society The “Call for Abstracts” for EB ‘96 is K-L. Paul Sung and Shu Chien now available. Shu Chien, Thomas P. Stossel, K-L. Paul Sung, Larry Sklar; Herbert Lipowsky, and Larry Mclntire Contact Linda Buckler, Meetings Manager The aim of this symposium is to summarize the recent tel: 301-530-7172 advancesin research on the signaling, molecular regulation, fax: 301-571-8305 and cellular function of cell adhesion,so that the physiology email: [email protected] and pathophysiology of cell adhesion can be understood at

Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 211 EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY ‘96

Experimental Biology ‘96

April 14-17,1996 l Washington, DC

1996 HENRY PICKERING 1996 WALTER B. CANNON BOWD~TCHAWARD MEMORIAL AWARD

Kim E. Barrett Richard W. Tsien University of California, Stanford University San Diego Calcium Channels as Versatile Intra- and Intercellular and Eficient Signal Transducers Regulation of Intestinal Epithelial Transport

Distinguished Lectureships

ROBERT M. BERNE HUGH DAVSON DISTINGU~SI-IED LECKJRESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR OF THE CELL AND GENERAL SECTION miYSIOLOGY !%CTION

Richard J. Tray&man Giinter Blobel Johns Hopkins University Protein Translocation Brain Protection: Lessons Across Membranes From the Animal Farm

JOSEPH ERLANGER AUGUST KROGH DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS OF THE COMPARATIVE SYSTEM SECIION PHYSIOLOGY SECTION

J. Allan Hobson Knut Schmidt-Nielsen Harvard Medical School Duke University

Waking, Sleeping, Life at the Edge: ana’ Dreaming: Survival in Hostile The Neumbiological Environments Control of Conscious States

212 THE PHYSIOLOGIST EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY ‘96

SOLOMON A. BERSON EDWARD E ADOLPH DISTINGUISHED LECKJRE~HIP DISTINGUISHED LECRJRESHIP OF THE ENDOCRINOLOGY AND OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND METABOLISM SECI-ION EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY SIXTION

Robert J. Lefkowitz John T. Reeves Duke University University of Colorado

G Protein-Coupled Receptors Pulmonary Circulation and Receptor Kinases: Fmm During Exercise at Sea Level Molecular Biology to Potential and High Altitude Therapeutic Applications

HORACE DAVENPORT CARL LUDWIG DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP 0~ THE GA~TR~INTEI~TINAL. OF THE NEURAL CONTROL SECTION AND AUTONOMIC REGULATION !kCTION Alan E Hofmann University of California, Diana L. Kunze San Diego Rammelkamp Center

The ABCDs of Bile Acids and Neural integration the Entemhepatic Circulation of Cardiovascular Rejlexes: i A V?ew From the Cell

CARL W. G~ITSCHALK JULIUS H. COMROE, JR. DISTINGIJISHED LECXJRESHIP OF DISTINGUISHED LECI-URESHIP THE RENAL PHYSIOLOGY SECTION OF THE RESPIRATION SECTION

Mark A. Knepper Marlene Rabinovitih National Heart, Lung, Hospital for Sick Children, and Blood Institute Toronto

Mechanisms of Vasopressin Endogenous Vascular Elastase Action in the Kidney and Beyond: Retro and Pm-Spectroscopic Insights

CLAUDE BERNARD ERNEST H. STARLING DISTINGUISHED L-HIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE TEACHING OF OF THE WATER AND ELECTROLYTE PHYSIOLOGY SECTION HOMEOSTASIS SECTION

Stanley G. Schultz Allen W. Cowley, Jr. University of Texas. Houston Medical College of Wisconsin

Homeostasis, Humpty-Dump& Role of Renal Medulla and Integrative Biology in Volume and Arterial Pressure Regulation

Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 213 PUBLIC AFFAIRS

islative Alert: Oppose the ‘Animal Experimentation Right to Know AC Rep. Robert Torricelli (D-NJ) has again introduced the The bill also mandates a new series of reports and pro- “Animal Experimentation Right to Know Act” (H.R. 1547). cedures for Department of Defense (DOD). The bill requires This bill would hamper medical research without improving DOD laboratories to report to Congress annually in detail on animal welfare because it imposes unnecessary paperwork. all its animal research, plans to “phase out and reduce the use APS urges all researchers to ask their Representatives to of animals in research,” procedures for preventing unintend- oppose this unsound measure. ed duplication of research, and a cost comparison between Arguing that animal research in this country involves biological research conducted with and without animals. The “many” painful and distressful procedures, H.R. 1547 dis- President must appoint an 1 l-member panel of biomedical courages this research by requiring medical researchers and and animal care experts to investigate the “ethics and regula- animal care professionals to devote additional time to tion of the number and types of animal experiments” con- recordkeeping and reporting. H.R. 1547 requires research ducted by DOD. The bill also requires DOD to appoint an facilities to track and report to USDA their use of all labora- ombudsman for animal issues at each research facility. tory animals, including rats and mice. Facilities must report H.R. 1547 has now been referred to the House the source of their research animals; whether the animals Agriculture Committee’s Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy were used for research, testing, or education; and the “sever- and Poultry and to the House National Security Committee’s ity of the pain or distress caused by such procedures.” The Subcommittee on Military Research and Development. The bill requires USDA to publish this information annually. bill is a major focus of letter writing to Congress by animal

HOUSE AGRICULTURE COMMITTEE Pat Roberts (R-KS), Chair E. “Kika” de la Garza (D-TX), Ranking Member Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Republicans Democrats Steve Gunderson (WI), Chair HaroldVolkmer (MO), Ranking Member John Boehner (OH) Collin Peterson(MN) Bob Goodlatte (VA) Calvin Dooley (CA) Richard Pombo (CA) Earl Hilliard (AL) Nick Smith (MI) Tim Holden (PA) Frank Lucas (OK) Wes Cooley (OR)

HOUSE NATIONAL SECURITY COMMITTEE Floyd Spence (R-SC), Chair Ronald Dellums (D-CA), Ranking Member Subcommittee on Military Research and Development Republicans Democrats Curt Weldon (PA), Chair John Spratt (SC), Ranking Member JamesHansen (UT) Patricia Schroeder (CO) Todd Tiahrt (KS) Solomon Ortiz (TX) Richard “Do? Hastings(WA) John Tanner (TN) John Kasich (OH) Gene Taylor (MS) Herbert Bateman (VA) Marty Meehan (MA) Robert Dornan (CA) Robert Underwood (Guam Delegate) Joel Hefley (CO) Jane Harman (CA) Randy Cunningham (CA) Paul McHale (PA) John McHugh (NY) Pete Geren (TX) John Hostettler (IN) Patrick Kennedy (RI) Van Hilleary (TN) Joe Scarborough (FL) Walter Jones, Jr. (NC)

!14 THE PHYSIOLOGIST PUBLIC AFFAIRS

APS Council Approves Resolution on ‘Class B’ Dealers At its June meeting Council adopted the following resolution port all efforts to make the current USDA licensing system concerning USDA-licensed random-source animal dealers work as well as possible. We therefore support providing the who supply many of the dogs and cats used in medical USDA with appropriate funding to ensure adequate research. This resolution discusses the cooperative efforts resourcesto conduct the necessaryinspections and oversight. needed to ensure continuation of this program given the The Animal Welfare Act is rooted in the desire to pre- importance of research involving random-source animals vent pets from inadvertently becoming research subjects. and the fact that “Class B” dealers are the only legal source The APS encouragesresearchers to actively promote policies in many statesfor researchersto obtain theseanimals. to assurethat their institutions utilize only dealerswho com- ply fully with all Animal Welfare Act regulations. Researchersshould be knowledgeable about where their APS Policy on Random-Source institutions obtain random sourceanimals and should be cer- Animals Dealers tain that incoming animals are screened for identifying marks or other signsthat they might be lost pets. The APS recognizesthe importance of researchthat depends In addition, researchersand researchinstitutions should upon animalsof large size, advanced age, and diverse genet- promote responsiblepet ownership that can avert many situ- ic background. These are known as “random source ani- ations in which pets get lost or come to harm. We encourage mals,” and, in many places. they are legally available at rea- the public to have their pets neutered, identify pets with sonable cost only from the Class B category of USDA- either tattoo or a chip implant as well as a collar, and keep licenseddealers. ClassB dealers are important due to many pets protected in a home or yard. state and local laws that prohibit the transfer of abandoned and feral animals from pounds to research facilities. Until Resolutionapproved by APS Council June I995 this regrettable situation can be changed, the APS will sup-

activists, including the Humane Society of the United States l Requiring expanded reports on “the severity of pain or dis- which published several newsletter articles about H.R. 1547 tress” involved in researchprocedures will only give peo- and an earlier version of the bill. ple false confidence that reliable data is available. USDA Pleasewrite to the key committee memberslisted on the annual reports already require information on the painful- previous page and tell them that H.R. 1547 will hurt research nessof proceduresand whether pain-relieving drugs were without helping animals becauseit will force USDA and ani- provided. Determining degreesof pain is a difficult prob- mal care providers to spend too much time on unneeded lem, and there is someconfusion about such reports due to paperwork. differing interpretations of the categories. It would be a better use of scarceUSDA resourcesto clarify the existing H.R. 1547 imposesnew burdenssuch as additional record- form rather than try to devise a pain classification system keeping and reports that would encumber researchefforts that would not provide more reliable data unless it was while not offering any significant improvement to animal extraordinarily complex, which is an added burden we do welfare. Animal research is subject to numerouslaws, reg- not need. ulations, and standards, including the requirement that

