Violence and Politics
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Violence and Politics Violence and Politics: Ideologies, Identities, Representations Edited by Antonios Ampoutis, Marios Dimitriadis, Sakis Dimitriadis, Theodora Konstantellou, Maria Mamali and Vangelis Sarafis Violence and Politics: Ideologies, Identities, Representations Edited by Antonios Ampoutis, Marios Dimitriadis, Sakis Dimitriadis, Theodora Konstantellou, Maria Mamali and Vangelis Sarafis Postgraduate Association of the Faculty of History and Archaeology, University of Athens Advisory Board: Sophia Aneziri, Costas Gaganakis, Evanthis Hatzivassiliou, Katerina Konstantinidou and Giorgos Pallis This book first published 2018 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by Antonios Ampoutis, Marios Dimitriadis, Sakis Dimitriadis, Theodora Konstantellou, Maria Mamali, Vangelis Sarafis and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-1328-9 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-1328-0 In memoriam of Nikos Birgalias CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables .......................................................................... xi Advisory Board ........................................................................................ xiii Editorial Committee .................................................................................. xv Contributors .............................................................................................. xvi Acknowledgements ................................................................................ xxiii Foreword ................................................................................................ xxiv The Legacy of Nikos Birgalias: A Passion for History and People Kostas Buraselis Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Antonios Ampoutis and Marios Dimitriadis I. War and Violence: Theory and Practice Chapter One ............................................................................................... 14 The Machiavellian Prince-Warrior: A Modern or an Archaic Style of Sovereignty? Alexandros Giselis Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 29 Francisco de Vitoria’s Uptake of the Augustinian jus bellum iustum Efthymios K. Katsoulis Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 41 Negotiation and Capitulation during the Greek War of Independence: The End of Violence? Vallia Rapti viii Contents II. The Ancient Greek World Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 54 The Past as a Guide to Political Practice: The Case of King Areus I of Sparta Manolis Pagkalos Chapter Five .............................................................................................. 72 Triphylia: War and Politics Gerasimos Trasanis Chapter Six ................................................................................................ 98 In Search of the Landscapes of Violence: Sketching Part of Xenophon’s and Alexander’s Great March through the Plains of Northern Iraq and Establishing Wartime Topography through the Ancient Sources Kleanthis Zouboulakis III. Greece in the Twentieth Century Chapter Seven .......................................................................................... 118 The Pangalos Regime and the Republican Battalions, 1925–26 George Spentzos Chapter Eight ........................................................................................... 133 The Outbreak and Violent Repression of Greek Military Revolts in the Middle East, 1943–44 Vasiliki Boura Chapter Nine ............................................................................................ 144 From Appeasement to Violence: The Case of the Sofoulis Government, 1947–49 Manolis Sarlamis IV. The State and the Monopoly on Violence Chapter Ten ............................................................................................. 160 The “Right to keep and bear Arms” and “Right of Resistance” of the British Subject: Conceptions of Violence “From Below” in British Political Discourse in 1819 Antonios Ampoutis Violence and Politics: Ideologies, Identities, Representations ix Chapter Eleven ........................................................................................ 176 Mid-Victorian Remedies for Greek Violence: The Dilessi Murders Incident of 1870 Pandeleimon Hionidis Chapter Twelve ....................................................................................... 192 Some Observations on the Violent Episodes against the Greek Orthodox Population of Istanbul in 1821 Maria Arvaniti Chapter Thirteen ...................................................................................... 209 Violence and Power: Violence as a Governance Strategy in Ali Pasha’s Territory Maria Anemodoura Chapter Fourteen ..................................................................................... 221 Violence and Factional Conflict on the Island of Zante: The Assassination of the Syndic Pietro Macrì (1740) Nikos Kapodistrias V. Gender and Violence Chapter Fifteen ........................................................................................ 238 Notes on Sexual Violence during the Greek Civil War Kostas Katsoudas Chapter Sixteen ....................................................................................... 252 The Rape of Women in the Greek Prose of the Second World War, German Occupation and Greek Civil War: A Stigmatic Representation of Victimisation and Gender Difference Theodora Kontogeorgi Chapter Seventeen ................................................................................... 269 Violence and Female Radicalisation in the English Revolution: Men’s Denunciatory Discourse and Practices Charoula Moutsiou Chapter Eighteen ..................................................................................... 285 Ritual Interpersonal Violence during the Long 18th Century: Representations of Duelling in English Broadside Ballads, Class and Gender Dimensions Stella Chatzopoulou x Contents Chapter Nineteen ..................................................................................... 302 Women, Family and State in Early Modern Venice: Arcangela Tarabotti’s Perceptions of Violence Maria-Konstantina Leontsini VI. Political Strategies and Social Conflict Chapter Twenty ....................................................................................... 320 Riots and Repression in Medieval Flanders: The Revolt of the Textile Industry Artisans in 1280 and its Repression by the Merchant-Oligarchs in the Case of Douai Vassilis Nedos Chapter Twenty One ................................................................................ 334 Violence as a Means of Political Action of Spanish Anarchists in the First Third of the 20th Century: The Case of Rural Spain Dimitris Angelis-Dimakis Chapter Twenty Two ............................................................................... 345 “And they struck terror into the exploiters and their lackeys.” Violence in the Athens Coppersmiths’ Strike of 1933 Kostas Paloukis Chapter Twenty Three ............................................................................. 365 “Bia” and “Cratus” in Sicilian Tyranny Paolo Daniele Scirpo Chapter Twenty Four ............................................................................... 380 Taming Constantinople: The First Years of Alexios I Komnenos’ Reign João Vicente de Medeiros Publio Dias Chapter Twenty Five ............................................................................... 395 “Ἡμῶν ἀεὶ τὴν εἰρήνην ἀσπαζομένων καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ὑπηκόους καὶ πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους”: An Approach to the Byzantine “Just War” as Illustrated in Cases from the Middle Byzantine Era Marilia Lykaki Chapter Twenty Six ................................................................................. 409 “All men must die.” Violence and Politics in the Early Years of Michael VIII Palaeologos’ Reign: The Assassination of the Mouzalones Brothers (1258) Nafsika Vassilopoulou LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figures 4.1 Silver tetradrachm of King Areus I 4.2 Silver obol of King Areus I 5.1 Map of Triphylia and adjacent areas 5.2 Plan of the Samikon citadel 5.3 Plan of the Platiana citadel 5.4 Plan of the Lepreon citadel 5.5 Hypothetical reconstruction of the Triphylian road system 5.6 Rough plan of the visual-territorial control in Samikon, Platiana and Lepreon 5.7 Map of the attested visual links between the citadels and the other settlements within Triphylian territory 5.8 Distances between the Peloponnesian cities 6.1 Map depicting the area between ancient Nineveh, the south side of the Maqlub elevation and beyond the western side of the Great Zab river (Zab el Ala) (after: Sushko, Gavgamela, 39) 6.2 Map depicting the general area between Arbela (present-day Erbil) and Nineveh (after: Sushko, Gavgamela, 51) 23.1 Plan of the Olympieion in Polichne near Syracuse (after Mertens, 2006) 23.2 Plan of the Athenaeum [temple C] in Gela (after Heiden, 1998) 23.3 Plan of the Athenaeum in Ortygia, Syracuse (after Van Compernolle, 1989)