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ZKUŠENOSTI S OPEN ACCESS V OSOBNÍ ŽELEZNIČNÍ DOPRAVĚ Experiences with Passenger Railway Open Access Competition

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ZKUŠENOSTI S OPEN ACCESS V OSOBNÍ ŽELEZNIČNÍ DOPRAVĚ Experiences with Passenger Railway Open Access Competition Masarykova univerzita Ekonomicko-správní fakulta Studijní obor: Veřejná správa (L'Administration publique) ZKUŠENOSTI S OPEN ACCESS V OSOBNÍ ŽELEZNIČNÍ DOPRAVĚ Experiences with Passenger Railway Open Access Competition Diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Autor: Ing. Monika JANDOVÁ, Ph.D. Bc. Barbora JANEČKOVÁ Brno, 2015 Jméno a příjmení autora: Bc. Barbora Janečková Název diplomové práce: Zkušenosti s open access v osobní železniční dopravě Název práce v angličtině: Experiences with Passenger Railway Open Access Competition Katedra: veřejné ekonomie Vedoucí bakalářské práce: Ing. Monika Jandová, Ph.D. Rok obhajoby: 2015 Anotace Předmětem diplomové práce „Zkušenosti s open access v osobní železniční dopravě“ je komparativní analýza dosavadní praxe open accessu v osobní železniční dopravě v České republice, Itálii a Rakousku. Práce sestává z pěti hlavních oblastí, přičemž ke komparaci a vysvětlení nalezených rozdílů dochází v rámci každé z nich. První část se věnuje otevírání železničního trhu, druhá současné praxi open access v jednotlivých zemích. V další kapitole jsou porovnány podmínky vstupu open access dopravců na trh a jejich nastavení. Následuje identifikace bariér omezujících open access a nakonec jsou porovnány jeho důsledky. Annotation The objective of the submitted diploma thesis “Experiences with Passenger Railway Open Access Competition” is to compare given issue in the Czech Republic, Italy and Austria. The comparative analysis consists of five chapters. The first one focuses on the liberalization of the railway market while the second chapter identifies current open access operators in each country. The following part compares access conditions and obstacles to open access. The final chapter analyses and compares the impacts of head on competition in the selected countries. Klíčová slova Železnice, open access, konkurence na železničním trhu, osobní železniční doprava, liberalizace železniční dopravy, open access v České republice, open access v Rakousku, open access v Itálii Key Words: Railway, open access, on-track competition, passenger rail transport, railway liberalization, open access in the Czech Republic, open access in Austria, open access in Italy Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci Zkušenosti s open access v osobní železniční dopravě vypracovala samostatně pod vedením Ing. Moniky Jandové, Ph.D. a uvedla v ní všechny použité literární a jiné odborné zdroje v souladu s právními předpisy, vnitřními předpisy Masarykovy univerzity a vnitřními akty řízení Masarykovy univerzity a Ekonomicko-správní fakulty MU. V Brně dne 11. května 2015 vlastnoruční podpis autora Poděkování Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala Ing. Monice Jandové, Ph.D. za cenné připomínky, odborné rady a ochotu při vedení této práce. Obsah Úvod ................................................................................................................................... 11 1. Vývoj otevírání trhu osobní železniční dopravy............................................................ 14 1.1. Liberalizace a vertikální desintegrace v České republice ........................................ 16 1.2. Liberalizace a vertikální desintegrace v Itálii ......................................................... 19 1.3. Liberalizace a vertikální desintegrace v Rakousku ................................................. 22 1.4. Shrnutí................................................................................................................... 24 2. Současný stav na trhu osobní železniční dopravy ......................................................... 26 2.1. Open access dopravci v České republice ................................................................ 26 2.2. Open access dopravci v Itálii ................................................................................. 27 2.3. Open access dopravci v Rakousku ......................................................................... 29 2.4. Shrnutí................................................................................................................... 30 3. Nastavení a aplikace podmínek open accessu ............................................................... 32 3.1. Vliv EU na nastavení podmínek............................................................................. 32 3.2. Podmínky vstupu open access dopravců na trh....................................................... 34 3.3. Instituce podílející se na tvorbě a aplikaci podmínek vstupu a role veřejné správy . 42 3.3.1. Česká republika .............................................................................................. 43 3.3.2. Itálie ............................................................................................................... 45 3.3.3. Rakousko ....................................................................................................... 46 3.4. Shrnutí................................................................................................................... 46 4. Bariéry open accessu.................................................................................................... 49 4.1. Bariéry vyplývající ze zákona ................................................................................ 49 4.2. Technické bariéry .................................................................................................. 49 4.3. Kapacita železniční dopravní cesty ........................................................................ 50 4.4. Zneužití dominantního postavení ........................................................................... 51 4.4.1. Cenový dumping ............................................................................................ 52 4.4.2. Cenová diskriminace ...................................................................................... 54 4.4.3. Diskriminace v přidělování kapacity ŽDC ...................................................... 54 4.4.4. Znemožnění využití infrastruktury nebo její součásti ...................................... 55 4.4.5. Úmyslné administrativní průtahy .................................................................... 60 4.4.6. Další praktiky ................................................................................................. 61 4.5. Shrnutí................................................................................................................... 62 5. Důsledky open access .................................................................................................. 64 5.1. Změna cen jízdného ............................................................................................... 64 5.1.1. Vývoj cen jízdného na trase Praha-Ostrava ..................................................... 65 5.1.2. Vývoj cen jízdného na komerčních tratích v Itálii ........................................... 66 5.1.3. Vývoj cen jízdného na trase Vídeň-Salzburg................................................... 68 5.1.4. Důsledky snížení cen ....................................................................................... 69 5.2. Kvalita služeb......................................................................................................... 70 5.2.1. Vozový park.................................................................................................... 71 5.2.2. Servis ve vlacích ............................................................................................. 74 5.2.3. Prodej jízdenek................................................................................................ 75 5.2.4. Open access a doprava jako veřejná služba ...................................................... 76 5.3. Změny na trhu osobní železniční dopravy ............................................................... 77 5.3.1. Změny na českém trhu osobní železniční dopravy ........................................... 77 5.3.2. Změny na italském trhu osobní železniční dopravy .......................................... 79 5.3.3. Změny na rakouském trhu osobní železniční dopravy ...................................... 81 5.4. Tlak na kapacitu páteřní železniční tratě ................................................................. 82 5.5. Open access a jeho integrace do systému osobní železniční dopravy ...................... 82 5.6. Shrnutí ................................................................................................................... 84 Závěr .................................................................................................................................... 87 Seznam použitých zdrojů ...................................................................................................... 90 Seznam tabulek, grafů a obrázků ........................................................................................ 102 Seznam použitých zkratek .................................................................................................. 103 Seznam příloh .................................................................................................................... 104 ÚVOD Evropská železnice se v průběhu posledních dvou a půl dekád stala předmětem rozsáhlých reforem. Ty proběhly v jednotlivých zemích v různých podobách, všechny však byly motivovány cílem zvrátit negativní vývojový trend, kterému železnice v Evropě čelila přibližně od konce druhé světové války. Navzdory rozvoje ostatních způsobů dopravy, např. letecké či silniční, doprava železniční zažívala v druhé polovině 20. století úpadek. Ve většině zemí byla zajišťována státním
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