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Mojave National Preserve Science Newsletter 8

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Mojave National Preserve Science Newsletter 8 National Park Service Mojave National Preserve U.S. Department of the Interior Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center Science Newsletter PrehistoricPrehistoric humanhuman settlementsettlement andand lithic technologytechnology arounaroundd Soda LakeLake Edward J. Knell 1 FigureFigurre 2. EEastast ffacingacing overviewoverview ofof the SSodaoda MountaiMountainns surveysurvey area, with ZzZzyzxyzx Road and SSodaoda Lake in the background.background. LongLong beforebefore the MojaveMojave National Preserve thethe potable water, animals and edible plants bbecameecame ““thethe Preserve,” archaeologistsarchaeologists ((manymany associated with now dried up marshesmarshes),), FigureFigure 1. Map ofof SodaSoda LakeLake that includesincludes the iinvestigatednvestigated the shorelines ofof its now drydry playaplaya aandnd sousourcesrces of ffineine-grainedgrained volcanic ((FGV)FGV) stone fivefive survesurveyy areas and other keykey features.features. llakesakes to findfind longlong lost remnants ofof past human ttoo make tools. Results ooff the ongoingongoing In this Issue: acactivities.tivities. ThiThiss work beganbegan in earnest duringduring the aarchaeologicalrchaeological research described here portrayportray 1930s, with archaeologistsarchaeologists such as Elizabeth hohoww TP-EH foragersforagers ororganizedganized their lithic (stone)(stone) Page 1. Prehistoric human settlement and CCampbellampbell (1, 2) and Malcolm RogersRogers (3) ffindinginding ttechnologyechnology and settlement strategiesstrategies around lithic technology around Soda Lake teterminalrminal PleistocenePleistocene-early-early Holocene ((TP-TP-EH; SSodaoda Lake. Page 6. What can Chorizanthe rigida ~13,800~13,800-9000-9000 cal B.P.)B.P.) ageage artifactsartifacts leleftft byby propagule morphology tell us about rainfall Native Americans alongalong the ancient shorelinesshorelines of TThehe CCaliforniaalifornia SStatetate University,University, Fullerton (CS(CSUF)UF) variability and geomorphology in desert ttoday’soday’s SodaSoda Lake. When SodaSoda Lake filledfilled to MMojaveojave Desert ArchaeologyArchaeology ProjectProject (MDAP)(MDAP) ecosystems? ccapacityapacity and its borders breached byby water, the bebegangan in 20092009.. Each summer since, Dr. Knell has Page 9. The natural history and behavior overoverflowflow fflowedlowed northward into SilverSilver Lake lleded crews ofof student volunteers on systematicsystematic of the sand wasp Steniolia nigripes ccreatingreating pluvial Lake MojaveMojave ((originallyoriginally spelled ppedestrianedestrian (walking)(walking) surveyssurveys to identify,identify, (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) 2 LakeLake Mohave).Mohave). Lake MojaveMojave was some 300 kmkm document, and record archaeologicalarchaeological sites and Page 14. Morphological and genetic aatt ititss llateate PleistocPleistocene maximum (~21,900-(~21,900-19,750 analanalyzeyze the stone artifactsartifacts at those sites. Five diversity in reptiles at Mojave National ccalal B.P.),B.P.), but with earlearlyy Holocene warminwarmingg and aareasreas have been survesurveyedyed thus ffarar ((FigureFigure 1).1). Preserve drdryingying between 10,500 and 9600 cal B.P. SodaSoda OnlyOnly the SodaSoda Mountains and Little CCowholeowhole Page 18. Endolithic cyanobacteria in the LLake’sake’s borders were no longerlonger breached and MMountainountain survesurveyy area data are completelcompletelyy Mojave Desert: a cold habitat in a hot SSodaoda and SSilverilver Lake became separate playaplaya analanalyzedyzed and the results published; results fromfrom desert? llakesakes (4).). Humans were attracted to the tthehe other survesurveyy areas, and more recent research 1 Department of Anthropology shorelinesshorelines ofof Lake MoMojave,jave, and later the around SilverSilver Lake, are forthcoming.forthcoming. What California State University, Fullerton. shorelines ofof SodaSoda and SilverSilver Lake, because ofof ffollowsollows is a summarysummary ofof Knell’sKnell’s currentcurrent Mojave National Preserve Science Newsletter April 2015 Mountain),Mountain), and even more recently surveyed areas around SilverSilver Lake. ExpandingExpanding the surveysurvey What can Chorizanthe rigida samsampleple to include Soda and Silver Lake will ffacilitateacilitate broad understandinunderstandingg ooff TP-EH-EH propagule morphology tell us technologicaltechnological organizationorganization and settlement around all ofof Lake Mojave.Mojave. BeyondBeyond surveysurvey work, otherother about rainfall variability and ongoingongoing studiestudies seekseek to:to: 1)1) increasincrease the sample of XRF-sourced-sourced lilithicthic mmaterialsaterials ttoo bebettertter geomorphology in desert documentdocument