projects be supervisedlocally by the Institutional Animal l There is no need for the DOD to set up special programs Care and Use Committee. The IACUC verifies that promoting alternatives if its researchis subjected to rigor- researchinvolving animals is appropriately designed and ous peer review. H.R. 1547 perpetuates the false premise carried out, and scientific peer review assuresthat funding that alternatives to animal researchexist but are not being is provided only to researchthat addressesimportant med- utilized. Scientists in a competitive research environment ical and scientific questions. must find the best model if their work is to be funded. On-going peer review, not reports and special programs, is The legislation forces USDA to divert limited resources the most effective way to ensureresearchers have chosen from inspectionsthat protect animalsinto collecting statis- the most appropriate research approach, whether that be tics and issuing reports. H.R. 1547 would greatly expand cellular and molecular studies, cell cultures, clinical or recordkeeping and reporting requirements, which would epidemiological work, computer models, or whole animal be excessively costly and burdensometo both USDA and studies. individual research facilities. USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service is overwhelmed with its current regulatory duties, and it may even face a budget reduction The addressand salutation for all U.S. Representativesis: in FY 1996. USDA’s most important contribution is to The Horz. [Ncrme], U.S. House of Representatives, conduct inspections and oversight to verify that animals Washington, DC. 20515, Dear Representative [Name]: are humanely treated.

Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 215 PUBLIC AFFAIRS

Coronado Sentenced, Repudiates Own Activism Animal rights activist Rodney Coronado has been sentenced offenses. The sentence exceeded the 41 to 55 months in to 57 months in prison for his role in a 1992 firebomb attack prison prosecutors had requested. at Michigan State University and for stealing an historical “The intimidation and fear that these crimes were artifact from the site of Custer’s last stand. Coronado, 29, was designed to inflict continues to this day,” prosecutors wrote sentenced in federal court in Kalamazoo, Michigan, on in their sentencing request. “Scientists, business owners, and August 11. He was also ordered to pay $2.5 million in resti- farmers around the U.S. still live in fear that a bomb will be tution to institutions and businesses he damaged in Animal waiting for them the next time they go to their offices, farms, Liberation Front (ALF) raids. or laboratories.” “My actions were illegal, radical and extreme and In his courtroom statement, Coronado said that when he caused great pain to others,” Coronado said at the time of his tried to separate himself from the so-called “animal rights” sentencing. “It took me years to realize the impact of my movement prior to his arrest, other activists turned on him. He actions.” said that he began to feel exploited and believed that they Coronado pleaded guilty in March 1995 to one count of wanted him only as a front person to continue advocating their aiding and abetting arson in connection with the firebombing violent approach. He also said that he was concerned that his of the offices of two researchers at Michigan State University. imprisonment would be treated as martyrdom for the cause. The ALF claimed responsibility for this raid, which caused US Attorney Timothy VerHey told the Lansing State $1.2 million in damage, as part of a campaign it called Journal that despite Coronado’s denials of any direct involve- “Operation Biteback.” Coronado also pleaded guilty to one ment in the attacks, prosecutors had assembled considerable count of theft of government property for removing a caval- evidence that he was part of the ALF inner circle. “We found ryman’s journal from a historical display at the Little Big out that every time there was an ALF action in town, he was Horn Battlefield National Monument in Montana. Coronado in the neighborhood,” VerHey told the newspaper. admitted that he later burned the black leather notebook. Among the evidence were two packages sent to Federal Judge Richard Enslen sentenced Coronado to Bethesda by Federal Express before and after the MSU serve two concurrent 57-month prison terms for the two attack by a man who signed his name as Leonard Robideau. Federal Express employees intercepted the second package APS NetAlert after a false account number was used to ship it. The Federal Express drop box in which the package was deposited was Up and Running only 300 feet from a hotel where Coronado had stayed on the An urgent appeal concerning the Congressional night of the arson. An analysis of the handwriting on the budget resolutions went out in mid-May to some shipping label determined that it was penned by Coronado. 200 APS members who signed up for our rapid A man who identified himself as a member of the ALF response network “NetAlert.” NetAlert members called a television reporter to claim responsibility after a were asked to write or call their Members of December 21, 199 1, attack on the Malecky mink ranch in Congress about budget proposals that would have Yamhill, Oregon. Phone records suggest that Coronado made reduced NIH funding by 5 to 10 percent as part of that call. overall plans to balance the federal budget by the Investigators also seized a typewriter from a storage year 2002. locker rented by Coronado in Talent, Oregon, and forensic experts were able to use the ribbon to reconstruct a letter Although we were unsuccessful in changing the which revealed that two Montana fur farms were being tar- House legislation, the Senate adopted a floor geted for arson attacks. amendment sponsored by Sen. Mark Hatfield (R- As part of Coronado’s plea bargain agreement, federal OR), that restored virtually all of the planned 10 prosecutors in five other states agreed not to pursue charges percent cut planned for the NIH. In order to find against Coronado for his role in ALF raids there. However, more money for NIH, Hatfield proposed reducing the $2.5 million in financial restitution ordered in many other federal programs by about half a Coronado’s sentencing covered not only the MSU attack but percent. The final vote on the Hatfield also the damage done in ALF-claimed raids at Oregon State amendment was an overwhelming 8514. University, Washington State University, and Utah State To join APS NetAlert and receive bulletins on University. funding, use of animals, and other research- A federal grand jury indicted Coronado in July 1993 on related issues, please send an email to five counts relating to the Michigan State University raid, but [email protected] or contact APS Public he was a fugitive from justice for 14 months before being Affairs Officer Alice Hellerstein at 30 1630-7 105. arrested in September 1994 at the Pasqcua Yacqui Indian reservation outside Tucson, Arizona.

216 THE PHYSIOLOGIST SUSTAINING ASSOCIATES

Know Your Sustaining As Abbott Laboratories offset, and low-pass Bessel filtering. Virtually any type of transducer can be adapted for the CyberAmp. The computer Abbott Laboratories is a world-wide company devoted to the can instantly determine the scaling and units of each trans- discovery, development, manufacture, and sale of a broad and ducer. Support for the CyberAmps is provided by software diversified line of human health care products and services. from Axon Instruments and others. The CyberAmp used in Abbott innovations include Nembutal and Pentothal anesthet- conjunction with Axotape software and TL- 1- 125 acquisi- ics, the Erythrocin line of antibiotics, and Ausria and tion hardware makes a complete computer-based chart Auszyme diagnostic kits for hepatitis B (the first US-licensed recorder system. AIDS virus antibody detection kit), Similac and Isomil infant formula, the TDx drug detection system, and the ADD-Vantage drug delivery system. Abbott’s commitment to Berlex Laboratories, Inc. the future is evident in its $500 million spent on research and Berlex Laboratories is a US subsidiary of the multinational development in 1989 and an annual compound growth rate in pharmaceutical and chemical firm Schering AG West R&D spending over the past five years of 20%. Germany (not connected with Schering-Plough Corp. or Schering Corp. of New Jersey). It conducts research and Alliance Pharmaceutical Corporation markets prescription drug products primarily for cardiovas- cular, diagnostic imaging, metabolic, endocrine, and central Alliance Pharmaceutical Corporation is a research and nervous system uses. development company focused on transforming innovative scientific discoveries into therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Oxygent is in clinical development in conjunction with Coulbourn Instruments, Inc. Johnson & Johnson as an oxygen carrier (“blood substitute”) Coulbourn Instruments, Inc. manufactures electronic instru- to reduce the need for donor blood transfusions during ments for in vivo life science applications. Products include surgery. the LabLinc Modular Instrument System for physiological LiquiVent is an intrapulmonary agent for treatment of signal conditioning, experiment control, and data acquisition, acute respiratory failure. LiquiVent has Subpart E (“fast featuring over 100 modules, including computer interface track”) FDA status and is in clinical trials with neonates, ports, signal conditioning and processing, and counting and children, and adults. timing modules for chart and computer-based polygraphs. Imagent US is in preclinical development for enhance- The company also produces transducers, biotelemetry, ment of ultrasound images of blood flow abnormalities relat- signal processors, stimulators, and auditory and animal ed to myocardial infarctions, blood clots, or solid tumors. behavior test equipment. Major markets include pharmaceu- tical, chemical, and biotechnological firms, universities, American Medical Association research hospitals, and government laboratories. The American Medical Association promotes the art and sci- ence of medicine and the betterment of public health. The Dagan Corporation AMA accomplishes this mission by advancing standards of Dagan Corporation manufactures electronic instruments medical education, promoting support for biomedical used in electrophysiology. Dagan offers a full line of analog research, representing the medical profession, providing and digital products, including preamplifiers for use in intra- information about medical matters, and upholding profes- cellular and extracellular recording, single- and two-elec- sional conduct and performance. trode voltage/current clamps, patch clamps, signal averagers, programmable multichannel stimulators, and iontophoresis Axon Instruments, Inc. generators. Axon Instruments, Inc. designs and manufactures instru- ments and software for electrophysiology. Axon Instruments Du Pont Pharmaceuticals produces full-featured amplifiers for single-channel and Du Pont Pharmaceuticals is a part of the Du Pont Company, whole-cell patch clamp and for single- and two-electrode a diversified international corporation. Located in current/voltage clamp applications. These hardware products Wilmington, Du Pont Pharmaceuticals is a research-inten- are supported with PC and Macintosh software and acquisi- sive firm whose major products are used to combat cardio- tion hardware for the acquisition and analysis of biophysical vascular diseases, pain, and viral diseases. It is also a leading data. The latest products are the CyberAmp series of gener- manufacturer of radiopharmaceuticals. al-purpose analog signal conditioners. They provide up to Major products include Coumadin, Sinemet, Percodan, eight channels of computer-controlled adjustment of gain,

