Theme

£5 ue 69 — 2017 ue 69 iss www.hedon.info A publication of the / 2008 t / 54 Poin Boiling Enablers to to Enablers cookstoves

al onA practitioner’s journ stoves energy, household overty reduction and Poverty plus toolkit on cooking energy service decision support tool, viewpoints with experts, sponsor news and more...plus toolkit on cooking energy service decision support tool, viewpoints with experts, sponsor Enabling distributor financing for a demand-driven market – p26 nablers for value chains through financial mechanisms in Peru – p16 Enablers for value chains through Enablers of sales in Senegal – An explorative analysis – p6 From barriers to enablers: where next for improved cookstoves? – p2 cookstoves? next for improved barriers to enablers: where From

Boiling Point is a practitioner’s journal for those working with household energy and stoves. It deals with technical, social, financial and environmental issues and aims to improve the quality of life for Contents poor communities living in the developing world. Theme Editorial: Enablers to Cookstoves 1

Welcome… From Barriers to Enablers: Where next for Improved Cookstoves? 2 to the latest edition of Boiling Point. We strive to make the journal as Charlotte Ray, Temilade Sesan, Mike Clifford, Sarah Jewitt accessible and participative as possible, and welcome any comments Enablers of strong cookstove sales through a purchase offer or suggestions by email or post. Boiling Point is published by the approach in rural Senegal – An explorative analysis 6 HEDON Household Energy Network (www.HEDON.info). Gunther Bensch, Jörg Peters Editorial board Development of clean cooking technology for rural communities in India 12 Boiling Point Coordinator: Kavita Rai Ram Chandra Pal, Vivek Jha, Manjushree Banerjee Guest Editors: Charlotte Ray, Michael Clifford Enablers for the value chain of improved cooking stoves through Editorial Board: Grant Ballard-Tremeer, Raffaella Bellanca, the financial mechanism of Uniones de Crédito y Ahorro in Peru 16 Karabi Dutta, Ben Garside, Luc Severi Judith Ibáñez Sánchez, Silvia Francioso

Opinions expressed in articles are those of the authors Climate finance for clean and efficient cookstoves 20 and not necessarily those of HEDON. Hilda Galt, Szymon Mikolajczyk We do not charge a subscription to Boiling Point, but welcome Enabling distributor financing for a demand-driven market donations to cover the cost of production and dispatch. for clean cookstoves 26 Camilla Fulland Boiling Point. HEDON Household Energy Network 1 Bromley Lane Viewpoints Chislehurst, BR7 6LH, UK Telephone/Fax: +44 (0) 20 30 120 150 An Interview with Paul ‘Dr TLUD’ Anderson about the current Email: [email protected] and future prospects of TLUD woodgas stoves 10 An Interview with Scott A. Roy Co-founder and joint CEO of Whitten & Roy Partnership 30

Toolkit Ashden India Renewable Energy Collective (AIREC) Cooking Energy Service Decision Support Tool 24 Priyadarshini Karve

Sponsor News GIZ News – Latest news from GIZ 32 Reimund Hoffmann, Anna Ingwe, Anja Rohde, Gabriele Wurster-Vihuto, Caspar Priesemann, Monika Rammelt

UoN NEWS

Latest news from University of Nottingham 34 ISSN 0263-3167 (Print) Charlotte Ray ISSN 1757-0689 (Online) Latest news from GREENPOP 35

Cover photo: As part of a Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves-supported Zoë Gauld, Matthew Koehorst behavior change communication campaign in Ghana, outreach workers Latest news from GACC 36 travelled on trucks through the streets of Accra and Kumasi to raise Genevieve Smith, Rachel Mahmud awareness about the benefits of improved cookstoves. Global Household Energy News – Latest News 37 Additional details on the Ghana campaign and others around the world can be found on the Alliance’s website at the BCC Resource Hub (www.cleancookstoves.org/resourcehub). Design by Dean Ford Creativity Ltd. +44 (0) 20 7000 1055 www.deanfordcreativity.com

We would like to extend our thanks to our sponsors: GIZ and University of Nottingham for financial support towards this edition. EDITORIAL Editorial

