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Sri Guru Granth Sahib GURU NANAK’S RELIGIOUS PLURALISM AND SRI GURU GRANTH SAHIB Harbans Lal Roshan Attrey GURU NANAK FOUNDATION, NEW DELHI GURU NANAK’S RELIGIOUS PLURALISM AND SRI GURU GRANTH SAHIB Copyright © 2019 by Harbans Lal & Roshan Attrey All rights reserved ISBN- 978-81-937607-3-4 Published in 2019 by Guru Nanak Foundation, New Delhi Publisher’s Note: Opinions, thoughts, and views expressed in the book belong solely to the authors and their sources and may not be attributed to Guru Nanak Foundation, New Delhi. The Foundation provides a forum for expressing views without claiming finality of views or any matter. The finality is an attribute of the Almighty. The publisher and the authors have made every possible effort to ascertain that information in the book is accurate at the time of going to press. Publisher’s Address: S. Ranjit Singh, Hon. General Secretary, Guru Nanak Foundation, Near Qutab Hotel & J.N.U. Campus, New Delhi - 110067. Phone: 2694353 Cover Design: Hanspreet Kaur Printed by Shaheed-E-Azam Press & Hospitality Pvt. Ltd., Patiala, Punjab – 147001, 98146-32807 On His 550th Birth Anniversary in the year 2019 To Guru Nanak who lighted our way – with the hope for a more loving, connected, and enlightened world CONTENTS MESSAGE ______________________________________ ii ACCLAIM ______________________________________ iii FOREWORD ____________________________________iiii PREFACE _____________________________________ viiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS___________________________ xiii CHAPTER 1_____________________________________ 1 INTRODUCTION _________________________________ 1 Human Engagement with the Creator and Creation _________ 1 One Creator Many Forms ______________________________ 2 Among the Youngest, Sikhism __________________________ 3 Guru Nanak’s Religious Pluralism ________________________ 3 How Sikhism Evolved: A Thumbnail View _________________ 4 Sri Guru Granth Sahib and the Authors ___________________ 5 Organization of the Book ______________________________ 6 CHAPTER 2 ________________________________ 8 THE GURU: The Teacher Of Heart And Mind _________ 8 Evolution of the Guru Concept __________________________ 8 October 1708 ______________________________________ 10 The Guru without Precedence _________________________ 12 CHAPTER 3 _______________________________ 14 SRI GURU GRANTH SAHIB: The World Without Frontiers 14 Gurbani - the Article of Faith __________________________ 14 The Guru Perpetual and Everlasting _____________________ 15 The Universality ____________________________________ 17 Poetic Devices ______________________________________ 19 Conclusion_________________________________________ 20 CHAPTER 4 _______________________________ 22 REVEALED THEOLOGY ___________________________ 22 Revelations ________________________________________ 24 Revelations (Inspirations) to Guru Nanak _________________ 25 How Revelation Transforms Nanak _____________________ 27 Guru Nanak’s Interfaith Dialogues ______________________ 31 The perpetuation of Guru Nanak’s Revelation _____________ 31 Conclusion_________________________________________ 33 CHAPTER 5 _______________________________ 34 SIKH THEOLOGY Versus HISTORY ____________ 34 History’s Detours to Theology _________________________ 35 Watch out for History infiltrating Theology _______________ 35 Thus Decreed the Sikh Gurus: Follow the Guru Granth Theology _________________________________________________ 36 Looking into the Future: Innovative Planning ______________ 37 Scripture vs. History: The Issue of Sikh Theology___________ 42 Conclusion_________________________________________ 46 CHAPTER 6 _______________________________ 49 DIVERSITY IN SPIRITUAL ECOLOGY ________________ 49 Guru Nanak’s Vision of Spiritual Pluralism ________________ 49 Pluralistic World means Diversity in Human Ecology _______ 50 One Purpose _______________________________________ 52 Many Mythologies for Many Scenarios __________________ 55 Sri Guru Granth Sahib the Interfaith Scripture ____________ 61 Spirituality Unshackled from Divisive Ethnicity ____________ 63 Discourage Profiling and Labeling _______________________ 67 Diversity in the Gurus’ Life Style ________________________ 70 The Metaphor of the Orchard__________________________ 73 Conclusion_________________________________________ 77 CHAPTER 7 _______________________________ 81 THE SIKH WAY OF WORSHIP: Venerate the Sacred Scripture As Guru ______________________________ 81 The Tradition of Deity Worship_________________________ 82 Evolution of the Guru Worship in Early Sikh Traditions ______ 84 Worship in the Early Sikh Tradition _____________________ 87 Rejection of Conventional Components of Worship ________ 88 Paath Deedar Replaces Pooja __________________________ 90 The Object of Sikh Worship ___________________________ 92 The Word (Sabd or