Vol. 38, No. 5. 1995 217 SUSTAINING ASSOCIATES

Percocet, and thallium. Groupe de Recherc Primary areas of research are medicines for cardiovas- Of the 6,000 people working throughout the world at the cular illnesses, inflammatory diseases, central nervous sys- Groupe de Recherche Servier, 25% carry out research tem disorders, and viral illnesses. involved in the development of new drugs. Among these, various specialists including chemists, s Pharmaceuticals pharmacists, pharmacologists, toxicologists, and physicians work in our research laboratories located in Suresnes, The Pharmaceutical Division of Fisons is an international Croissy, Orleans, Gidy, Fulmer, and Tokyo and on our devel- research-based pharmaceutical company committed to pro- opment teams in Courbevoie, Fulmer, Brussels, Munich, vide excellent health care products for prescription and con- Rome, Madrid, and Tokyo. sumer use. Fisons develops and manufactures a wide variety The main axes of research at the Groupe de Recherche of pharmaceutical products, with markets in more than 100 Servier concern the following areas of pathology: cardiovas- countries. Fisons is recognized as a world leader in the treat- cular disease (especially in hypertension and myocardial ment of respiratory problems and allergies and also markets ischemia), heart failure (cardiovascular aging and venous products for cardiovascular disorders, neurological diseases, diseases), oncology and immunology, respiratory disease and dermatological problems. Fisons has a major commit- (chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and asthma), meta- ment to research and development to generate superior bolic disease (diabetes, lipid disorders, obesity, and their future medicines for these and other therapeutic areas includ- consequences particularly in terms of cardiovascular dam- ing immunological and metabolic diseases” age), neurological disease (cerebral impairment in the elder- ly and Parkinson’s disease), cerebrovascular disease (memo- Genentech, Inc. ry impairment and Alzheimer’s disease), psychiatric disease (emotional disorders, anxiety, and depression), and rheuma- Genentech, Inc., founded in 1976, is a leading biotechnolo- tology (inflammatory and painful joint diseases and joint and gy company focusing on the development, manufacture, and bone aging including osteoporosis). marketing of pharmaceuticals produced by recombinant DNA technology. Four approved therapies derived from biotechnology were pioneered by Genentech: human insulin, Harvard Apparatus alpha-interferon, human growth hormone, and recombinant Harvard Apparatus, since its inception in 1904 at the Harvard tissue plasminogen activator. Medical School, continues to design, develop, and supply the unique apparatus that has shaped the development of teach- Glaxo ing and research in physiology and allied science, including syringe peristaltic and respiration pumps, recording systems, Glaxo is a leading research-based pharmaceutical company. and research accessories. At its US research site in North Carolina, Glaxo has basic and applied research programs in cancer, inflammation, dia- betes, osteoporosis, and obesity. Glaxo supports a wide ICI Pharmaceuticals Group range of related research in university and research institute The ICI Pharmaceuticals Group R&D facility is based in departments, as well as in-house postdoctoral programs. Wilmington, Delaware. It consists of about 700 staff, of whom about 170 are in drug discovery. Within ICI, the US Grass Foundation drug discovery function has sole responsibility for discover- ing new drugs in the pulmonary and CNS therapeutic areas. The Grass Foundation underwrites the annual Walter B. Current CNS targets are nondyskinetic antipsychotic drugs, Cannon Lectureship given at the spring meeting of the American Physiological Society. The naming of this lecture- disease-modifying drugs for Alzheimer’s disease, and drugs ship serves two functions: to commemorate the enormous for cerebral stroke and ischemia. The entire gamut of exper- contribution of Cannon to the growth of knowledge of phys- imental approaches is available, including biochemical, neu- iology and to pay a tribute to Cannon on behalf of many of rochemical, electrophysiological, histochemical, and behav- the founding trustees of the Grass Foundation who were ioral. Subserving the discovery efforts are a Molecular members of his research group at Harvard Medical School Pharmacology Unit at Wilmington and a Biotechnology early in their careers. Department in ICI-UK. This lectureship is in accordance with the Grass Foundation’s charter mandate to support research and educa- Jandel Scientific tion in neurophysiology. Other programs include funding for other annual and visiting lectureships, summer fellowship Jandel Scientific designs and sells IBM-compatible software support for young students, and occasional relevant course for scientific research. Products include Sigma-Plot for pub- support. lication-quality scientific graphs (with automatic error bars,

218 THE PHYSIOLOGIST SUSTAINING ASSOCIATES regression lines, and many other scientific graphing options); in research as evidenced by a steadily increasing investment Sigma-scan for x-y digitizing, morphometric measurement, in research and development over the years. Scientific and analysis; and PC3D for generating three-dimensional research is being supported by the construction of new reconstructions of objects from serial sections. JAVA, the lat- research facilities and with the use of a Cray II supercomput- est product, is a video analysis system capable of image pro- er. Scientists are focusing on basic research and targeted med- cessing, densitometry, automatic object counting and edge ical therapy for cardiovascular disease, central nervous sys- tracking, and morphometric measurement. JAVA works with tem dysfunction, cancer, diabetes, and pulmonary disorders. a video digitizing board and input from a video camera, VCR, or other video source. MacLab Division, ADInstruments, Inc. ADInstruments is an innovator in the design of versatile yet Janssen Research Foundation easy-to-use comptuer-based physiological recording and Janssen Pharmaceutics was founded in Belgium in I953 by analysis systems. The company’s primary offering, the Paul Janssen. It is now an international company built on the MacLab System, is an integrated data recording and analysis foundation of research and a bedrock of innovation. The system consisting of a hardware interface and associated company remains under the direction of Janssen and has an applications software. When combined with any of the Apple unparalleled record in the successful development and mar- Macintosh series of personal computers, MacLab gives keting of new pharmaceutical products. According to the physiologists the power not only to acquire and display Japan Drug Research studies, Janssen was responsible for experimental data but also to analyze and manipulate data in more significant new drug discoveries during the period ways not possible using traditional paper recorders. 1970- 1983 than any pharmaceutical company in the world. Applications-specific amplifiers, transducers, and com- The company currently has approximately 6,000 ponents offered by ADInstruments allow simple and employees world-wide. It is a world leader in medication straightforward system configuration for virtually any teach- used in the treatment of allergies, mental disorders, digestive ing or research application. The thousands of MacLab sys- and intestinal problems, cardiovascular conditions, and tems presently in use in both teaching and research laborato- worm and fungal infections. Janssen’s compounds have also ries worldwide bear testimony to its ease of use, versatility, enabled major advances in anesthesia and immunology. In and affordability. addition, Janssen has also discovered many chemical com- pounds to identify and characterize receptors in the brain and the periphery that have played a prominent role in advancing NARCO Bio-Systems our knowledge about neurotransmitters. NARCO Bio-Systems designs, manufactures, and distributes the Physiograph physiological recording systems for use in clinical, research, and teaching applications. A selection of The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical multichannel chart recorders are available with a complete line Research Institute of modular input preamplifiers, signal conditioners, transduc- ers, and accessories. This allows maximum flexibility for The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute is designing systems for recording physiological functions. engaged in the discovery and development of new drugs and delivery systems that provide significant advances in the treatment or prevention of disease. The key areas for Pharmacia Incorporated Discovery Research are complemented through outside Pharmacia carries out research in oncology, peptide hor- alliances with numerous academic and commercial enter- mones, cataract surgery, nutrition, and allergy diagnostics. prises. The current areas of research include contraception, Oncology: the company offers products for the treat- analgesia, immunosuppression, infectious diseases, throm- ment of various forms of cancer, including breast cancer, bin receptor and cellular growth factors. The process leukemia and lymphoma, and prostatic cancer. New research involves integration of molecular biology, fermentation areas in cancer therapy are immunology and gene therapy. processes and molecular drug design with classical pharma- Peptide hormones: growth hormone is manufactured by cology, biochemistry, and medicinal chemistry in the pursuit recombinant DNA technology. Among other applications, of new and novel drugs. these. products give extremely short-statured children the possibility of normal growth. Growth hormone has also been Eli Lilly and Company approved for treating growth-hormone deficiency in adults. Cataract surgery: Pharmacia’s products include soft sur- The Lilly Research Laboratories is dedicated to the advance- gical aids and intraocular lenses. These products facilitate ment of basic scientific information upon which further tar- eye operations, restoring sight within 24 hours. geted medical breakthroughs may be identified. Scientists in Nutritions: the company produces preparations for intra- the Lilly Research Laboratories are committed to excellence venous nutrient delivery.

Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 219 SUSTAINING ASSOCIATES

Allergy diagnostics: supply high-techology systems for Research employs high throughput robotic screening to all allergy diagnostics and follow-up of asthma with the help define chemical or protein leads, medicinal chemistry and of blood specimens. protein biochemistry including protein mutagenesis, to max- imize the properties of the chemical or protein lead, and extensive animal testing to determine proof of concept. Procter & Gamble Co. Molecular and cell biology are utilized extensively to sup- Procter & Gamble is a multinational consumer products and port screening efforts and to define the molecular targets health care company committed to world-class research and underlying a particular disease, including the use of differ- product development. It has major technical centers in ential display PCR. The approach is to integrate expertise Cincinnati, Ohio: Norwich, New York; Hunt Valley, Maryland; across scientific disciplines to rapidly determine proof of Mexico City, Mexico; Caracus, Venezuela; Brussels, Belgium; concept underlying a disease target. Egham and Newcastle, UK; and Kobe. Japan. The worldwide PhD population of Procter & Gamble is 1,200, divided about equally between life scientists and SmithKline Beecham chemists. Total employees number 100,000. SmithKline Beecham is one of the world’s leading health care Sales in the health care/pharmacueticals, beauty care, companies. Its principal activities are the discovery, develop- cosmetics and fragrances, food and beverage, laundry and ment, and marketing of both human and animal pharmaceuti- cleaning, and paper products make Procter & Gamble one of cals, over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, health-related con- the largest companies in the US. Fortune magazine consis- sumer brands, and clinical laboratory testing services. tently recognizes Procter & Gamble as one of the “Most Admired Corporations”” Squibb Corporation Squibb Corporation, a leading worldwide developer, manu- Quaker Oats Company facturer, and marketer of pharmaceutical and allied health The Quaker Oats Company is a leading consumer products care products, is organized into the Squibb Operating Group company marketing both human and pet food products and the Science and Technology Group. around the world. The development of new food and bever- The Squibb Operating Group is responsible for the man- age products and the refinement of existing Quaker products ufacturing, marketing, and distribution of products and ser- occurs in the laboratories of Quaker’s Research and vices. Squibb’s pharmaceutical products are marketed by Development facility in Barrington, Illinois. Quaker food Squibb International and Squibb United States. The Medical scientists, nutritionists, biochemists, and physiologists Products segment consists of ConvaTec and the companies devote their energies to making certain that Quaker products of Edward Week Incorporated. meet the high standards consumers expect of The Quaker The Squibb Science and Technology Group is composed Oats Company. of The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Worldwide Regulatory Affairs and Licensing. Celebrating its 50th anniversary in 1988, The Squibb Institute is among the Schering-Plough nation’s first industry-sponsored research centers. In recent Born out of a 1971 consolidation of two companies (Plough, years, it has focused on four main areas: cardiovascular dis- Inc. and the Schering Corporation), Schering-Plough is ded- ease, infectious disease, diagnostics, and inflammatory dis- icated to the discovery, development, and marketing of novel ease. It has recently broadened into molecular biology, the therapeutic entities. The company focused its research in the neurosciences, and metabolic disorders. fields of anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, cardiovascular, and anti-infective disorders. The company has also attained a leading position in immunology and recombinant DNA tech- The Upjohn Company nology. The Upjohn Company, a multinational corporation head- quartered in Kalamazoo, Michigan, has celebrated its cen- tennial year as a maker of fine pharmaceuticals. It is one of G,D. Searle & Co. the 15 largest research-based pharmaceutical manufacturers The physiologic and scientific directions of Searle are pri- in the world. It has research, production, and warehousing marily in areas related to arthritis and inflammation, cardio- facilities in more than 45 countries and its products are sold vascular disease, and oncology with an emphasis on adjunc- in more than 150 countries” tive therapy and opportunistic infections. In these three Upjohn has long been committed to the research, devel- major therapeutic areas, the emphasis is on defining new opment, manufacture, and marketing of pharmaceuticals. molecular targets that are likely to elicit a dramatic shift in Human health care is the heart of Upjohn’s endeavors. therapeutic efficacy with a true ultimate enhancement of therapeutic benefit.

220 THE PHYSIOLOGIST PEOPLE AND PLACES

People and Places Wayne W. Carley is presently employed by the National Group, Matthew James Gdovin has relocated to the Association of Biology Teachers, Reston, VA. Previously, Department of Medical Physiology, University of Calgary Carley was with the Department of Biology, Lamar Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Previously, University, Beaumont, TX. Cdovin was with the Department of Physiology, Dartmouth, Currently the Director of Clinical Services, University NH. of Medicine & Dentistry, Newark, NJ, Neil S. Cherniack Having accepted a position with Anesthesia Research, was formerly the Dean of Case Western Reserve University Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, John R. Ha&will has left the School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH. Cardiovascular Physiology Department, Medical College of Formerly with the Department of Physiology, University Virginia, Richmond, VA. of Texas Health Center, Tyler, TX, Jon C. Connelly is now Formerly with the National Naval Medical Center, with the Abilene Heart & Vascular Institute, Abilene, TX. Bethesda, MD, Louis D. Homer has accepted a position Daniel P. Costa recently accepted a position with the with Emanuel Hospital, Portland, OR. Department of Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, James B. Hoying recently moved from the Department CA. Prior to his new position, Costa was associated with the of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA. AZ, to the Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry Elizabeth LeBourgeois Crockett is now employed by and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH. the Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Sadayoshi Ito has accepted a position with the Second Athens, OH. Previously, Crockett was associated with the Department of Internal Medicine, Tohoku University School Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. Formerly, Ito was associated AZ. with the Hypertension & Vascular Research Department, Formerly employed by the Department of Kinesiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI. University of Maryland, College Park, MD, Christopher A. Sarah N. Jerome has moved from the Department of DeSouza has transferred to the Department of Kinesiology, Physiology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO. Shreveport, LA. She has accepted a position with the Michael Paul Doyle has accepted the position of Department of Health Sciences, University of Central Scientist for Somatogen Incorporated, Bolder, CO. Doyle Arkansas, Conway, AR. had been with the Department of Molecular Physiology, Emily Carolyn Johnson has joined the Department of University of Virginia Health Science Center, Kinesiology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA. Charlottesville, VA. Prior to her new position, Johnson was associated with the Andre Dray recently accepted a position with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Department of Pharmacology, Astra Pain Research Unit, Diego, La Jolla, CA. Quebec, Canada. Prior to his new position, Dray was associ- Formerly with the Department of Physical Therapy, ated with Sandoz Institute for Medical Research, London, Boston University, Boston, MA, Gary P. Kamen is current- UK. ly associated with the Department of Exercise Science, Having accepted an assignment with the Department of University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA. Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, Lymperis Perry Koziris recently accepted a position Stephen J. Elliott has moved from the Department of with the College of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. Chicago, Chicago, IL. Previously, Koziris was affiliated with Accepting a position with the Ashville Cardiovascular the Center for Sports Medicine, Pennsylvania State and Thoracic Surgeons, Ashville, NC, Stephen W. Ely has University, University Park, PA. moved from the Department of Physiology, University of Peter R. Kvietys has moved from Louisiana State Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, VA. University’s Department of Physiology & Biophysics to Previously with the Department of Anesthesiology, Victoria Hospital, Research Institute, London, Ontario, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, Keith A. Engelke has accept- Canada. Kvietys’ new position is Senior Scientist. ed an assignment with the Division of Natural Science, Accepting a position with the Rammelkamp Center, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA. Diana L. Kunze is now associated with the Metrohealth Raymond A. Frizzell is now employed with the Systems, Cleveland, OH. Formerly, Kunze was associated Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of with the Department of Physiology and Molecular Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA. Formerly, Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. Frizzell was associated with the Department of Dave A. MacLean has accepted a position with The Physiology/Biophysics, University of Alabama, Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, Copenhagen, Birmingham, AL. Denmark. Prior to his new assignment, MacLean was affili- Accepting a position with the Respiratory Research ated with the School of Human Biology, University of

Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 221 PEOPLE AND PLACES

Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Texas Medical Branch, Shriners Burns Institute, Galveston. Recently moving from the University of Tennessee, TX. Knoxville, TN, Margaret Maher has joined the Department Jeffrey T. Potts has moved from the Department of of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin, La Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School Crosse, WI. of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, to the Department of Internal Peter Morsing is now with the Department of Medicine and Physiology, Harry S Moss Heart Center, Physiology and Biophysics, University of Lund, Lund, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. Sweden. Prior to his move to Sweden, Morsing was associ- Donald W. Rodd is currently with the Department of ated with the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, Biology, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN. NC. Previously, Rodd was with the Department of Exercise & Formerly, the Assistant Professor of Medicine and Health Science, Alma College, Alma, MI. Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, Paul R. Moving from the Department of Pharmacology, United Myers is now associated with the Department of Cardiology, States Uniformed Health Services, Vanessa Hope Routh Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN. has accepted a position with the Department of Myeong Jin Nam has recently accepted a position with Pharmacology, University of Medicine & Dentistry, Newark. the Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, NJ. Baltimore, MD. Nam had been with the Department of Colin G. Scanes has recently accepted a position with Physiology & Pharmacology, Bowman Gray School of the Iowa State University College of Agriculture, Ames, IA. Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC. Scanes was formerly associated with the Department of Takashi Nishino is now with the Department of Animal Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, William P. Schilling has joined the Rammelkamp Chuoku, Chiba Japan. Nishino was formerly with the Center for Research, Cleveland, OH. Prior to accepting his Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center, new position, Schilling was associated with the Department Hospital E, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan. of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Lillian Novela has joined the Department of Medicine, Houston, TX. Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL. Prior to Xiaocai Shi has accepted a position with Gatorade her new position, Novela was associated with Dalton Worldwide Division, The Quaker Oats Company, Research Center, Columbia, MO. Barrington, IL. Shi was formerly associated with the Stuart Martin Phillips has left the Department of Department of Exercise Science, University of Iowa, Iowa Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, City, IA. Canada, to join the Metabolism Unit of the University of Barbara M. Richmond Smith has joined the Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius, Lithuania. Prior to her new posi- tion, Smith was associated with the Department of APS Members Honored Physiology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, APS member Julianna E. Szilagyi recently received NY. several honors. She was elected as a Fellow of the Having accepted a position with the Department of Council for High Blood Pressure Research of the Medicine, Manoocher Soleimani is now affiliated with the American Heart Association, received a faculty excel- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH. Formerly, lence proclamation from the City of Houston, and Soleimani was with the Department of Medicine, Indiana received the University of Houston College of Pharmacy University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Celebration of Excellence Award. Additionally, she was Formerly with the Human Performance/Sport Study, named the Director of Profes-sional Studies for the University of Tennessee, Hirofumi Tanaka has recently accepted an appointment with the Department of Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Kinesiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. Sciences in the University of Houston College of Having moved from the Department of Physiology, St. Pharmacy. George’s Hospital Medical Center, London, UK. Susan A. Jerod M. Loeb was a recipient of the 1994 Richard Ward is currently with the School ofApplied Science, South Simpson Memorial Award, given by the group incurably Bank University, London, UK. ill For Animal Research (iiFAR). In February, he was Ellis Eugene Williams, formerly associated with the named to iiFAR’s Board of Directors. Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, In naming Loeb, iiFAR noted that his commitment to OR, is now employed at the Department of Biology, Indiana the protection and support of the use of animals in State University, Purdue, Indianapolis, IN. research is longstanding, deep, and sincere and that his Formerly a Professor at Munchen, University, Munchen, trainin g as a physiol ogist has given him hands-on expe- Germany, Heinz G. Zimmer is now the Director of Leipzig rience with animals. University, Leipzig, Germany.

222 THE PHYSIOLOGIST SENIOR PHYSIOLOGISTS

Senior Physiologists Basil I. Hirschowitz writes to John Blinks, “I have just book on high altitude medicine and still writing up a few retired from my academic position and am now emeritus research papers. As a member of the editorial staff of the professor of medicine and of physiology. I have discontinued Journal of Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, I enjoy active laboratory investigation although I am still actively reviewing many interesting papers. pursuing clinical investigation regarding gastric secretion in “Barbara and I are enjoying life on the very active and ulcer and esophageal reflux disease. My particular interest is stimulating Stanford campus.” in Zollinger-Ellison syndrom and in NSAID injury to the GI Pierre Laurent writes on his 70th birthday, “I was very tract. From my current perspective in clinical research, I proud many years ago when I was elected as a correspond- have one regret and that is not having initiated long-term lon- ing member of APS. That was like being integrated into a gitudinal follow-up for the many patients that I have seen famous family full of prestigious but friendly scientists. through the years. In fact, we should have been doing out- “Although presently officially retired, I am still active in come research all along in our every day practice. Finally, I research. Two years ago, I went to Kenya as a member of a envy those who are beginning a joint career of physiology US/Canada expedition to study the very unusual physiology and medicine now.” of a small fish living in an alkaline lake with pH 11. At pre- Domingo Aviado, whose research publications over the sent I have a grant from NSR Canada to work in Hamilton at past four decades focused on physiological approaches to McMaster University. I plan to go there next spring. In the pharmacology and toxicology, continues to publish regular- meanwhile, it is a great pleasure for me to welcome ly on the relationship between environmental tobacco smoke American and non-American scientists and discuss their new exposure and heart disease. He also continues to write on research projects. para-physiological topics. “Besides writing original and review papers, I read, In spite of a series of major medical problems over the read, and read everything, trying to get familiar with new past ten years, he remains cheerful. fields of knowledge. For instance, I noticed a very interest- He recently wrote the following to Robert Grover, “I ing APS book, Fractal Physiology, edited by personally feel that before the end of this century and mil- Bassingthwaighte, Libovitch, and West. I would like to buy lennium, the accomplishments of physiologists/pharmacolo- this book and learn more about the US laboratories working gists should be reviewed. in that field.” “I have four children and five grandchildren on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, and visit the Philippines every year. I would like to communicate with either retired or cur- rent joint members of APS and ASPET.” Members at NIH APS members can contact Aviado at 225 Hartshorm Receive Awards Drive, Short Hills, NJ 07078. Don MacCanon writes, “Following my retirement from Paul Didisheim received the first C. William Hall NIH on July 1, 1989, I became a consultant on training pro- grams, mainly minority programs, with occasional seminars Award from the Society for Biomaterials. The on training opportunities. I also assist Martin Frank in iden- award honors Didisheim’s outstanding contribu- tifying reviewers for new publications. tions in advancing the field of biomaterials. “I am now very much involved with church related Didisheim has been a leader in the development activities. In December 1993, I finished chairing a group which during a three-year period established a homeless pre- and evaluation of new biomaterials, particularly vention task force that helps prevent needy families that have for use in vascular grafts and stents. been identified by county welfare from becoming homeless. The Karl Spence Lashley Award of the “The same group established a ‘table of sharing’ in the American Philosophical Society was recently church narthex and a liaison with Rockville Fish, Inc. to pro- vide emergency food supplies for the hungry. Frankly, I given to Robert Wurtz. The award recognizes don’t know how I ever found time to work. Wurtz’s “brilliant technical innovations in record- “In June 1994, we moved to Asbury Methodist Village ing the activity of single visual neurons of alert in Gaithersburg, MD, where we have a lovely apartment and behaviorally trained monkeys that made possible have gotten used to eating in the dining room every night. The big 70 is not as bad as once thought.” salient scientific discoveries relating individual Herbert N. Hultgren writes, “I have been retired since nerve cells to visual perception and the generation 1988, but am still doing volunteer teaching of students and of eye movement.” residents at the Palo Alto VA Hospital. I am completing a

Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 223 POSITIONS AVAILABLE

Positions Available NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION-FUNDED POSTDOCTORAL POSITION. A postdoctoral position POSITION is available, starting immediately, in the is available at the John B. Pierce Laboratory to investigate Department of Biological Sciences at Florida Atlantic the interaction of cardiovascular and thermal reflexes in the University. The scope of work involves investigating the role control of the cutaneouscirculation in humans.Experiments of adensoine in initiating and coordinating downregulatory will focus on the measurementof skin blood flow using laser processes in the anoxic turtle brain and determining how doppler imaging techniquesand various stimuli (i.e., thermal tightly ATP failure and anoxic depolarization are coupled. stress,exercise, and/or venousblood pooling) to examine the Annual stipend is $25,000 per year. Applications will be interaction of these two control systems.Applicants should accepted until a candidate is found. For further information have a background in systemic physiology with an emphasis contact: Dr. Peter Lutz, Department of Biological Sciences, in the area of cardiovascular control or temperature regula- Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 3343 1. Tel: 407- tion Experience with human microneurography techniques 367-2886; fax: 407-367-2749; e-mail: [email protected]. is desirable. Interested candidatesshould sendtheir curricu- [EOAAE] lum vitae and the namesand addressesof three referencesto: Gary W. Mack, PhD, The John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 MOLECULAR “EXCITABLE CELL” PHYSIOLO- Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 065 19. Minority and GIST. A tenure-track assistant/associate professorship is female applicants are encouraged to apply. [EOAAE] available for a molecular physiologist whose research inter- ests in nerve and muscle cells complement those of the neu- robiology and cardiopulmonary faculty in the department. POIITIONS AVAILABLE The successful candidate must have a PhD or equivalent degree, two years of postdoctoral research experience, and is There is a $50 charge for each position list- expected to establish an extramurally funded research pro- ed. Positions will be listed in the next avail- gram as well as participate in teaching general physiology able issue of The Physiologist and immedi- courses. Start-up funds are available. The deadline for appli- ately upon receipt on the APS Gopher cations is November 15, 1995, with a starting date between Information Server. Listings will remain on May 1 and September 1, 1996. An application letter, descrip- the APS Information Server for three tion of teaching experience and interests, curriculum vitae. months. and the names, addresses, and phone numbers of four indi- viduals who were asked to provide reference letters should A check or money order payable to “The be sent to: Dr. Douglas N. Ishii, Search Committee Chair, American Physiological Society” must Department of Physiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. Women and ethnic minorities are accompany the position listing. Purchase strongly urged to apply. [EOAAE] orders will not be accepted unless accompa- nied by payment.Ads not prepaid will not be printed. Copy must be typed double space WELLCOME VISITING PROFESSORSHIPS and is limited to 150 words. All copy is sub- IN THE BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 1996-97 ject to the editorial policy of The The Federation of American Societies for Physiologist. EOAAE indicates Equal Experimental Biology invites nominations from US Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer medical schools,universities, and other nonprofit sci- and appears only when given on original entific research institutions for Wellcome Visiting copy. Copy must reach the APS office before Professorshipsin the Basic Medical Sciences. the 15th of the month, two months preced- ing the month of issue (e.g., before February For application procedures and information, contact 15th for the April issue). RoseP. Grimm,Executive Office FASEB Mail copy with payment to: 9650 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20814-3998 THE PHYSIOLOGIST Tel. (301) 530-7090 Fax (301) 530-7049 E-mail [email protected] APS Deadline for letters of application is March 1, 1996 9650 ROCKVILLE PI BETHESDA, MD 20814-3991 SPONSOREDBYTHE B~RROUGHSWELLCOME FUND