ISSUE 69 Enablers to Cookstoves

ssue 64 of Boiling Point, published in 2014, was dedicated in Peru. This paper highlights that financing on its own is not to the theme ‘Barriers to Cookstoves’. This theme was driven enough to achieve success but needs simultaneous vital enablers Iby an Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council such as strengthened supply chains and targeted communication (EPSRC), Department for International Development (DfID) and outreach. and Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) funded The fifth article by Galt and Mikolajczyk from Climate Focus project led by the University of Nottingham, UK, investigating makes a case to continue the architecture of the Clean Development the ‘Barriers to the Introduction and Uptake of Improved Mechanism (CDM) to facilitate transfer of international climate Cookstoves (ICS) in East and Southern Africa. At the time, the finance towards scaling up of clean and efficient cookstoves issue received much attention from our readers highlighting that programmes. In this case, carbon credits could serve to trigger there is still a need to overcome many of the barriers to ICS results based payments and help target initiatives that have the despite interventions dating back to as early as the 1940s. As potential of reaching financial sustainability. this project draws to a close, a major realisation has been that The decisions that lead consumers to invest in a particular any future research would need to include ‘enablers’ from the technology are not fully understood to date. The toolkit in this offset rather than focussing only on the ‘barriers’. This is because issue includes the ‘Cooking Energy Service Decision Support ‘barriers’ derives (mainly) negative connotations and only really tool’ developed by the Ashden India Renewable Energy draws on problems associated with improved cookstove uptake Collective (AIREC). This tool is designed to help users prioritise (and development in general). technologies based on a range of criteria including environmental Subsequently, in order to facilitate the uptake and sustained and health considerations. use of ICS, or to be in line with new global terminology: clean The final themed article is a perspective from the enterprise cookstoves - we need to better understand the ‘enablers’ in order Prime Cookstove that shows success is possible with a hands- to support the nearly 3 billion people in the developing world on approach from research and development to distribution who continue to rely on solid biomass for their cooking and and financing. Reliant on local companies and organizations as heating needs. There have been pockets of success in the sector distributors of cookstoves, Prime’s key message is to strengthen and this issue will begin to draw out some of these enablers and the local distribution chain through the provision of financing, interrogate how and why this has been achieved. regulatory provisions and incentives enabling a level playing We have six themed articles covering many of the countries field for various manufacturers of clean cookstoves. Supporting and regions that continue to face the challenges in the cookstoves enterprise sales is Scott A. Roy, an expert in sales management sector to date. The first article by the University of Nottingham and co-founder of WR Partnership. In our second viewpoint, starts to thematically draw out enablers to overcome barriers, Scott shares his experiences with clean fuel companies and based on empirical data from East and Southern Africa. In the discusses the holistic approach to sales of cookstoves starting second article, Bensch and Peters present results of a study in with the concept of cookstoves as ‘problem solvers rather than rural Senegal, West Africa where households were invited to bright shiny products’. purchase improved biomass cookstoves in villages. The paper We also have News pages with contributions from the University lays out an explorative analysis of potential factors that triggered of Nottingham, the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, high sales, ranging from delivery methods, interventions design, Greenpop (a South African NGO) and GIZ. Lastly, Boiling Point communication approaches and higher tier technologies. 69 will be the final publication by HEDON, Household Energy Further afield in India (and elsewhere), insights into a successful Network. We aptly end our journey with a positive theme focussed intervention are provided in an interview with “Dr TLUD”, on cookstoves, a sector that has grown in recognition particularly Paul Anderson, about the current and future prospects of TLUD over the last few years. The journal has been widely appreciated in woodgas stoves. Also in India, the third article by The Energy our many years of publication, reaching readers in diverse countries and Resources Institute (TERI) discuss the development and all across the globe. The editorial team would like to say a hearty implementation of its own improved cookstove model, TERI thank you to our readers, writers, volunteers, peer reviewers, and SPT 0610 to address rural populations’ usage of multiple fuels supporters. We hope that all of us will continue HEDON’s legacy for cooking. of sharing and debating and learning from one another, to address One of the highlighted enablers within this issue and indeed in the issues we still see for millions of underserved in the household the sector, is how the use of financial mechanisms can facilitate and access to energy sector. the uptake and sustained use of stoves. The fourth theme article presents results of a joint initiative between MicroEnergy Charlotte Ray, University of Nottingham, UK International and COFIDE to stimulate market growth through Kavita Rai, Raffaella Bellanca, Luc Severi, Karabi Datta, the use of established community Savings and Credit Unions Boiling Point editors, UK

Boiling Point. issue 69 — 2017 1 THEME THEME Theme PEER REVIEWED

From Barriers to Enablers: Where next for Improved Cookstoves? Figure 1: Kenya household financial priorities Figure 2: Uganda household financial priorities