Shabad) Becomes Guru _______________ 94 Images of Sabd (Shabad) in Guru Worship ________________ 94 The Guru Granth Worship: Shabad Deedar Needs Gurbani Knowledge ________________________________________ 99 Paath Deedar defines a True Sikh ______________________ 102 Conclusion________________________________________ 105 CHAPTER 8 ______________________________ 107 SEEKING THE WORD: The Sikh Vehicle For Contemplation _______________________________ 107 Daily Code of Paath Deedar da Dhyan __________________ 108 Sikh Code on Ardaas ________________________________ 108 Preparing for Daily Path _____________________________ 109 Concept and Practice of Dhyan and Paath Dhyan _________ 114 Paath Dhyan or Gurbani “Mentation” __________________ 117 The Paath Deedar Process: A Cookbook Lesson __________ 119 Paath Deedar: The Gurus’ Choice of Meditation __________ 122 Meditation of Mindfulness ___________________________ 122 How to Tell the Paath’s Effectiveness? __________________ 123 Conclusion________________________________________ 124 CHAPTER 9 ______________________________ 127 THE LEAP OF FAITH ____________________________ 127 CHAPTER 10 _____________________________ 132 CHANTING THE HYMNS ________________________ 132 CHAPTER 11 _____________________________ 138 MIND IN A STATE OF DISCONNECT _______________ 138 Troubling Absence of Any Gain ________________________ 139 Listening with Inattentive Mind _______________________ 141 A Protean Mind ____________________________________ 142 Mind’s Protean Nature ______________________________ 145 Origins of a Protean Mind ____________________________ 148 Cultural Milieu Promoting Restlessness _________________ 152 Come Home, My Mind, Meet the Guru _________________ 157 Empty Your Mind of Baggage _________________________ 160 Conclusion________________________________________ 163 CHAPTER 12 _____________________________ 165 THEOLOGY OF MOOL MANTAR: The Commencing Verse Of Sri Guru Granth Sahib _________________ 165 Mantra __________________________________________ 167 The Sikh View of Mantra _____________________________ 168 To Realize the Goals of Life ___________________________ 170 Exegesis of Mool Mantar ____________________________ 176 Conclusion________________________________________ 192 CHAPTER 13 _____________________________ 194 CONCLUSION _________________________________ 194 NOTES and WORKS CITED ______________________ 198 MESSAGE These are proud and blissful moments for us that we are celebrating the 550th Birth Anniversary of Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Gurmat enlightens us and tells us that the commemoration of our Divine Mentors makes us wiser and more optimistic. Guru Nanak Foundation, New Delhi has decided to bring out a set of five seminal books on Sikh philosophy as our tribute to the sacred memory of Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji. By doing so, we are carrying forward the legacy of the Panth Rattan Dr. S. Inderjit Singh, formerly President of Guru Nanak Foundation, New Delhi. We believe that the spiritual guidance of the Founding Guru is an ever-fresh fountain of life and enlightening ideas and doctrines. The book by Dr. Bhai Harbans Lal and Dr. Roshan Attrey is one in the series highlighting this eternal truth. I highly appreciate their scholarly elucidation of the way the Guru Granth Sahib ought to be approached by Sikh believers and non-Sikh seekers of a spiritual path. I am grateful to Dr. Jaspal Singh, formerly Vice Chancellor, Punjabi University, Patiala and S. Tarlochan Singh, formerly Chairman, National Commission for Minorities, Government of India, for supporting our venture and highlighting the merits of the book. I also thank Dr. Kehar Singh, formerly Chairman, Punjab School Education Board, for reviewing the manuscript and making valuable suggestions. I pray to the Almighty that these commemorative celebrations enthuse our endeavours with innovative ideas and enable us to understand our present circumstances, aims, and future prospects in the light of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s teachings. We feel blessed offering this book to the followers of the Panth Guru. Harpreet Singh President Guru Nanak Foundation, New Delhi i ACCLAIM The distinctiveness of Sri Guru Granth Sahib lies in its strong emphasis on religious pluralism. It is quite explicit in accepting and respecting the identities of different religious traditions. Not only this, the bani (the verses) of the sacred Sikh scripture appreciates and glorifies pluralism, and it views the diversity of the world as its beauty and strength. Furthermore, the bani clearly manifests that religious pluralism is not a matter of knowing other religious traditions, but respectfully interacting and having open dialogues with them. Undoubtedly, Guru Nanak’s philosophy of interfaith understanding through dialogue
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