224 THE PHYSIOLOGIST BOOKS RECEIVED Books Received

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults. Paul H. $65.25. ISBN: o-314-04272-5. Wender. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1995, Handbook of Physiology, Section 11: Aging. Edward J. 295 pp., index, $25.00. ISBN: o-19-509227-9. Masoro (Editor). New York: NY: Oxford University August & Marie Krogh: Lives in Science. Bodil Schmidt- Press. 1995, 681 pp., illus., $165.00. ISBN: O-19- Nielsen. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1995, 507722-9. 295 pp., illus., index, $49.95. ISBN: o-19-509099-3. High-Altitude Medicine and Pathology. Fourth Edition. The Book of Genesis: Exploring Realistic Neural Models Donald Heath and David Reid Williams. New York, NY: with the General Neural Simulation System. James M. Oxford University Press, 1995, 449 pp., illus., $135.00. Bower and David Beeman. Santa Clara, CA: TELOS, ISBN: 0- 19-262504-7. 1995, 409 pp., illus., index, $49.95. ISBN: 0-387- Human Energetics in Biological Anthropology. Stanley J. 94019-7. Ulijaszek. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, Calculating the Secrets of Life. Eric S. Lander and Michael 1995, 235 pp., illus., $54.95. ISBN: O-521-43295-2. S. Waterman (Editors). Washington, DC: National Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems.Second Edition. Academy Press, 1995, 285 pp., illus., index. $39.95. Lauralee Sherwood (Editor). St. Paul, MN: West ISBN: o-309-04886-9. Publishing Corporation, 1993, 853 pp., illus., $69.75. Essaysin the History of the Physiological Sciences.Claude ISBN: o-314-01225-7. Debru (Editor). The Wellcome Institute Series in the Physiology. Ninth Edition. David G. Penny. Stamford, CT: History of Medicine, Clio Medica 33. Atlanta, GA: Appleton & Lange, 1995, 257 pp., illus., $16.55. ISBN: Rodophi B.V., 1995, 256 pp., illus., $68.00. ISBN: 90- O-8385-6222-1. 5 183-646-5. Visceral Pain. Gerald F. Gebhart (Editor). Progress in Pain Fundamentalsof Physiology: A Human Perspective. Second Research and Management, Volume 5. Seattle, WA: Edition. Lauralee Sherwood (Editor). St. Paul, MN: IASP Press, 1995, 516 pp., illus., $69.00. ISBN: O- West Publishing Corporation, 1995, 672 pp., illus., 931092-10-8. Book Reviews Bioenergetics: Its Thermodynamic cists actively dislike the subject, becausemuch or even most of physics rests on models of conservative fields in which Foundations Hamiltonians and the First Law of energy conservation with Lars Garby and Poul S. Larsen its associatedsummational invariants (and symmetry issues) New York, NY: Cambridge University Press,1995. dominate, and the Second Law (dissipations) does not 270 pp., illus., index, $59.95 appear and is not needed. The other two laws (Zeroth and ISBN: O-52l-45 143-4 Third) are regarded as being intuitively obvious and no big deal. Certain subjectsdevelop a core of foundational material that Ruling out perpetual motions of several kinds was a wel- orients the newcomer to the field and sets the domain of come achievement of the First and Second Laws of thermo- inquiry. Such material attracts authors who have a senseof dynamics in the last century, and Boltzmann’s microscopic mission to make the core material accessibleand engaging rationalization of the entropy of a macroscopic field, and clear beyond previous expositions of it. To achieve that admirably captured in his famous equation (which is dis- ambition the authors need not invoke new material, nor played on his tombstone), was ultimately recognized as a reports from the cutting edge of modern researchin the area. great achievement (although not soon enough to prevent his The chief requirementsare logical organization, sharp defin- suicide in despair over its neglect.) Shannon’sbrilliant work itions, and thorough comprehensionof the subject. on signalingcapacities of transmissionchannels in the 1940s This book is solidly foundational in the above sense,and led to an equation defining selective information that is iden- it meetsthe criteria of excellence for that genre. Topics lucid- tical in mathematicalform to Boltzmann’s entropy equation. ly covered include elementsof thermodynamic theory, state Since then entropy and information have been confounded by properties, mass,energy, work, First Law, Second Law, equi- the unwary, who do not know how to resolve the paradox that librium, local nonequilibrium, and energy balances. information seemssomehow to reflect order and entropy dis- Thermodynamics is a rather special subject in both its order! (I’ll not try to untangle that knot here, except to say macro and micro forms, yet it is also synoptic, addressing, that the world would be a better place if Shannon had never for example, classical steam engines, triple point of water, used the term entropy in his theorizing about information. statistical mechanics, and Onsager relations. Many physi- Norbert Wiener put him up to it to “sell” information theory!)

Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 225 BOOK REVIEWS

In the popular press entropy lies alongside Heisenberg’s arise concerning identifiability, controllability, and observ- Principle, not understood in detail but respected because they ability because of the paucity of data and biological theory. both offer impossibility arguments that are sometimes useful The authors close with the following paragraph: in conversation or even as guidelines for living, viz., “there’s “Structure-building processes involve typically non- no free lunch; everything including the Universe eventually linear couplingsbetween diffusive transportand several runs down; wear and tear is always there so we grow old and chemical reactions, often autocatalytic reactions. die: time is an arrow pointing ahead; you can’t be sure of Analysis of such processes leads to dynamic systems of anything; everything you measure or touch changes.. . .” non-linear differential equations, the solutions of which In the present book thermodynamic principles of equi- demonstrate that the process can maintain non-uniform librium or near-equilibrium steady-state systems that can heterogeneous stationary states far from equilibrium. exchange matter and energy at their boundaries are carefully This fact was first recognized by Turing (in 1952). Since and clearly developed using algebraic notation to codify then, the dynamics and structure of non-linear systems in statements. Although some partial differentials are shown, biology have been the subject of intensive research. This no differentiations or integrations are explicitly performed. subject is not treated in the present text.. . .” The text is lucid and the sequence logical. The book could The reader has to go elsewhereto find out how to con- have been written in the 1960s (but was not!) Macroscopic, ceptualize, using physical and computational insights; the steady systems, with linear approximations when necessary, magnificient attributes of growth, development, and repro- are favored to support the examples offered for calculation duction; and the loss of stability shown by most complex and worked problems. Although the authors acknowledge organisms in their senescence.The curious cooperation and respect the complexity of biological systems, they offer between information and dynamics that support the triad of a simplified view on purpose as a starting point. [Besides, the autonomousmorphogenesis, nearly invariant reproduction, newer so-called sciences of complexity may be in deep trou- and teleonomic behavior that Monod (3) claimed defined the ble (l).] Garby and Larsen manage to convey highpoints of living state requiresan advanced treatment, without assump- introductory physical chemistry in a biophysical context so tions merely to make the problem mathematically congenial. the reader thinks about the varieties of work done by living Such modern treatmentscan be found, for example, in Thorn things just to keep going, rather than phase diagrams of (6), Kauffman (2), Prigogine (4), Weber et al. (7), Rosen(S), azeotropic mixtures and like topics of interest to chemical and in edited collections of articles by specialists(8). engineers. The present book is a splendid starting point for biolo- The welcome precision of this presentation of bioener- gistswith sympathy for physically basedquantitative model- getics makes it possible to calculate the work involved in ing of primary operations involving energy transformations such things as maintaining life in a human being at rest. The and mass fluxes. It provides the necessary foundation for authors partition that work into convection of fluids, mainte- understandingthe more advanced treatmentsof harder prob- nance of ion distributions across membranes (keeping the lems. I am glad to have the book and wish it had been avail- battery charged), synthesis of proteins in steady-state able sooner.It could have saved me much of the struggle of turnover, etc. Assuming a resting metabolism of 74 watts, acquiring a quantitative view of the remarkable accomplish- they conclude that the useful work of existence is about 15 ments of metabolic systems,from animal life to that master- watts, giving an “efficiency” of 20%. [Another way to view piece of power engineering-photosynthesis! metabolism is to note that living systems typically invest I? Eugene Yutes about 85% of their lifetime energy turnover into maintenance University of Culifornia, Los Angeles of the living state and only 15% to growth (transiently the figure can be higher), reproduction, and external work on the References environment. They do not lapse into “deferred maintenance” Horgan, J. From complexity to perplexity. Sci. Amer. 272: the way we so often do with our houses, cars, roads, bridges, 104-109, 1995. etc.] This and other calculations illustrate the quantitative Kauffman, S. A. Ttze Origins of Order. New York: Oxford yields from the thermodynamic approach but also its limita- Univ. Press,1993. tions. Monod, J. Chance and Necessity.New York: Knopf, 1971. The limitations arise from the simplifying and lineariz- Prigogine. I. From Being to Becoming: Time and ing assumptionsthat usually have to be made in applying Complexity in the Ph)ysicalSciences. San Francisco, CA: physical or engineering modeling to living systemsin order Freeman Press,1980.. to obtain a mathematically tractable result. Feedback mod- 5. Rosen, R. Life Itselfi A ComprehensiveInquini w into the els, for instance,are often basedon linear transfer functions Nature, Origin, and Fabrication of Life. New. York: with constant coefficients and single inputs and outputs for Columbia Univ. Press, 1991. the components.Although modern control theory has long 6 . Thorn, R. Mathematical Models of Morphogenesis. New been extended far beyond such simplifications, when the York: Halstead, 1983. extensions are focused on living systems serious problems 7, Weber, B.H., D.H. Depew, C. Dyke, S.N. Salthe, E.D.