Keywords: Improved Cookstoves, Barriers, Enablers

“(t)he grace period provided [for cost-recovering) businesses”. This has not reflect crucial dimensions of gender- The ‘Barriers to the introduction and uptake of improved cookstoves Authors the loan] is usually very short, the loan resulted in situations where supply of ICS based disparities in the sector – notably, (ICS) in East and Southern Africa’ is a three year research project Charlotte Ray processing itself is equally long coupled disproportionately outweighs demand. To where women are placed relative to men funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Research Fellow, University of Nottingham, UK with punitive interest rates.” counter this, there are an increasing number in the value chain… and women tend to of interventions that focus on other aspects be underrepresented at the higher levels (EPSRC), Department for International Development (DfID) [email protected] Financial institutions too, recognise these challenges and although on paper of the value chain such as building capacity of the value chain where economic gains and Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC). As the Temilade Sesan regulation and policy seem adequate on finance and business planning as well as tend to be greatest” (Sesan et al. n.d.). project draws to a close, this paper reflects on the lessons that have Centre for Petroleum Energy Economics and to provide such services, the informal performance-based approaches to realise been learned and some of the challenges still facing the stove sector, Law, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria nature of the sector creates difficulties in the potential of entrepreneurs (EnDev 2015; Policy [email protected] particularly in the context of enabling sustained adoption of ICS. accessing these services. It is important SEI 2014). As one female entrepreneur in Mike Clifford to address these new financial challenges Tanzania explains: In regards to policy, there continues to Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, and eliminate barriers so that ICS “Yes. I have received multiple supports be a drive toward national electrification University of Nottingham, UK, entrepreneurs and businesses, especially from SNV and GVEP… It was very by governments with biomass often [email protected] those that are small-scale, can access the helpful. It is the reason why my business overlooked, referenced with negative Sarah Jewitt financial capital needed to ensure their is flourishing. They provided training on rhetoric at the policy level (Owen, van der business can be sustainable. record keeping, cash flow monitoring and Plas and Sepp 2013). At the same time, Associate Professor, Faculty of Social At the same time, some financial customer care.” there is limited knowledge of the role of Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK institutions are beginning to lend to At the same time, many value chain national policies in creating/ facilitating [email protected] end-users so that they can purchase ICS actors continue to complain of the barriers an enabling environment for the uptake products. This is perhaps in concurrence within the value chain that hinder the of ICS (Ray et al. n.d.) and this is despite Introduction the years for a variety of reasons including investment as well as drive a healthy supply with the market based approach where sustainability of ICS businesses. Factors there being approximately 1600 partners cost, awareness of the technology, existing and demand value chain in the sector. With an ICS is encouraged to be a commercial such as counterfeit stoves, import duties of the GACC of which national and local n the last decade, access to energy market conditions and an inability to this in mind, it is fair to say that there have commodity that is desired (even aspired and as one Kenyan entrepreneur explained: governments are part of. has become a key priority within understand and incorporate end-user been some notable developments and there to) by households. However, in practice, “[the] cost of raw materials (metal etc.); This however, does not mean that there Imost international development needs and preferences (Ray et al. 2014). is a general consensus that access to finance the challenge still remains that accessing unreliable power and water within the is no support from national governments agendas. Increasing access to modern Saying that, there is no denying the role is a key factor in enabling the ICS sector these financial services is difficult for country” are major challenges that ICS regarding biomass fuel cookstoves. energy systems was regarded as central the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GIZ 2013). Technological innovation individuals and therefore the initial cost entrepreneurs often face which can hinder Countries such as Malawi, Kenya and to the achievement of the Millennium (GACC) has played in their efforts to put (such as mobile money) is changing the way of purchasing stoves is still too high for operations and ultimately results in higher Uganda have formed independent Development Goals (MDGS) (OECD/ improved and clean stoves on the global Micro-Finance Institutions (MFIs) are doing many end-users, especially stoves that costs inflicted on the end-user. professional entities comprising of IEA 2010), and Sustainable Development development agenda. Since 2010, GACC business (Business