mmobilityobility and land use strategies;strategies; and 2)2) improve understandinunderstandingg ooff Lake MoMojave’sjave’s ecosystems? paleoenvironmental historyhistory throughthrough collaborative Alejandra Martínez-Berdeja and Exequiel Ezcurra 1 research with Dr. Matthew KirbyKirby (CSUF(CSUF DepartmentDepartment ooff GGeologicaleological SSciences).ciences). These and Serotinous plants retain seeds and can delay other planned studies hopehopefullyfully will provide seed dispersal for several months or even years significantsignificant clues regardingregarding past human lifewayslifeways (1). Desert serotinous species have different around Lake MoMojave,jave, and develop context to dispersal syndromes and many have seed more ffullyully inteintegrategrate Lake MoMojavejave into regionalregional release mechanisms triggered by rainfall. For discussionsdiscussions of TPTP-EH lifewayslifeways in the MoMojavejave instance, some plants, like Oenothera deltoides, DesertDesert andnd GreatGreat BasinBasin.. that grows on sand dunes or Eremothera boothii that grows in sand washes, form lignified ReferencesReferences structures with capsules that release seeds in 1.1. E.E. W. C.C. Campbell,Campbell, ArchaeoloArchaeologicalgical response to rainfall. Another interesting seed ProblemsProblems in the SouthernSouthern CaliforniaCalifornia retention syndrome is that of the desert Deserts.Deserts. Am. Antiq. 1, 295-300295-300 (1936).(1936). spineflower Chorizanthe rigida, a short desert 2. E.E. W. C.C. Campbell,Campbell, et al., Eds., The annual whose lignified seed-retaining structures ArchaeologyArchaeology ofof Pleistocene Lake Mohave: A remain in the field for several years before Symposium.Symposium. (Southwest(Southwest Museum Papers, releasing propagules with rainfall (Figure 1). No.No. 11, Los AnAngeles,geles, 1937).1937). Chorizanthe rigida is common in desert 3.3. M. J. RoRogers,gers, EarlEarlyy Lithic Industries ofof the pavements and is distributed across the North Figure 1. Chorizanthe rigida from the Mojave Lower Basin ofof the ColoradoColorado River and American desert region (2, 3, 4). The objective of Desert. 1 AdjacentAdjacent Areas. SanSan DiegoDiego Museum ofof Man this article is to explore the ecological and Dept. of Botany and Plant Sciences Papers, Vol. 3. (Ballena(Ballena Press, Ramona, evolutionary significance of seed retention in University of California CA,CA, 19391939).). desert serotinous species with specific focus on Riverside, California. 4.4. S.S. G.G. Wells, W. J. Brown, Y. Enzel, R. Y. Anderson,Anderson, L. DD.. McFadden, in Bernardino County, California. Geol. Soc. Deserts, Y. Enzel, S. G. Wells, N. PaleoenvironmentsPaleoenvironments and PaleohydrologyPaleohydrology ofof Am. Bull. 70, 1509-1548 (1959). Lancaster, Eds. (Geological Society of the MojaveMojave and SouthernSouthern GGreatreat Basin 8. J. D. Walker, B. R. Wardlaw, Implications of America Special Paper 368, 2003), pp. 207– Deserts, Y. Enzel, SS.. GG.. Wells, N. Paleozoic and Mesozoic Rocks in the Soda 230. Lancaster, Eds. (G(Geologicaleological SocietySociety ofof Mountains, Northeastern Mojave Desert, AmericaAmerica SSpecialpecial Paper 368, 2003),2003), pp. 7979-- California, for Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic Acknowledgements 114.114. Cordilleran Orogenesis. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. I thank Daron Duke and Matthew E. Hill, Jr., for their 5. E.E. J.J. Knell,Knell, TerminalTerminal Pleistocene-EarlyPleistocene-Early 101, 1574-1583 (1989). comments and guidance on an earlier version of this HolocHolocene Lithic TechnologicalTechnological OrganizatOrganizationion 9. L. R. V. Joesink-Mandeville, C. Cameron, R. paper, but take responsibility for any around LakeLake MoMojave,jave, CCalifornia.alifornia. J. Field Douglas, “Lake Mojave Archaeological misinterpretations or errors of fact. I also thank the Archaeol.Archaeol. 39, 213-229213-229 (2014).(2014). Report, 1979 Fall Season” (California State many student volunteers who made this research 6. E.E. J. Knell, L. C.C. WaldenWalden--Hurtgen,Hurtgen, M. E. University, Fullerton, Department of possible, the Desert Studies Center staff, as well as Kirby,Kirby, Terminal Pleistocene-Pleistocene-EarlyEarly Holocene Anthropology, 1980). the Begole Archaeological Research Grant Spatio-Spatio-Temporal and SettlementSettlement PattePatternsrns 10. J. L. Semenza, thesis, California State (sponsored by the Colorado Desert Archaeological around Pluvial Lake MojMojave, CCalifornia.alifornia. J. University, Los Angeles (1984). Society) and the California State University Fullerton CA.CA. GB.GB. Anthro. 34, 43-6043-60 (2014).(2014). 11. A. M. Harvey, S. G. Wells, in Faculty Development Center (Teaching Mini-Grant 7. L. T. Grose,Grose, StructureStructure and PetrologyPetrology ofof the Paleoenvironments and Paleohydrology of and the State Special Fund Program). Northeast
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