DOCSLIB.ORG

Towards a Basque State.Citizenship and Culture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Towards a Basque State.Citizenship and Culture TOWARDS A BASQUE STATE citizenship and culture Ipar Hegoa Foundation / Basque Summer University 2 Author: Ipar Hegoa Foundation With the assistance of the: Basque Summer University ISBN: 978-84-8438-422-9 Legal deposit: BI-1289-2012 Original title: Euskal Estatuari bidea zabaltzen: herritartasuna eta kultura. Cover design: Ipar Hegoa Foundation Translator: Alan R. King Distributed by: Ipar Hegoa Fundazioa Rekalde Zumarkalea, 62 BILBO. Phone: 944706915 E-mail: [email protected] Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea (Basque Summer University)University).University) ... Erribera 14, 1. D, BILBO. Phone: 946790546 Fax: 944793039 E-mail: [email protected] / www.ueu.org By the present licence you may copy, distribute and display the content or produce derivative works provided the following conditions are met: – You must cite the author of the original content. – If you modify the content, or create a derivative work and distribute it, you must do so under the same conditions as in the present licence. – You may not use this work for any commercial purpose. 3 Contents FOREWORD Ipar Hegoa Fundazioa ......................................................................................................................................... 4 The Basque State and citizenship INTRODUCTION Txoli Mateos González ....................................................................................................................................... 7 111.1. ON STATE, CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONAL IDENTITY Julen Zabalo Bilbao and Txoli Mateos González ............................................................................... 10 222.2. CITIZENSHIP, IMMIGRATION AND THE BASQUE STATE Iker Iraola Arretxe ……….. .................................................................................................................................... 22 333.3. STATE, EDUCATIOEDUCATIONN AND THE BASQUE CITIZEN Txoli Mateos González ...................................................................................................................................... 36 444.4. CITIZENSHIP WITHIN FEMINIST THEORY AND PRACTICE Mila Amurrio Vélez .............................................................................................................................................. 48 The Basque State and ccultureulture INTRODUCTION Ane Larrinaga Renteria ..................................................................................................................................... 62 1. CULTURE IN STATESTATE----BUILDING:BUILDING: THE STATE AS A SYMBOLIC PROJECT Ane Larrinaga Renteria ..................................................................................................................................... 65 2. STATE, MARKET AND CULTURE: FUTURE CHALLENGES Josu Amezaga Albizu ........................................................................................................................................ 77 3. BASQUE CULTURAL FORMS: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES IN A HYPOTHETICAL BASQUE STATE Patxi Juaristi Larrinaga ..................................................................................................................................... 89 4. BASQUE EDUCATION RIGHTS, AND A LOOK AT SOME EUROPEAN SCHOOL SYSTEMS Fito Rodriguez Bornaetxea ........................................................................................................................... 102 5. THE SITUATION AND OUTLOOK FOR THE BASQUE LANGUAGELANGUAGE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21 STSTST CENTURY: THE CHALLENGES THAT LIE AHEAD Iñaki Martínez de Luna Pérez de Arriba ................................................................................................. 119 4 FOREWORD Ipar Hegoa Fundazioa One of the goals of the IPAR HEGOA Foundation is to carry out studies and analyses of political and social issues of interest for the Basque Country and to encourage discussion of such subjects. Therefore, at the present time when there is much debate about the viability of Euskal Herria, IPAR HEGOA Fundazioa wishes to contribute to the discussion by offering these documents. Some will argue that Euskal Herria is a tiny country, that fragmentation makes no sense in the present era of globalisation, that what is needed now is for all of us to work together and achieve a mutual understanding, that demands for independence lead to discrimination among the members of a community, and so on, and so forth. Many factors and countless arguments are cited as reasons today for not creating new states; some of them are coherent arguments that make a certain amount of sense. And yet, be that as it may, thousands upon thousands of Basque citizens are still insisting that they want a state of their own. What of their arguments? Are these not also coherent, equally important arguments? Whether we like it or not, the fact is that in the world today the state continues to be the chief expression of comprehensive political decision-making power. Therefore, in the contemporary Basque Country, in the current political state of affairs, we believe it is both interesting and necessary to undertake a collective exercise of thinking through the benefits, options, risks and dangers that the construction of a Basque state in Europe would entail, on many levels, including the political, institutional, territorial, socio-economic, linguistic, cultural, and in terms of identity. The IPAR HEGOA Foundation proposes to take a long look at all the circumstances and ask how feasible a Basque state is. Thus we have brought together on these pages the opinions of numerous academics and researchers who are familiar with this range of subjects. We are well aware that there are many other specialists, besides these, who have often made extremely interesting contributions to the field. IPAR HEGOA Fundazioa has not set itself the task of bringing together contributions from every single such expert, or to present in equal measure current opinions in every discipline, or to represent every single region of our country to the same degree. Instead, priority has been given to achieving a coherent