Times Africa 2016) and require the purchase of higher tier fuels multiple stakeholders [The National Goal (SDG) 7 is targeted specifically to estimate that 82 million stoves (of which the commercialization of stoves has started such as LPG, ethanol or electricity. At the Gender Cookstove Steering Committee, Clean ‘ensure access to affordable, reliable, 53 million are clean and/ or efficient) have to attract interest from these financial same time, the purchase of an ICS is not Cookstoves Association of Kenya sustainable and modern energy for been distributed globally (GACC 2016) institutions (Bailis et al. 2009) resulting in necessarily a financial priority for many At the same time, there are key gender (CCAK) and Uganda National Alliance all’ by 2030. The evolution of ICS and they have pushed for clean cooking increased lending to ICS businesses and households where the cost of food, health considerations still to be acknowledged of Clean Cooking (UNACC) respectively] as part of the energy agenda is well to be prioritised at the global level. In entrepreneurs (GACC 2014). and education still dominate household in this value chain. As Sesan et al. (n.d.) which are widely recognised by various documented within the literature and the seven years that the Alliance has been This can be seen particularly in East thinking (Figures 1 and 2). points out, even though women “have national government agencies. In Malawi stoves have most commonly featured operational, there is much to be taken Africa in countries such as Kenya and long been accepted as active users of the for example, the Department of Energy as part of international development from this initiative. Uganda where a range of financial Value Chain technology, their integration into the value Affairs is the Chair of the Steering initiatives since the 1970s to address a Barriers to ICS still exist though. institutions (both formal and informal) are chain has been less dynamic”. As a result, Committee with the pledge to support range of development and energy related Despite the stove revival since 2010 - lending to stakeholders in the value chain Obstacles have also been overcome within there have been concentrated efforts to the committee in achieving its target of issues (smoke, deforestation, oil crisis, indeed it is important not to forget that and as one Bank in Kenya acknowledges: the ICS value chain. As highlighted above, better increase the role women in the 2 million cookstoves by 2020. However, and health) (Sesan 2014; Bielecki and over 165 million stoves had been installed “[The ICS sector] has a potential entrepreneurs have greater opportunities to value chain (as entrepreneurs, agents of what does this support look like? Much Wingenbach 2014; Lewis and Pattanayak worldwide by 1993 (Crewe 2012)-, the for growth…Banks can offer loans or secure financial capital and there is increased change etc.) and address gender issues to of the policy drive (and indeed financial 2012; Foell et al. 2011; Barnes 1994; same barriers exist as they did 30 years merchandise loans to [small and medium support at various points of the value chain scale adoption (GACC n.d.). An Alliance contribution) continues to stem from Smith 1989; Gill 1987; Ray et al. n.d.). ago but some of those have been overcome enterprises] (SMEs) and individual including marketing, retail and distribution, survey found that those companies large international donor organisations It is also suggested that “clean cooking and now face different challenges. clients… [We have] good experience, loan acknowledging that there has perhaps been who involve women in the supply chain and in most cases, government support can directly help deliver progress across repayments are made promptly.” overreliance on ICS manufacture in the past had already seen increasing profits as a is somewhat symbolic with very little, if 10 of the 17 SDGs, while contributing to Barriers to Enablers However, there are new challenges at the expense of issues such as distribution result of investing in women (Hart and any national funding towards facilitating an enabling environment for achieving the emerging here. As one entrepreneur in and demand stimulation that are crucial Smith 2013). Challenges here go beyond this enabling environment. In the case entire Agenda 2030” (GACC 2016: 14). Finance for example is still a prominent Uganda states: for sector sustainability (SEI 2014). As simply involving women in the sector. of Malawi, despite government support, However, as discussed by the authors barrier to exist in the sector. The market “Commercial banks set tough Shrimali et al. (2011: 7550) explain, “mass Despite encouraging results in boosting lobbying for the removal of taxes and in an earlier issue of Boiling Point (BP64: based approach adopted by GACC and conditions (collateral which is mostly a production facilitates the cost and quality capacity of female ICS entrepreneurs duties of ICS remains unsuccessful with Barriers to Cookstove Adoption), stove other donors/ implementers has placed land title deed) for one to access credit.” control needed to allow stove efforts to (Shankar, Onyura and Alderman 2015), total duties and taxes totalling nearly initiatives have had limited success over emphasis on the private sector to encourage Another Ugandan entrepreneur adds: run as true money-making (or at least the approach to empowerment “does 50% (Tsan and Usai 2015).