226 THE PHYSIOLOGIST BOOK REVIEWS

Schneider, R.E. Ulanowicz, and J.S. Wicken. Evolution in assertion that brown adipose tissue plays an important role in thermodynamic perspective: An ecological approach. energy regulation in humans (although this is most likely Biol. Philos. 4: 373-405, 1989. true in rodent models). Likewise, although it may ultimately 8. Yates, F.E. (Editor). Self-Organizing Systems: The prove to be true that genetic inheritance has a more dominant Emergence of Order. New York: Plenum, 1987. effect on body fatness than environmental factors, the weight of human studies to date does not support this view. Another Advanced Nutrition: Macronutrients edition of this book would also benefit from an update of some material, such as the use of inulin or mannitol to mea- Carolyn D. Berdanier sure extracellular water, and an expansion of the index, Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1995, 277 pp., illus., index, $50.00 which is currently rather sketchy. Who will this book be suitable for? Certainly graduate An attempt to provide graduate students and interested pro- students in the early part of their training will find things of fessionals with most of what they need to know about ener- interest to them in this book and will find it well written and gy and macronutrients in 277 pages may seem ambitious at easy to read. In addition, health professionals and non-nutri- first glance. However, consider that the same topic expands tional scientists with an interest in nutritional biochemistry to about twice as much text in the most recent edition of the will find this book a useful addition to their library. classic nutrition textbook Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease (M.E. Shills, J.A. Olson, M. Shike, eds., Susan B. Roberts Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger, 1994), and it will be appre- Tufts University ciated that Berdanier has completed a very challenging task. The first chapter is an overview intro- ducing concepts of nutritional requirements CALL FOR NOMINATIONS and the role of nutrition in disease preven- FASEB EXCELLENCE IN SCIENCE LECTURE tion. Then there are separate chapters AND AWARD 1997 devoted to water, energy, protein, carbohy- drate, and fat, each composed of a generous To recognize outstanding achievement by women in biological science. amount of nutritional biochemistry along Eligibility with smatterings of nutritional epidemiolo- 1. All women who are members of one or more of the societies of FASEB will be eligible for nomination. gy, physiology, and psychology. Some sec- 2. Nominations recognize a woman whose research has contributed significantly to further our understanding tions are perfectly fascinating as well as a of a particular discipline by excellence in research. mine of useful and educational material. Nominations

For example, in the chapter on energy, you 1. Nominations may be made only by members of the FASEB Societies. 2. A call for nomination of candidates for the Excellence in Science Award will be posted in the newsletters can read about the socioeconomic basis for of the individual Societies as well as the FASEB Newsletter and The FASEB Journal. insect consumption among the aborigines 3. The call for nominations will be made each year in November. The nomination deadline is March 1 of each year. The nomination will be transmitted to the FASEB Board before its May meeting. in Australia as well as oxidative phospho- 4. Nominations must be made in the form of a letter, original and eleven (11) copies, setting forth in detail:

l l the contributions(s) to the field that represents the nominee’s outstanding achievement in science rylation and theories of body weight regu- l leadership and mentorship lation. l evidence of national recognition l l honors and awards Generally speaking, this book is 5. Twelve (12) copies of the curriculum vitae and brief selected bibliography of the nominee, as well as twelve (12) copies of no more than five (5) reprints, must accompany the nomination. strongest in the area of nutritional bio- 6. Additional letters of support (twelve (12) copies each) for the nominee are optional but are encouraged. chemistry. Almost inevitably for a book 7. The nominations and supporting letters are to be sent to: that attempted to be comprehensive in a Ms. Leah C. Valadez FASEB Excellence in Science Award modest space, there are some limitations in Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-3998 terms of providing detailed and current Telephone (301) 530-7092 information. Future editions would benefit Selection from revision of sections in which contro- 1. The Excellence in Science Award Committee, comprised of a member from each Society of the Federation, versial issues are presented as though they will receive the nominations and recommend an awardee based on an evaluation of scientific accomplishments. are not controversial. In most of these cases 2. The awardee must agree to present an Excellence in Science Lecture. I agreed with the author’s interpretation of 3. The name of the awardee and a summary of the candidate’s qualifications will be sent to the FASEB Board for approval at the May meeting. the evidence but would still have preferred to see a more clear distinction between Award Presentation facts and controversies. For example, quite The award will be presented before presentation of the Excellence in Science Lecture by the awardee. The award will be presented by the Chair of the Excellence in Science Award Committee or her representative in a number of nutritional scientists working conjunction with a member of the FASEB Board. The award includes a $10,000 unrestricted research grant, funded by Eli Lilly and Company, travel expenses, complimentary registration at the meeting, and a plaque in with human subjects would question an recognition of the award.

Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 ANNOUNCEMENTS

XXX111 International Congress of Physiological Sciences In June, the IUPS Council met in St. Petersburg, where it Famous professors who have worked at the Academy received a report on the plans for the XXX111 International include the founder of Russian physiology, 1.M Sechenov, Congress of Physiological Sciences. The Congress will con- and Nobel Laureat I.P. Pavlov. vene in St. Petersburg June 30-July 5, 1997. Presently the Academy has 59 chairs, 28 specialty clin- During the meeting, plans for the scientific program ics, and 15 research laboratories. Seventeen members of the were developed. They will be publicized elsewhere by Russian Academy of Sciences work in the Academy. The Stanley G. Schultz, Vice Chairman of the Scientific Program clinics of the Academy provide care not only for members of Committee. the military but also civilians in the St. Petersburg region and The venue for the Congress will be the Medical-Military other regions of Russia who are in need of the specialized Academy, which is located in a typical university campus services of the Academy. setting. Surrounded by numerous other buildings, the Members of the IUPS Council who had previously vis- Academy has ample meeting rooms of all sizes. ited St. Petersburg were impressed by the rapid progress in The Academy was founded in 1798 as the St. Petersburg the development of a congenial atmosphere for an interna- Medical-Surgical School. Until the end of the 19th Century tional meeting. Increasingly, hotels and restaurants cater to it was Russia’s main institution for the training of medical Western expectations, and the museums and other tourist and scientific personnel for public health services. The first attractions are outstanding. Transportation by subway and chairs in Russia in gynecology, psychiatry, ophthalmology, taxi is inexpensive and reliable. The Local Organizing operative surgery, otolaryngology, infectious diseases, and Committee is working diligently to provide a very attractive orthopedics were established at the Academy during the 19th and efficient venue for the last World Congress of the mille- Century. nium.

AUHFResearch Award Booklet Now Available Research Associate Awards The 1995-96 American Digestive Health Foundation Research Awards booklet is now available. The ADHF in Space Biology and its partners, the American Gastroenterological Association and the American Society for The current Space Shuttle Program has allowed the development Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, offer over 65 awards in 14 of space biology science that offers exceptional opportunities for categories. More than $2 million in research grants will research. be awarded this year. Orders for the booklet can be faxed to ADHF at NASA is offering Research Associate Awards at the postdoctoral (301) 652-2099. For further information, contact Irene level for scientists to conduct space biology research in a univer- Kuo at (301) 654-2055. sity laboratory or nongovernmental research institute of your choice that can provide the necessary facilities and research environment. Projects should be in the gravitational and space AutonomicNeuroscience Society Founded biology discipline. The awards are $20,000 for the first year and $22,000 for the Recently, the International Society for Autonomic second year. Funding will begin July 1 to October I, 19%. US Neuroscience (ISAN) was established to facilitate com- citizens and permanent resident aliens with PhD, MD, DVM, munication between those working in autonomic neuro- DMD, or equivalent degrees are eligible to apply. science and to raise the profile of autonomic neuro- science. Proposalsare due February IS, 1996 The society wil arrange meetings, lobby for improved representation of autonomic neuroscience in organiza- For information and application booklet, contact: tions such as IBRO, and aid communication between sci- Dr. Gerald Sonnenfeld entists who work on all aspects of the autonomic nervous Department of General Surgery Research system. Carolinas Medical Center ISANs First International Congress is planned for 9.0. Box 32861 September 14-20, 1997, in Cairns, Australia. Charlotte, NC 28232 Those interested in the society may contact Joel Tel. (704) 3552639 Bornstein, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, fax (704) 3557203 3052 Australia. Tel. 6 l-3-9344-5850; fax 6 l-3-9344-58 18.