picture subscribed to by a respectable number of experts, even at the risk of leaving some geographical areas, universities or perspectives out of the picture. But this does not mean we have striven to produce a single, monolithic viewpoint: that was not our purpose. Each author was free to give their own opinion, provided only that they focus on the overall idea of the necessity and viability of a Basque state; beyond that, it is recognised that there is room for a variety of points of view. After all, the aim of the present study was not to create a constitution for the Basque state, nor to lay down rules for what a Basque state ought to be like. Ours is a less ambitious objective, yet quite a crucial one all the same. The question we wish to answer is this: Is a Basque state viable or not? Would it or would it not be worth the effort to create a Basque state? Would Basques be willing to embark on such a project? In the event that these questions find an answer and if that answer is in the affirmative, then, and only then, would it be time for us to turn to the next set of questions, questions about the direction and purpose of such a Basque state. 5 The IPAR HEGOA Foundation believes that the present study addresses this matter of great interest, and that it is able to play a useful part in bringing Euskal Herria into focus in the present international situation, by gathering together a range of views now current in a variety of disciplines; it may also help to establish the absolute and relative place of Euskal Herria within the domain of present-day states. We believe the interesting theoretical contributions set down on these pages will contribute to endowing the demand for a Basque state with substance, while also proving useful in order to lay a sound material and ideological foundation such as is necessary in order to give form to that endeavour. IPAR HEGOA holds that this is the best option for everybody who lives and works in Euskal Herria and defends the premise that at this time the Basque Country possesses the basic potentialities needed to build a state that can take its place among the states of Europe. Thus the IPAR HEGOA Fundazioa offers, in Towards a Basque StateState, a qualified contribution concerning the need for and feasibility of a newly created Basque state. The study consists of three parts covering different subject areas: NationNation----buildingbuilding and Institutions, Citizenship and Culture and TerritoryTerritory and Socioeconomics.Socioeconomics.This book covers the second of these areas. In the section on CITIZENSHIPCITIZENSHIP, Txoli Mateos and Julen Zabalo say it is understandable that in our society we rarely talk about citizenship since the bundle of rights and duties this term denotes is a typically associated with the concept of a state . Discussion of the idea of citizenship, which has given rise to lively debates in some countries, has had a much lower profile among us in the absence of a state, as a result of which decision-making options are severely restricted. In this section citizenship is chiefly linked to the democratic function of a hypothetical Basque state. Thus the authors talk about democracy and democratic citizens, and about the need for a new political culture to help build bridges between Basque citizens. The section on CULTURECULTURE, as pointed out by editor Ane LarrinagaLarrinaga, not only proposes to demonstrate how Basque culture suffers from the lack
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Basque Studies N E W S L E T T E R
    Center for BasqueISSN: Studies 1537-2464 Newsletter Center for Basque Studies N E W S L E T T E R Center welcomes Gloria Totoricagüena New faculty member Gloria Totoricagüena started to really compare and analyze their FALL began working at the Center last spring, experiences, to look at the similarities and having recently completed her Ph.D. in differences between that Basque Center and 2002 Comparative Politics. Following is an inter- Basque communities in the U.S. So that view with Dr. Totoricagüena by editor Jill really started my academic interest. Al- Berner. though my Master’s degree was in Latin American politics and economic develop- NUMBER 66 JB: How did your interest in the Basque ment, the experience there gave me the idea diaspora originate and develop? GT: I really was born into it, I’ve lived it all my life. My parents are survivors of the In this issue: bombing of Gernika and were refugees to different parts of the Basque Country. And I’ve also lived the whole sheepherder family Gloria Totoricagüena 1 experience that is so common to Basque identity in the U.S. My father came to the Eskerrik asko! 3 U.S. as a sheepherder, and then later went Slavoj Zizek lecture 4 back to Gernika where he met my mother and they married and came here. My parents went Politics after 9/11 5 back and forth actually, and eventually settled Highlights in Boise. So this idea of transnational iden- 6 tity, and multiculturalism, is not new at all to Visiting scholars 7 me.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparing the Basque Diaspora
    COMPARING THE BASQUE DIASPORA: Ethnonationalism, transnationalism and identity maintenance in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Peru, the United States of America, and Uruguay by Gloria Pilar Totoricagiiena Thesis submitted in partial requirement for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The London School of Economics and Political Science University of London 2000 1 UMI Number: U145019 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U145019 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Theses, F 7877 7S/^S| Acknowledgments I would like to gratefully acknowledge the supervision of Professor Brendan O’Leary, whose expertise in ethnonationalism attracted me to the LSE and whose careful comments guided me through the writing of this thesis; advising by Dr. Erik Ringmar at the LSE, and my indebtedness to mentor, Professor Gregory A. Raymond, specialist in international relations and conflict resolution at Boise State University, and his nearly twenty years of inspiration and faith in my academic abilities. Fellowships from the American Association of University Women, Euskal Fundazioa, and Eusko Jaurlaritza contributed to the financial requirements of this international travel.