2 Boiling Point. issue 69 — 2017 3 THEME THEME

Figure 3: The Over-Improved Stove. Source: Henderson Mawera, Illustrator, Malawi

Despite growing support in the sector, in East Africa, there is a mixed response to “the perceived insignificance of cooks’ understand what drives uptake and ICS policy should not underestimate the the role of standards and certification in knowledge is still not quite solved” sustained use of ICS. intractability of biomass use (especially the sector. On the one hand, standards and (ibid: 69). There is however, growing for cooking). Even when there is a general certification are welcomed by many already realisation in the sector that implementers Conclusion increase in access to higher-tier fuels, biomass involved in the sector in a bid to combat need to go beyond technical measures reliance, especially in rural areas, is much more counterfeit stoves and products (such as and pay greater attention to the needs So where does the sector go from entrenched than in urban areas (Pachauri and briquettes) that currently operate in the of end-users in order to close the gap here? For every barrier that has been Jiang 2008; Barnes et al. 2011). market. For example, one entrepreneur in between programme priorities and user overcome, another barrier presents itself Tanzania stated: perspectives (Ruiz-Mercado et al. 2011). and although there are success stories Technology “This will be beneficial to the sector. At We know that end-users do (finance, production, distribution etc.), least the counterfeiters will be forced to acknowledge the benefits of using ICS. progress is limited due to complex factors In regards to the stove itself, there adhere to the regulations and not reap what In the seven countries included in the including household priorities, stove/fuel continues to be a somewhat unresolved they did not sow. It is expensive and time Barriers project, fast cooking, less fuel stacking and policy commitment which trade-off between the technical quality consuming [for me] to come up with new (cost and consumption) and less smoke undermines the long-term viability of ICS. of cookstoves and their acceptance and stove ideas to introduce to the market.” were the most frequently cited benefits of There is evidence to suggest that people usability by cooks. As Crewe (1997:67) has Similar attitudes were echoed by using an ICS. Indeed, as Granderson et al. do indeed use ICS but perhaps not for the previously argued, “cooks have not usually value chain actors in both Kenya and (2009), Differ (2012) and Sesan (2012) reasons top-down organisations believe. been involved in the development of the Uganda adding that it could also help have argued, fuel saving is a significant Less smoke is often cited as a benefit stove, except to test its ‘acceptability’ after drive demand for their products. On the factor (if not the most important) driving by households but, there is currently a bout of technical work was complete” other hand, there were concerns amongst ICS uptake. Unsurprisingly perhaps, the limited empirical evidence in the literature suggesting that there is still an unequal small scale businesses on how standards/ ‘less smoke’ factor cited by household’s verifying the mass health gains of focus on the technocratic elements of ICS. certification would financially affect their fits into the health rhetoric that dominates improved biomass stoves that are widely At the same time, the technical concerns businesses with entrepreneurs adding: the ICS sector at present and this not only promoted (Mortimer et al. 2017, Pope et (such as efficiency, emissions and safety) “This will negatively impact my highlights the importance of assessing al. 2017). prioritised by donors and implementers business as it will mean that I will have the significance of the benefits as defined Rather, features such as a stove’s of stove programmes are not necessarily to pay taxes, which eats into my small by the users themselves but also fitting ability to cook faster or the saving of fuel shared by intended beneficiaries (Tronsco profit margin” and “This may force me those benefits in line with the priorities are perhaps more important here. With et al. 2007). Indeed, this continues to fuel to increase the price of the stoves.” with implementing organisation(s). this in mind, the use of social marketing the one-size fits all approach and in fact It is important to establish why testing Other benefits of using an ICS included approaches to better understand the what you end up with is a technology and certification is needed and who it heating and preserving the taste of food of priorities and constraints of low-income that tries to do everything and is stripped ultimately benefits (Mukulu 2014; Karve which the latter has been largely ignored biomass dependent groups may be more of the functions that matter most to the 2014) as it “will not ensure that the users over time in favour of the health and effective than commercially oriented cooks that use it (Figure 3). However, there actually use the stove” (Ibid: 25). environmental benefits mentioned above. market-driven approaches in developing is growing acceptance in the literature However, the dilemma remains between more appropriate/acceptable products. to explore the ‘why’ questions that Focus on Households top down vs. bottom up solutions which It could also be useful for monitoring ultimately lend themselves back to end- are ultimately treated as separate entities mechanisms to place less emphasis placed user preferences (Beyene and Koch 2013; Improved cookstoves have been in the sector. More actors are beginning on the technological characteristics of Kohlin et al. 2011). One such example can considered a technological intervention to recognise the complex dynamics of cooking ‘hardware’ and more on its ability be taken from the Ashden Award winner: that “brought together several ‘sexy’ stove and fuel use in households including to meet end-user priorities such as heat Greenway Grameen in India whereby they subjects such as working with poor widespread multiple stove/fuel use or control, cooking speed or ability to cater compromised on aspects of the technology women; raising the income of poor ‘stacking’ which means that ICS uptake for large families (Lambe and Atteridge that would have given lower emissions as it artisans, conserving environmental is unlikely to be exclusive (Ruiz-Mercado 2012; Watson et al. 2012; Rehfuess et was not compatible with user’s needs (Ray resources (especially saving trees) and and Masera 2015; Bonjour et al. 2013; al. 2014). At the same time, it could et al. n.d.). reducing pollution.” (Crewe 1997: Ruiz-Mercado et al. 2011; Masera et be useful to adapt existing monitoring At the same time, the market based 60). More importantly perhaps, “the al. 2000). Key barriers to ICS uptake, systems (e.g. DHS surveys) to generate approach prides itself on growing creative expertise of cooks [has been] including income, gender, social and data on the different type(s) of cooking technological sophistication and as a demoted to the category of ‘cultural cultural dynamics, differing geographical devices households use, when and how result there is emphasis on testing ICS in cooking practices’ whereby culture and dynamics, policy support and cohesion often they use them and the cost of fuel order to harmonise quality standards and technology are opposed” (ibid: 69) and as of ICS programmes (especially at a for them. In addition to helping catalyse ‘a regulation in the sector. There are a range such complicates the debate on enabling community/ household level) do not data revolution for the energy sector’ (IEA of international and national standards as ICS adoption and sustained use. Crewe operate independently but rather as an and World Bank, 2015:30), this would well as testing centres whereby certification goes on to reinforce that the cultural interplay of a variety of factors. These provide important insights into where and can be granted. When discussing these and technological opposition is non- factors need to continue to be explored why ICS uptake is gaining pace and what issues with a range of value chain actors existent in the minds of cooks but yet in depth at the household level to truly key barriers remain.

