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Home , Alexis Carrel, Baruj Benacerraf, Feodor Lynen, Ferid Murad, Frederick Sanger, George Wald

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov The American Physiological Society 09/14/1849 - 02/27/1936 1904 Winner for his work on the of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged. The American Physiological Society American Society for Investigative 06/28/1873 - 01/05944 1912 Nobel Prize Winner for his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of vessels and organs. The American Association of Immunologists (Honorary) 06/13/1870 - 04/06/1961 1919 Nobel Prize Winner for his discoveries relating to immunity Schack August Steenberger Krogh The American Physiological Society (Honorary) 11/15/1874 - 09/13/1949 1920 Nobel Prize Winner for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism Sir Archibald Vivial Hill The American Physiological Society (Honorary) 09/26/1886 - 06/03/77 1922 Nobel Prize Winner for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle Otto F Meyerhof American Society for and Molecular 04/12/1884 - 10/07/51 1922 Nobel Prize Winner for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the of in the muscle Frederick Grant Banting American Society for and Experimental Therapeutics 11/14/1891 - 02/21/1941 1923 Nobel Prize Winner for the discovery of John J.R. Macleod The American Physiological Society 09/08/1876 - 03/16/1935 1923 Nobel Prize Winner for the discovery of insulin Theodor American Society for Biochemistry and (Honorary) 08/30/1884 - 02/26/1971 1926 Nobel Prize Winner for his work on disperse systems American Society for Investigative Pathology The American Association of Immunologists 06/14/1868 - 06/26/1943 1930 Nobel Prize Winner for his discovery of human blood groups American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 10/08/1883 - 08/03/1970 1931 Nobel Prize Winner for his discovery of the and mode of action of the respiratory Lord Edgar D. Adrian The American Physiological Society (Honorary) 11/30/1889175 – 1977 1932 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons Sir Charles Scott Sherrington The American Physiological Society (Honorary) 11/27/1856 - 03/04/1952 1932 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons George H. Whipple The American Physiological Society American Society for Investigative Pathology 08/28/1878 - 02/01/1976 1934 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning therapy in cases of anaemia Sir Henry H. Dale American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Honorary) 06/09/1875 - 07/24/1968

1936 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Honorary) 06/03/1873 - 12/25/1961 1936 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses Albert Szent-Gyorgyi American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 09/16/1893 - 10/22/1986 1937 Nobel Prize Winner for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to C and the catalysis of fumaric acid Corneille J. F. Heymans American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 03/28/1892 - 07/18/1968 1938 Nobel Prize Winner for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration Leopold Ruzicka American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 09/13/1887 - 09/26/1976 1939 Nobel Prize Winner for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration Henrik C. P. Dam American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Nutrition 02/21/1895 - 04/17/1976 1943 Nobel Prize Winner for his discovery of vitamin K Edward A. Doisy, Sr. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 11/13/1893 - 10/23/1986 1943 Nobel Prize Winner for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K The American Physiological Society 01/05/1874 - 12/05/1965 1944 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres Herbert S. Gasser The American Physiological Society American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 07/05/1888 - 05/11/1963 1944 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres Arturri I. Virtanen American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) American Society for Nutrition (Honorary) 01/15/1895 - 11/11/1973 1945 Nobel Prize Winner for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition , especially for his fodder preservation method John H. Northrop American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 07/05/1891 - 05/27/87 1946 Nobel Prize Winner for their preparation of and in a pure form Wendell M. Stanley American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The American Association of Immunologists 08/16/1904 - 06/17/71 1946 Nobel Prize Winner for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form James B. Sumner American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 11/19/1887 - 08/11/55 1946 Nobel Prize Winner for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized Carl F. Cori American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 12/05/1896 - 10/19/84 1947 Nobel Prize Winner for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen Gerty T. Cori American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 08/15/1896 - 10/26/57 1947 Nobel Prize Winner for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen Bernardo A. Houssay The American Physiological Society (Honorary) 04/10/1887 - 09/20/71 1947 Nobel Prize Winner for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar Arne W.K. Tiselius American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 08/10/1902 - 10/29/1971 1948 Nobel Prize Winner for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins Walter R. Hess The American Physiological Society (Honorary) 03/17/1881 - 08/12/1973 1949 Nobel Prize Winner for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs Edward C. Kendall The American Physiological Society American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Investigative Pathology 03/08/1886 - 05/04/1972 1950 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects Tadeus Reichstein American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 07/20/1897 - 08/01/96 1950 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects Archer J. P. Martin American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 03/01/1910 - 07/28/2002 1952 Nobel Prize Winner for their invention of partition Richard L.M. Synge American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 10/28/1914 - 08/18/1994 1952 Nobel Prize Winner for their invention