    [Show full text]
  • Basques in the Americas from 1492 To1892: a Chronology
    Basques in the Americas From 1492 to1892: A Chronology “Spanish Conquistador” by Frederic Remington Stephen T. Bass Most Recent Addendum: May 2010 FOREWORD The Basques have been a successful minority for centuries, keeping their unique culture, physiology and language alive and distinct longer than any other Western European population. In addition, outside of the Basque homeland, their efforts in the development of the New World were instrumental in helping make the U.S., Mexico, Central and South America what they are today. Most history books, however, have generally referred to these early Basque adventurers either as Spanish or French. Rarely was the term “Basque” used to identify these pioneers. Recently, interested scholars have been much more definitive in their descriptions of the origins of these Argonauts. They have identified Basque fishermen, sailors, explorers, soldiers of fortune, settlers, clergymen, frontiersmen and politicians who were involved in the discovery and development of the Americas from before Columbus’ first voyage through colonization and beyond. This also includes generations of men and women of Basque descent born in these new lands. As examples, we now know that the first map to ever show the Americas was drawn by a Basque and that the first Thanksgiving meal shared in what was to become the United States was actually done so by Basques 25 years before the Pilgrims. We also now recognize that many familiar cities and features in the New World were named by early Basques. These facts and others are shared on the following pages in a chronological review of some, but by no means all, of the involvement and accomplishments of Basques in the exploration, development and settlement of the Americas.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Centro Vasco New York
    12 THE BASQUES OF NEW YORK: A Cosmopolitan Experience Gloria Totoricagüena With the collaboration of Emilia Sarriugarte Doyaga and Anna M. Renteria Aguirre TOTORICAGÜENA, Gloria The Basques of New York : a cosmopolitan experience / Gloria Totoricagüena ; with the collaboration of Emilia Sarriugarte Doyaga and Anna M. Renteria Aguirre. – 1ª ed. – Vitoria-Gasteiz : Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzu Nagusia = Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco, 2003 p. ; cm. – (Urazandi ; 12) ISBN 84-457-2012-0 1. Vascos-Nueva York. I. Sarriugarte Doyaga, Emilia. II. Renteria Aguirre, Anna M. III. Euskadi. Presidencia. IV. Título. V. Serie 9(1.460.15:747 Nueva York) Edición: 1.a junio 2003 Tirada: 750 ejemplares © Administración de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco Presidencia del Gobierno Director de la colección: Josu Legarreta Bilbao Internet: www.euskadi.net Edita: Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzu Nagusia - Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco Donostia-San Sebastián, 1 - 01010 Vitoria-Gasteiz Diseño: Canaldirecto Fotocomposición: Elkar, S.COOP. Larrondo Beheko Etorbidea, Edif. 4 – 48180 LOIU (Bizkaia) Impresión: Elkar, S.COOP. ISBN: 84-457-2012-0 84-457-1914-9 D.L.: BI-1626/03 Nota: El Departamento editor de esta publicación no se responsabiliza de las opiniones vertidas a lo largo de las páginas de esta colección Index Aurkezpena / Presentation............................................................................... 10 Hitzaurrea / Preface.........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Calculating Ethnicity Through the U.S. Census: the Basque Case
    BOGA: Basque Studies Consortium Journal Volume 4 | Issue 1 Article 1 October 2016 Calculating Ethnicity Through the U.S. Census: The aB sque Case William A. Douglass Center for Basque Studies at the University of Nevada, Reno Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/boga Part of the Basque Studies Commons Recommended Citation Douglass, William A. (2016) "Calculating Ethnicity Through the U.S. Census: The asB que Case," BOGA: Basque Studies Consortium Journal: Vol. 4 : Iss. 1 , Article 1. https://doi.org/10.18122/B2W12S Available at: http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/boga/vol4/iss1/1 Calculating Ethnicity Through the U.S. Census: The Basque Case William A. Douglass, PhD Defining “Basques” Throughout recorded history, the status of Basques has remained ambiguous—at least as defined by outsiders. The Romans reported on a people known as the Vascones, inhabiting part of the present-day European homeland of the Basques—but only a part.1 There were also other Iberian tribes sharing the ill-defined territory and it was a corridor for peoples entering Iberia from the north, like the Celts and the Romans, as well as the Muslims who came from the south. Segments of all of these outsiders settled in the Basque area and even ruled parts of it for a time, providing their own cultural overlays. During the Middle Ages, the Basque Country was a liminal zone between the Gothic and Frankish realms in southwestern Europe, at times denounced by both as a land of mountain barbarians who raided civilized lowlanders.2 The only period in which the Basque Country as a whole was briefly under a single political jurisdiction was during a part of the reign of Navarrese King Sancho the Great (1004-1035).