4 Boiling Point. issue 69 — 2017 5 THEME THEME

PEER REVIEWED Table 1: The offered improved cookstoves

Jambaar Sakkanal

Enablers of strong cookstove sales through a purchase offer approach in rural Senegal – An explorative analysis

Keywords: Cookstove purchase; Design intervention; Household decision; Sales; Senegal; Willingness to pay

Authors a presentation of the Jambaar cookstove Main sales pitches Quick cooking (less than 1h30 Quick cooking (even quicker This article outlines the main results of a study in rural Senegal where Gunther Bensch along the characteristics depicted in Table (In line with regional ics compared to 2h00 to 2h30 for than jambaar, around 1h00) households were invited to purchase simple improved biomass cookstoves RWI – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research, 1. Interviewees were then introduced to the promotion programme traditional stoves) Good-quality metal purchase offer procedure according to the and presented in this in their villages. Households’ stove purchases and willingness to pay levels Essen, Germany Safety and robustness Wood and charcoal savings Becker-DeGroot-Marschak mechanism order) turned out to be unexpectedly high considering that the stoves are generally [email protected] Wood savings (40-45% as (40-45% as compared to three (Becker, DeGroot and Marschak 1964), available in the area and at least part of the study sample households were compared to three stones) stones) which has already been widely used in Heat preservation Easy to move (due to low already exposed to the specific stove type before. We therefore conducted Jörg Peters laboratory and field experiments to elicit Health and cleanliness weight) AMERU, University of the Witwatersrand, an explorative analysis of potential factors that may have triggered the high consumer preferences: the bidder is asked Health and cleanliness Johannesburg, South Africa to state her WTP for the ICS knowing Improvement of women’s living degree of sales. In particular, aspects of the applied mode of stove delivery conditions Improvement of women’s living that the price will be randomly drawn and the specific interview situation are assessed. This serves to derive [email protected] conditions only after bidding (see details about our Quality-verified production from a producer in dakar insights into potential intervention design and communication approaches implementation below). If the participant’s for entry-level improved stoves, which are likely transferable to higher-tier bid equals or exceeds the price drawn, the Fuel type Firewood Firewood and charcoal modern energy access technologies as well. bidder can buy the product for the price Market price ~ 5000 Cfa f (10 usd); ~ 5000 Cfa f (10 usd) drawn meaning there is an opportunity (8000 Cfa f in the capital dakar) but no obligation to purchase. If her bid Expected lifespan 2-4 Years 2-3 Years falls below the drawn price, however, Introduction stated WTP exceeds the allocated price of and main findings on households’ ICS no transaction takes place. Through this the respective ICS, the respondent could purchase decision. procedure, participants are incentivised to received the stove. The draw balls despite the lower WTP for the Sakkanal, ost of Senegal is characterised purchase the ICS. We find that more than reveal their true, home-grown valuation contained prices between 4,500 and 6,000 two-thirds of households preferred this by an arid climate and low 75 per cent of the 350 sampled households The ICS purchase offer for the stoves. During pre-tests, we noted CFA F, thus ranging around the market stove over the Jambaar, mainly because Mbiomass production. Due to the make a bid that reaches or exceeds that households were well able to grasp price of 5,000 CFA F (USD 8.5). Only it can be used with both firewood and little remaining woody cover, firewood the market price of the ICS in towns We carried out a randomised controlled the purchase offer procedure and to during this afternoon meeting, but before charcoal. Eventually, 150 Sakkanal and for cooking is in scarce supply. Common nearby. This came as a big surprise for all trial in twelve villages in rural Senegal. In confidently express their WTP. signing the contract, households were 115 Jambaar were sold implying that 75 coping strategies of rural households are stakeholders including the Government 2009, 40 per cent of sampled households Households were informed that they informed about producers in the vicinity per cent of households bought an ICS. to take more time to collect the wood, of Senegal’s ICS promotion programme were randomly allocated to receive an were allowed to make their payments of around 5 to 20 kilometres who offer Although the applied mechanism but also to buy more firewood or to implemented by Deutsche Gesellschaft für ICS at zero price (see Bensch and Peters with the village chief within a timeframe the ICS at this market price; their contact to elicit household’s WTP is incentive- plant trees on their estates. Alternatively, Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). 