228 THE PHYSIOLOGIST ANNOUNCEMENTS

Director, Division of Research Grants, NIH Position Open NIH has announced that applications are now being accept- ic and administrative skills for Senior Research Administrators; ed for the Director of the Division of Research Grants (DRG) and ensures smooth interface between program goals of position. APS urges interested physiologists to apply. Institutes, and the Divisions review policies and procedures. The Director, DRG, serves as a principal advisor to the Applicants are required to submit a bibliography and Director, NIH, and participates in discussions relative to the either a curriculum vitae, Application for Federal development of major policy decisions affecting the research Employment (SF-17 l), Optional Application for Federal grant and award programs of the Public Health Service; directs Employment (OF-612), resume, or any other written format the search for qualified individuals to serve as members of ini- that addresses the requirements of the position. tial review groups; participates in interagency discussions on Applications must be sent to National Institutes of the principal problems of federal granting agencies, and meets Health, Division of Senior Systems, 6120 Executive with private research agencies to address shared issues relating Boulevard, Suite 100, Rockville, MD 20852, Attn: Janice to review; assures that effective administrative procedures are Balin. E-mail applications may be sent to fcwalker@helix. established so that program operations and obligations of gov- nih.gov. Applications may be sent through the World-Wide emment funds and other resources are rendered consistent with Web via http://www.nih.gov/news/. Applicants may fax statutory and regulatory requirements and within limitations materials to (301) 402-6139 (limit of 10 pages). imposed; works closely with peer review oversight groups to The closing date for applications is November 1, 1995. assess broad policy issues related to the scientific review of For further information about the position and more research grants; provides leadership in developing the scientif- detailed requirements, contact Janice Balin at (301) 496-1443. APS Sustaining Associate Members The Society gratefully acknowledges the contributions received from Sustaining Members in support of the Society’s goals and objectives.

Abbott Laboratories Lockheed Missles & Space Alliance Pharmaceutical Corporation Company, Inc. American Medical Association The Mack Printing Group Axon Instruments, Inc. MacLab Division, ADInstruments, Inc. Berlex Biosciences Marion Merrell Dow, Inc. Boehringer Ingelheim Corporation* McNeil Pharmaceuticals Boeing Defense & Space Group Merck & Company, Inc.* Burroughs Wellcome Company Miles Inc. Coulbourn Instruments, Inc. NARCO Bio-Systems Dagan Corporation Norwich Eaton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Du Pont Pharmaceuticals Pfizer, Inc. Fisons Pharmaceuticals Pharmacia, Inc. Genentech, Inc.* Procter & Gamble Company Glaxo, Inc. Quaker Oats Company Gould Instrument Systems, Inc. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation* Grass Foundation W.B. Saunders Company Groupe de Recherche Servier, France Schering-Plough Corporation* Harvard Apparatus G.D. Searle and Company Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. SmithKline Beecham Hoffman-La Roche, Inc.* Squibb Corporation* ICI Pharmaceuticals Sutter Instrument Company Jandel Scientific The Upjohn Company* Janssen Research Foundation Warner-Lambert/Parke Davis The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute Waverly Press, Inc. Kabi Pharmacia Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories Lederle Laboratories Zeneca. Inc. Eli Lilly and Company *Second Century Corporate Founders

Vol. 38, No. 5, 1995 LLY ANNOUNCEMENTS

Scientific Meetings and Congresses Specificity of Growth Factor Signaling, October 13- 16, 1995, Latest Therapeutic Applications of Cytokines: Control of Granlibakken, Lake Tahoe, CA. Information: American Inflammation, Growth and Differentiation, March 14- 15, Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 9650 1996, Philadelphia, PA. Znformation: IBC USA Conferences, Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 208 14. Tel: 301-530-7 145; fax: 225 Turnpike road, Southborough, MA 01772-1749. Tel: 508- 30 l-57 1- 1824; e-mail: [email protected]. 48 l-6400; fax: 508-48 l-79 11. The Role of Lipid Messengers in Signal Transduction 17th Annual International Gravitational Physiology Meeting, Pathways, Cellular Regulation, and Disease, October 20-23, April 14-19, 1996, Warsaw, Poland. Information: Professor 1995, Keystone, CO. Information: American Society for Hilding Bjurstedt, Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 9650 Rockville Pike, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel: 46- Bethesda, MD 208 14. Tel: 30 l-530-7 145; fax: 30 l-57 1- 1824; 8334012; fax: 46-8339702. e-mail: asbmb @ asbmb.faseb.org. 12th International Symposium on Flavins and Flavoproeins. 11th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gravitational June 30-July 6, 1996, Calgary, Canada. Information: Dr. and Space Biology, October 25-29, 1995, Crystal City, VA. Kenneth J. Stevenson, Department of Biological Sciences. Information: Donald R. Beem, AIBS, Special Science University of Calgary, Calgary T2N lN4, Alberta, Canada. Programs, 730 1 lth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001. Tel: Fax: 403-284-4184. 202-628- 1500. 4th IUBMB Conference: The Life and Death of the Cell, July National Indonesian Physiological Society, October 26-28, 1995, 14-17, 1996, Edinburgh, Scotland. Information: The Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. Information:. Dr. Adrianta, Conference Assistant IUBMB 1996, The Biochemical Society, Dinoyo 42, Surabaya, Indonesia. Fax: 3 l-5 11585 (country 59 Portland Place, London W 1N 3AJ. Tel: 0 17 1 580 5530; fax: code 62). 0171 637 7626; e-mail: [email protected]. Tracer Methodology Course, October 29-November 3, 1995, Bioartificial Organs: Science and Technology, July 2 l-26, 1996, Galveston, TX. Information: University of Texas Medical Nashville, TN. Information: Barbara Hickernell, Engineering Branch, PO Box 55 176, Galveston, TX 77555-5 176. Tel: 409- Foundation Conferences, 345 E. 47th Street, New York, NY 770-6605; fax: 409-770-6825. 10017. Tel: 212-705-7836; fax: 212-705-7441; e-mail: [email protected]. International Congress on Alternative Medicine, November 19- 25, 1995, LaPaz, Bolivia. Information: Mr. Darius Morgan, VI World Conference on Clinical Pharmacology and Crillon Enterprises, 1450 S. Bayshore Drive. Costa Bella Therapeutics and VI Congress of the Interamerican Cond., Suite 8 15, Miami, FL 33 13 1. Fax: 305-372-0054. Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, August 4- 10, 1996, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Information: Third International Glycobiology Symposium, November 29- CPT96 and ISCPT VI, Marcel0 T. de Alvear 1980, 1122 December 1, 1995, San Diego, CA. Information: Paddy Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tel: 54- 1-8 l-6650; fax: 54-l-8 14- Batchelder, California Separation Science Society, PO Box 2733. 370. Pleasanton, CA 94566. Tel: 5 10-426-9601; fax: 5 10-484- 3024. Bernstein’s Traditions in Motor Control, August 23-25, 1996, University Park, Pennsylvania. Information: Dr. Mark Latash. 35th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Biomechanics Laboratory, December 9-13, 1995, Washington, DC. Information: The University Park, PA 16802. Tel: 814-863-5374, fax: 814-865- American Society for Cell Biology, 9650 Rockville Pike, 2440, e-mail: ml1 11 @psu.edu. Bethesda, MD 208 14-3992. Tel: 30 l-530-7 153; fax: 30 1-530- 7 139, e-mail: [email protected]. First International Congress of the International Society for Autonomic Neuroscience. September 14-20. 1997, Cairns. Fourth National Symposium on Biosafety: Working Safely Australia. Information: Dr. Joel Bornstein, University of With Research Animals, January 27-3 1, 1996. Atlanta, GA. Melbourne, Parkville Vie 3052, Australia. Fax: 6 1-3-9344- Information: Fourth National Symposium on Biosafety, c/o 58 18; e-mail: [email protected]. Exposition and Meeting Concepts (EMC), PO Box 250381, Atlanta, GA 30325-038 1. Tel: 404-355-4884; fax: 404-355- Second World Congress of High Altitude Medicine, September 6765. 24-27, 1996, Cusco, Peru. Information: Dr. Fabiola Leon- Velarde, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dpto. de Medical Imaging 1996, February lo- 15, 1996, Newport Beach, Fisiologia, Apartado 43 14, Lima 100, Peru. Fax: 5 1- 14-482 34 CA. Information: Society for Photo-Optical Instrumentation 35; e-mail: [email protected]. Engineers, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA 98227-0010. Tel: 800-483-9034 or 360-676-3290; fax: 360-647- 1445; e-mail: Second World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the spie @ spie.org. Life Sciences, October 20-24, 1996, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Information: World Congress Alternatives 1996, Obesity: Advances in Understanding and Treatment, March 4- FBU Congress Bureau, PO Box 80.125,3508 TC Utrecht, The 6, 1996, Washington, DC. Information: IBC USA Netherlands. Tel: 3 l-30-53-5344/2728; fax: 3 l-30-53-3667; e- Conferences, 225 Turnpike road, Southborough, MA 0 1772- mail: [email protected]. 1749. Tel: 508-48 I-6400; fax: 508-48 l-79 11.

230 THE PHYSIOLOGIST