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Diaspora Communities on National and Global Politics: Annotated Bibliography Based on Survey of the Literature
    Security Studies & International Affairs - Daytona Beach College of Arts & Sciences 6-30-2005 Impact of Diaspora Communities on National and Global Politics: Annotated Bibliography Based on Survey of the Literature William J. Lahneman University of Maryland at College Park, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/db-security-studies Part of the Defense and Security Studies Commons Scholarly Commons Citation Lahneman, W. J. (2005). Impact of Diaspora Communities on National and Global Politics: Annotated Bibliography Based on Survey of the Literature. , (). Retrieved from https://commons.erau.edu/db-security- studies/6 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts & Sciences at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Security Studies & International Affairs - Daytona Beach by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland Impact of Diaspora Communities on National and Global Politics Annotated Bibliography Based on Survey of the Literature Compiled by Kari Plotkin, Assisted by Kevin M. Reeves, Sadaf Zahid and Scott Morrissey Edited by William J. Lahneman, Ph.D. June 30, 2005 Project commissioned by the CIA Strategic Assessment Group CISSM The work does not reflect the position and attitudes of the Strategic Assessment School of Public Policy 4113 Van Munching Hall Group University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 Phone: 301-405-7601 Fax: 301-403-8107 E-mail: [email protected] “A World of Exiles.” The Economist. (2003). 366: p. 41, 3pgs. http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=8836998 Why does Macedonia have no embassy in Australia? Macedonia has no embassy in Australia because Greeks think the former Yugoslav republic that calls itself Macedonia has purloined the name from them, and the Greek vote counts for a lot in Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Matching National Stereotypes? Eating and Drinking in the Basque Borderland
    A. Leizaola: Matching national stereotypes? Eating and drinking in the Basque borderland Matching national stereotypes? Eating and drinking in the Basque borderland Aitzpea Leizaola University of the Basque Country, [email protected] ABSTRACT: Focusing on tourism practices, this article discusses the role of food in the construction and reconstruction of identities and stereotypes in the Basque borderland. Borderlands, as places where national identities meet and perceptions of otherness merge, offer an interest- ing perspective on how identities are enacted. In the Basque Country, food in general and Basque cuisine in particular are considered significant markers of identity as well as hall- marks of tradition. Now a major tourist destination, thousands of Spaniards come to the Basque Country to enjoy the tastes of the much-praised Basque cuisine. At the same time, many French tourists come to the Basque borderland in search of Spanish experiences, including food. Thus, border tourism provides differing representations of this issue. Draw- ing from ethnographic data, different examples of the ways in which specific dishes and drinks come to conform to stereotypes of national identities will be presented. The analysis of food consumption patterns and their symbolic representation in the borderland offers a stimulating context in which to study how these images match stereotypes of national identity, but also contribute to the creation of new aspects of identity. KEY WORDS: food and identity, national stereotypes, border, tourism, Basque cuisine. Introduction Food plays a central role in the construction of identities. Both cooking and food con- sumption have long been considered identity markers to the point that some scholars talk of ‘alimentary identities’ (Bruegel and Laurioux 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • Basques in the San Francisco Bay Area