2015). After what can be considered a of about two and a half months. This details were also provided. Households compatible and implemented in a real they complement three-stone fireplaces Hitherto, this programme as well as others full life-cycle trial period for this ICS payment period was granted because the were then allowed to withdraw from market environment, the bids may deviate by simple metal stoves for the use of has faced enormous difficulties to market type, six years later in 2015, we offered survey was implemented in the month of the contract, a right that was claimed to some degree from what respondents agricultural residues as cooking fuel – ICS in rural areas. We therefore explore households to purchase the same type of November when households in the study by only six households. Similarly, merely would be willing to pay on an ordinary mostly from millet and maize. These potential factors that may have triggered ICS or a second ICS type, the so-called region are typically short on cash. By the seven households were not willing or market – both positively and negatively. A traditional cookstoves, however, are very the strong sales in this setting. Jambaar and Sakkanal. Both stoves are time of the payment, target households able to pay for the purchased stove. The main factor leading to a lower expressed inefficient due to a bad heat transfer and Considering household energy depicted in Table 1. We included into the tend to have sold at least parts of their remainder fully paid for the stoves, thus WTP may be that the date of the purchase combustion. Improved cooking stoves transitions as conceptualised by van der sample an additional six villages from harvest to make investments into durable corroborating the validity of the expressed offer does not necessarily coincide with (ICS) provide a low-cost remedy to reduce Kroon et al. (2013), we hereby focus the same region. Our sample comprised goods. Subsequently, the enumerators WTP values. Further details about the the intrinsically preferred purchase date, firewood consumption, but usage rates in on the study-related household decision three groups of households: (i) those who revealed to the households that they study setup can be found in Bensch and as the household may still dispose of rural Senegalese households are close to context that can be influenced by the had already used an ICS, (ii) those from could instead also buy another stove, the Peters (2017a). a recently bought functional stove, for zero. intervention design, such as the stove the same villages who did not receive Sakkanal, for which the same purchase For the remaining 337 households, example (see also Table 2, page 9). Against this background, we have marketing approach and the access to an ICS in 2009 but who might have offer procedure followed. Households Figure 1 (see page 8) depicts the demand implemented a long-term study on ICS in markets. More specifically, we explore gained some indirect experience through could bid for both stoves but buy at curve that can be determined based on the Potential enablers of strong the Peanut Basin region in Central Senegal those features of our approach that their neighbours, and (iii) households most, one of them. This restriction was WTP values. As many as 83 per cent of cookstove sales since 2009. The study has focused on somehow deviate from the business-as- in a “pure” control group without any supposed to motivate households to households expressed a WTP higher than the evaluation of two types of firewood usual approach on the ICS market, i.e. particular experience with ICS. reveal their (maximum) WTP for both 5,000 CFA F for either of the two ICS and In principle, two general barriers have been ICS in terms of their socio-economic the personalised door-to-door character Households were informed in stoves. Virtually all visited households the average across all households amounts overcome through the stove purchase offer and environmental impacts as well as of our sales offer and the fact that parts advance about a visit of a stove seller were willing to make a bid; only five to 6,900 CFA F and 6,200 CFA F for the outlined in the previous section: a lack of households’ acceptance and willingness of our sample households were already that also includes a survey on energy households abstained from doing so. Jambaar and Sakkanal, respectively. This knowledge on improved stoves on the to pay (WTP). In the present article we exposed to one of the ICS through a use; the person responsible for taking After bidding for the stoves and is clearly above prices charged by nearby demand side and insufficient availability scrutinise findings from an ICS purchase free distribution trial in 2009. These financial decisions in the household was a structured interview, all survey stove producers and in striking contrast and marketing on the supply side. Yet, offer in 2015, in which we first asked potential factors will be discussed in requested to be present. Six enumerators participants came together later the same to very low WTP levels observed in the relevance of these barriers in the given each respondent to state her/his WTP for the following sections, after a brief were trained to act as ICS sales agents day to attend a public draw of the prices for other studies following similar elicitation context is debatable. First, at least in the two types of ICS and only subsequently description of the applied purchase following a predefined procedure. Once in the stoves. The households who submitted methods for ICS (Beltramo et al. 2015; villages where we had conducted the ICS randomly allocated sales prices. If the offer approach, the offered ICS types the household, enumerators started with a successful bid, signed contracts and Mobarak et al. 2012). Interestingly, allocation in 2009, practical knowledge