of partition chromatography Fritz A. Lipmann American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 06/12/1899 - 07/24/86 1953 Nobel Prize Winner for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism Sir Hans A. Krebs American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 08/25/1900 - 11/22/1981 1953 Nobel Prize Winner for his discovery of the John F. Enders The American Association of Immunologists 02/10/1897 - 09/08/1985 1954 Nobel Prize Winner for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis to grow in cultures of various types of tissue Frederick C. Robbins The American Association of Immunologists 08/25/1916 - 08/04/2003 1954 Nobel Prize Winner for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue Thomas H. Weller The American Association of Immunologists (Retired) 06/15/1915 – 08/23/2008 1954 Nobel Prize Winner for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue Linus C. Pauling American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Honorary) 02/28/1901 - 08/19/94 1954 Nobel Prize Winner for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Nutrition 05/18/1901 - 12/11/1978 1955 Nobel Prize Winner for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 07/06/1903 - 08/15/1982 1955 Nobel Prize Winner for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes Andre F. Cournand The American Physiological Society 09/24/1895 - 02/19/1988 1956 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system Dickinson W. Richards The American Physiological Society 10/31/1895 - 02/23/73 1956 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system Lord Alexander R. Todd American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 10/02/1907 - 01/101997 1957 Nobel Prize Winner for his work on and co-enzymes American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 05/23/1925 - 02/02/08 1958 Nobel Prize Winner for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of Edward L. Tatum American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 12/14/1909 - 11/05/75 1958 Nobel Prize Winner for their discovery that act by regulating definite chemical events American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 08/13/1918 - 1958 Nobel Prize Winner for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 03/03/1918 - 10/26/2007 1959 Nobel Prize Winner for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 09/24/1905 - 11/01/1993 1959 Nobel Prize Winner for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid Sir Frank The American Association of Immunologists (Honorary) 09/03/1899 - 08/31/1985 1960 Nobel Prize Winner for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 04/08/1911 - 01/08/1997 1961 Nobel Prize Winner for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in James D. Watson American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 04/06/1928 - 1962 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material John C. Kendrew American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 03/24/1917 - 08/23/1997 1962 Nobel Prize Winner for their studies of the structures of globular proteins Max F. Perutz American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 05/19/1914 - 02/06/2002 1962 Nobel Prize Winner for their studies of the structures of globular proteins Francis H.C. Crick American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 06/08/1916 - 07/28/2004 1962 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material M.H.F. Wilkins American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 12/15/1916 - 10/05/2004 1962 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material Sir John C. Eccles The American Physiological Society (Honorary) 06/27/1903 - 05/02/1997 1963 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve membrane Alan L. Hodgkin The American Physiological Society (Honorary) 02/05/1914 - 12/20/98 1963 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve Konrad E. Bloch American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 01/21/1912 - 10/15/00 1964 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the and fatty acid metabolism American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 04/06/1911 - 08/06/79 1964 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism Dorothy C. Hodgkin American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 1910 - 07/29/1994 1964 Nobel Prize Winner for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 02/02/1910 - 05/31/76 1965 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis Andre M. Lwoff American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 05/08/1902 - 09/30/1994 1965 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis Charles B. Huggins The American Physiological Society 09/22/1901 - 01/12/1997 1966 Nobel Prize Winner for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic Peyton Rous American Society for Investigative Pathology (Honorary) 10/05/1879 - 02/16/1970 1966 Nobel Prize Winner for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses Haldan K. Hartline The American Physiological Society 12/22/1903 - 03/17/1983 1967 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 11/18/1906 - 04/12/97 1967 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye The American Physiological Society (Honorary) 10/30/1900 - 03/12/1991 1967 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 05/09/1927 - 1967 Nobel Prize Winner for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of Marshall W. Nirenberg American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 04/10/1927 - 1968 Nobel Prize Winner for their interpretation of the and its function in synthesis Har G. Khorana American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 01/09/1922 1968 Nobel Prize Winner for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis Robert W. Holley American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 01/28/1922 - 02/11/93 1968 Nobel Prize Winner Salvador E. Luria American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 08/13/1912 - 02/06/1991 1969 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses Julius Axelrodp American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 05/30/1912 - 12/29/004 1970 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their , release and inactivation Luis F. LeLoir American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 09/06/1906 - 12/02/87 1970 Nobel Prize Winner for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 11/19/1915 - 03/09/74 1971 Nobel Prize Winner for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones Rodney R. Porter American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 10/08/1917 - 09/06/1985 1972 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of Gerald M. Edelman American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The American Association of Immunologists 07/01/1929 - 1972 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 09/04/1913 - 08/23/82 1972 Nobel Prize Winner for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule William H. Stein American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 06/25/1911 - 02/02/80 1972 Nobel Prize Winner for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule Christian B. Anfinsen American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 03/26/1916 - 05/14/1995 1972 Nobel Prize Winner for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 10/02/1917 - 1974 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell George E. Palade American Society for 11/19/1912 - 1974 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell David American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 03/07/1938 - 1975 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 07/23/1906 - 01/07/1998 1975 Nobel Prize Winner for his research into the of organic molecules and reactions William N. Lipscomb American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 12/09/1919 - 1976 Nobel Prize Winner for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding The American Physiological Society 01/11/1924 - 1977 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the Andrew V. Schally The American Physiological Society American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 11/30/1926 - 1977 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain Rosalyn S. Yalow The American Physiological Society 07/19/1921 - 1977 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain Hamilton O. Smith American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 08/23/1931 - 1978 Nobel Prize Winner for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 10/30/1928 - 11/16/1999 1978 Nobel Prize Winner for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of American Society for Investigative Pathology The American Association of Immunologists 10/29/1920 - 1980 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 06/30/1926 - 1980 Nobel Prize Winner for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 03/21/1932 - 1980 Nobel Prize Winner for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids Frederick Sanger American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 08/13/1918 - 1980 Nobel Prize Winner for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids Roger W. Sperry The American Physiological Society 08/20/1913 - 04/17/1994 1981 Nobel Prize Winner for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres David H. Hubel The American Physiological Society 02/27/1926 - 1981 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system Torsten N. Wiesel The American Physiological Society 06/03/1924 - 1981 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system Sune Bergstrom American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 01/10/1916 - 08/15/2004 1982 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances Bengt I. Samuelsson American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 05/21/1934 - 1982 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances R. Bruce Merrifield American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 07/15/1921 - 05/14/2006 1984 Nobel Prize Winner for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix Niels K. Jerne The American Association of Immunologists (Honorary) 12/23/1911 - 10/07/1994 1984 Nobel Prize Winner for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies Cesar Milstein The American Association of Immunologists (Honorary) 10/08/1927 - 03/24/2002 1984 Nobel Prize Winner for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies Joseph L. Goldstein American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Cell Biology 04/18/1940 - 1985 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism Michael S. Brown American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Cell Biology 04/13/1941 - 1985 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism Stanley Cohen American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 11/17/1922 1986 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries of growth factors The American Association of Immunologists 09/06/1939 - 1987 Nobel Prize Winner for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of diversity George H. Hitchings American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 04/18/1905 - 02/27/1998 1988 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment Gertrude B. Elion American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 01/23/1918 - 02/21/99 1988 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment Sir James W. Black American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 06/14/1924 - 1988 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 02/20/1937 - 1988 Nobel Prize Winner for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre Thomas R. Cech American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 12/08/1947 - 1989 Nobel Prize Winner for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 05/07/1939 - 1989 Nobel Prize Winner for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA J. Michael Bishop American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Cell Biology 02/22/1936 - 1989 Nobel Prize Winner for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral Harold E. Varmus American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 12/18/1939 - 1989 Nobel Prize Winner for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes The American Physiological Society (Honorary) 03/20/1944 - 1991 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells Edwin G. Krebs American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 06/06/1918 – 12/30/2009 1992 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism Edmond H. Fischer American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 04/06/1920 - 1992 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism Richard J. Roberts American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 09/06/1943 - 1993 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries of split genes Phillip A. Sharp American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 06/06/1944 - 1993 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries of split genes American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 04/26/1932 - 10/04/2000 1993 Nobel Prize Winner for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of -based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies Alfred G. Gilman American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics American Society for Cell Biology 07/01/41 - 1994 Nobel Prize Winner for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal in cells American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 12/01/1925 - 12/07/98 1994 Nobel Prize Winner for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in in cells Eric F. Wieschaus Society for 06/08/1947 - 1995 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development Peter C. Doherty American Society for Investigative Pathology The American Association of Immunologists 10/15/1940 - 1996 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence Rolf M. Zinkernagel American Society for Investigative Pathology The American Association of Immunologists 06/06/1944 - 1996 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence Stanley B. Prusiner American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The American Association of Immunologists American Society for Cell Biology The Protein Society 05/28/1942 - 1997 Nobel Prize Winner for his discovery of - a new biological principle of Paul D. Boyer American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Biophysical Society 07/31/1918 - 1997 Nobel Prize Winner for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of (ATP) Jens C. Skou The American Physiological Society 10/08/1918 - 1997 Nobel Prize Winner for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase John E. Walker The Protein Society 01/07/1941 - 1997 Nobel Prize Winner for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Biophysical Society 02/28/1948 - 1997 Nobel Prize Winner for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser Robert F. Furchgott American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 06/04/1916 – 05/27/2009 1998 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system Louis J. Ignarro The American Physiological Society American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics American Society for Cell Biology 05/31/1941 - 1998 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system The American Physiological Society American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics American Society for Clinical Investigation 09/14/1936 - 1998 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system Gunter Blobel American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Cell Biology The Protein Society 05/21/1936 - 1999 Nobel Prize Winner for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics The Protein Society 12/11/1925 - 2000 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the Leland Hartwell The Endocrine Society 10/30/1939 - 2001 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Honorary) 01/13/1927 - 2002 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and H. Robert Horvitz American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Society for Developmental Biology 05/08/1947 - 2002 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death Kurt Wüthrich Biophysical Society The Protein Society 10/04/1938 - 2002 Nobel Prize Winner for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution The American Physiological Society American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Clinical Investigation 01/30/1949 - 2003 Nobel Prize Winner for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes for the discovery of water channels Roderick MacKinnon American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Biophysical Society 02/19/1956 - 2003 Nobel Prize Winner for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels Paul C. Lauterbur Biophysical Society 05/06/1922 – 03/27/2007 2003 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 07/02/1946 - 2004 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the Barry J. Marshall American Society for Clinical Investigation 09/30/1951 - 2005 Nobel Prize Winner for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease Roger D. Kornberg American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 04/24/1947 - 2006 Nobel Prize Winner for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic Mario R. Capecchi American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 10/06/1937 - 2007 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells The American Society of Human Genetics 06/23/1925 - 2007 Nobel Prize Winner for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells Society for Developmental Biology 1947 - 2008 Nobel Prize Winner for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP Thomas A. Steitz American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 1940- 2009 Nobel Prize Winner for studies of the structure and function of the Ada E. Yonath Protein Society 1939- 2009 Nobel Prize Winner for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome Carol W. Greider American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The American Society of Human Genetics 1961- 2009 Nobel Prize Winner for the discovery of how are protected by and the enzyme Bruce A. Beutler American Association of Immunologists American Society for Clinical Investigation 1957- 2011 Nobel Prize Winner for the discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity Ralph M. Steinman American Association of Immunologists American Society for Clinical Investigation 1943-2011 2011 Nobel Prize Winner For his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity Sir John B. Gurdon American Association of Anatomists 1933- 2012 Nobel Prize Winner for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become plurpotent Brian K. Kobilka American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics American Society for Clinical Investigation

1955- 2012 Nobel Prize Winner for the studies of G-protein-coupled receptors Robert J. Lefkowitz The American Physiological Society American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics American Society for Clinical Investigation American Federation for Medical Research 1943- 2012 Nobel Prize Winner for the studies of G-protein-coupled receptors