    1FESP+0JBS[BCBMXBTCPSOBOESBJTFE 6SB[BOEJCJMEVNBLNVOEVBO[FIBS JO#JMCBPBOEIBTTQFOUNVDIPGIJTMJGF EBVEFOFVTLBMFUYFOBHVTJFOFO CFUXFFO UIF #BTRVF $PVOUSZ *SFMBOE IJTUPSJBKBTPU[FBEVIFMCVSV BOEUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT)FIPMETB1I% BU[FSSJSBUVUBLPFVTLBMEVOPO JO#BTRVF4UVEJFT1PMJUJDBM4DJFODFGSPN CJ[JQFOFUBOPJOBSSJUVUB UIF6OJWFSTJUZPG/FWBEB 3FOP BOEJTB 63";"/%* 7JTJUJOH 3FTFBSDI 4DIPMBS BU UIF 0SBM )JTUPSZ 1SPHSBN 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /FWBEB 3FOP "NPOH IJT QVCMJDBUJPOT BSF -B -BDPMFDDJwO6SB[BOEJ ²BMMFOEF *EFOUJEBE 7BTDB FO FM .VOEP #BTRVF MPTNBSFT³ SFDPHFMBIJTUPSJBEFMPT *EFOUJUZ JO UIF8PSME BOE " $BOEMF JO QSJODJQBMFTDFOUSPTWBTDPTEFMNVOEP UIF /JHIU #BTRVF 4UVEJFT BU UIF CBTBEBFOMPTUFTUJNPOJPTEFQSJNFSB 6OJWFSTJUZPG/FWBEB )F JT NBOPEFBRVnMMPTRVFFNJHSBSPO DVSSFOUMZBXBJUJOHUIFQVCMJDBUJPOPGIJT WPMVNF FOUJUMFE 5IF #BTRVF %JBTQPSB 4"/'3"/$*4$0 8FCTDBQF 5IF6SB[BOEJ ²GSPNPWFSTFBT³ $PMMFDUJPODPNQJMFTUIFIJTUPSZPGUIF NPTUJNQPSUBOU#BTRVF$MVCTBMMPWFS UIF8PSME CBTFEPOGJSTUIBOE NFNPSJFTPGUIPTFXIPFNJHSBUFE -BDPMMFDUJPO6SB[BOEJ ²PVUSFNFS³ SFDFVJMMFMFTIJTUPJSFTEFTQSJODJQBVY DFOUSFTCBTRVFTEVNPOEFCBTnTTVS 4"/'3"/$*4$0 MFTUnNPJHOBHFTEJSFDUTEFDFVYRVJ nNJHSoSFOU *4#/ Chaleco Urazandi 23.indd 1 24/4/09 09:47:42 UUrazandirazandi 2233 SSanan Francisco.inddFrancisco.indd 2 33/4/09/4/09 112:25:402:25:40 23 GARDENERS OF IDENTITY: BASQUES IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA by Pedro J. Oiarzabal LEHENDAKARITZA PRESIDENCIA Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzu Nagusia Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco Vitoria-Gasteiz, 2009 UUrazandirazandi 2233 SSanan Francisco.inddFrancisco.indd
    [Show full text]
  • Inventing the Basque Block: Heritage Tourism and Identity
    INVENTING THE BASQUE BLOCK: HERITAGE TOURISM AND IDENTITY POLITICS IN BOISE, IDAHO by GRETCHEN LOUISE HILL A THESIS Presented to the Department of Geography and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts September 2012 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Gretchen Louise Hill Title: Inventing the Basque Block: Heritage Tourism and Identity Politics in Boise, Idaho This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Department of Geography by: Xiaobo Su Chair Shaul Cohen Member Susan Hardwick Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research & Innovation/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2012 ii © 2012 Gretchen Louise Hill iii THESIS ABSTRACT Gretchen Louise Hill Master of Arts Department of Geography September 2012 Title: Inventing the Basque Block: Heritage Tourism and Identity Politics in Boise, Idaho This thesis examines the social, political, and economic underpinnings of creating a place for Basque immigrant descendants by the use of the Basque Block in downtown Boise, Idaho. In the past, unlike other immigrant groups in the United States, Basques lacked the desire to assimilate into the US and remained relatively invisible. Simultaneously, they created subtle ethnic communities and maintained transnational sociospatial ties with Basque Provinces in Europe. Today, these transnational ties are stronger, which has profoundly influenced the creation of the Basque Block. The Basques strive to maintain their heritage landscapes to retain their cultural identity and educate present and future generations about their unique legacy.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Day of the Diaspora a Response to the Article Written by Pedro José Chacón
    On the Day of the Diaspora A response to the article written by Pedro José Chacón As members of the Basque diaspora, and heirs to a brotherhood founded in 1612 by “members of the Basque nation” in Lima, we are writing this letter because we feel offended by the claims made regarding the Basque community abroad in a newspaper published in Spain. On September 14, El Español published an op-ed piece titled “El día de la Diáspora vasca (The Day of the Basque Diaspora)” penned by Pedro José Chacón Delgado who is, as the article itself states, “professor of history of political thought at the University of the Basque Country”. We wish to respond to this article, and we ask that it be look at carefully by the University of the Basque Country, as the article makes claims that, from our point of view, are incompatible with the profile of a public employee. We are offended and hurt by this article, because we feel that we are part of the Basque Community. That does not require Basque citizenship, but rather feeling oneself a part of it, which Mr. Chacón seems unable to understand, as he seems to even deny the existence of the Basque people itself. We do not know by what mechanism this person achieved his place as a professor, but we are sure that the contents of this article are not worthy of a professor of history of political thought, nor acceptable from a worker in the public administration. According to the author, the event was held in Ispaster, a town of 700 inhabitants that has seen 1,000 of its residents forced to emigrate, demonstrating “the values and the perception of reality nationalism has the Basque population held under”.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching Minority Languages in Multiethnic and Multilingual
    education sciences Article Teaching Minority Languages in Multiethnic and Multilingual Environments: Teachers’ Perceptions of Students’ Attitudes toward the Teaching of Basque in Compulsory Education Gorka Roman Etxebarrieta *, Elizabeth Pérez-Izaguirre and Argia Langarika-Rocafort Facultad de Educación de Bilbao, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Leioa, BI, Spain; [email protected] (E.P.-I.); [email protected] (A.L.-R.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-94-601-75-81 Received: 13 November 2019; Accepted: 17 January 2020; Published: 21 January 2020 Abstract: The literature reveals the difficulty of teaching minority languages in multiethnic and multilingual regions. Studies about teachers’ perceptions when instructing a minority language might help stakeholders to design interventions to overcome this problem. The first aim of this study was to describe teachers’ perceptions of type of issues, student complaints, and behaviors when teaching in Basque. The second aim was to state whether there is any relation between the origin of the students, the teachers’ working experience, and working region with the occurrence of issues, type of complaints in class, and the role of students’ parents. The data for this study were collected using an online questionnaire answered by 197 teachers. A descriptive analysis of the answers was performed using SPSS® (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Chi-square analyses were conducted to study the relation between variables. Results indicate that teachers believe Basque is sometimes undermined in their teaching practice, but no difference is perceived between local and migrant students. Conversely, regarding teachers’ views, negative attitudes toward Basque are mostly influenced by students’ families.
    [Show full text]
  • Basque Political Systems
    11m_..... ·· _~ ~ - -= ,_.... ff) • ' I I -' - i ~ t I V Center for Basque Studies - University of Nevada, Reno BASQUE POLITICS SERIES Center for Basque Studies Basque Politics Series, No. 2 Basque Political Systems Edited by Pedro Ibarra Güell and Xabier Irujo Ametzaga Translated by Cameron J. Watson Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada This book was published with generous financial support from the Basque government. Center for Basque Studies Basque Politics Series, No. 2 Series Editor: Xabier Irujo Ametzaga Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2011 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Cover and Series design © 2011 Jose Luis Agote. Cover Illustration: Juan Azpeitia Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Basque political systems / edited by Pedro Ibarra G?ell, and Xabier Irujo Ametzaga ; translated by Cameron J. Watson. p. cm. -- (Basque politics series ; No. 2) Includes index. Summary: “Collection of articles on the Basque political system within its own context and larger national and global contexts”--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-935709-03-9 (pbk.) 1. País Vasco (Spain)--Politics and government. I. Ibarra Güell, Pedro. II. Irujo Ame- tzaga, Xabier. JN8399.P342B37 2011 320.446’6--dc22 2011001811 CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................... 7 PEDRO IBARRA GÜELL and XABIER IRUJO AMETZAGA 1. Hegoalde and the Post-Franco Spanish State ................................... 13 XABIER IRUJO AMETZAGA 2. Political Institutions in Hegoalde................................................ 33 MIKEL IRUJO AMETZAGA 3. Political Institutions and Mobilization in Iparralde ............................. 53 IGOR AHEDO GURRUTXAGA 4. Fiscal Pacts in Hegoalde ........................................................
    [Show full text]