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Figure 1: Cookstove demand curve Percentages Table 2: Interviewee‘s approval of according to stove purchase offer statements regarding their stove Yes No I do not know bids purchase offer bids, in % I would have wanted to bid 86 13 1 more, but I haven’t got more Table 3: Conditions of the household money than the bidden sum. decision context changed by the stove purchase offer I would have wanted to bid 45 20 35 more, but I haven’t got more Interview condition money than the bidden sum. one-to-one communication situation For me, the stoves have 64 17 19 exactly the value of my bid. household sampling I took the price of another 12 88 0 addressing person responsible for financial decisions stove as reference. Mode of delivery My bid would have been 82 12 6 on-site stove delivery higher if it would have been of the stoves had already existed before at a time where I had needed payment period of around two and a half month but did not induce people to replace the a new stove (more). (after harvest sales period) ICS as they became unusable. Second, there are (albeit few) ICS producers in the area, notably in those towns where It thus seems plausible to conclude, References Lewis, J.J. and S.K. Pattanayak. 2012. Who adopts improved fuels weekly markets are held that are highly expenditures, and main cookstove type, arguments for why households were that these two modes of delivery factors and cookstoves? A systematic frequented by people from the villages. respectively). In cases where the person willing to pay prices even higher than nudged households to translate their Becker, G.M., M.H. DeGroot, and J. review. Environmental Health It is thus questionable whether these two responsible for financial decisions was those charged by regional stove producers. interest triggered by the ICS sales agents Marschak. 1964. Measuring utility by Perspectives 120 (5): 637. factors suffice to explain the previously present during the bidding, the WTP for On-site stove delivery may have nudged into a stove purchase. Still, independently a single-response sequential method. observed very slack ICS uptake. the Jambaar was 2,100 CFA F higher than households, since transportation can be a they are only of subordinate importance Behavioral Science 9: 226-232. Mobarak, A.M., P. Dwivedi, R. Bailis, We therefore discuss further conditions in cases where that person was not present. relevant barrier for households to adopt in the given context. L. Hildemann, and G. Miller. 2012. Beltramo, T., G. Blalock, D.I. Levine, Low demand for nontraditional of the household decision context that This implies a 40 per cent difference, which cookstoves (see, for example, GACC and A.M. Simons. 2015. The effect cookstove technologies. Proceedings have been changed by the stove purchase is also statistically significant (p-value of 2013). In the present case, transportation Summarizing conclusions of marketing messages and payment of the National Academy of Sciences offer and which may have contributed to 0.01, n=334). Such differences cannot be is, however, unlikely an issue. Household over time on willingness to pay for of the United States of America 109 the high and unexpected uptake of the observed for whether a person responsible members are regularly in the towns Market actors across rural Senegal but fuel-efficient cookstoves. Journal of (27): 10815-10820. ICS. Main factors are listed in Table 3: first for cooking was present during the where ICS are produced due to weekly also in other African countries have a Economic Behavior & Organization van der Kroon, B., R. Brouwer, and related to the specific interview condition interview or whether the household head markets. In addition, as many as 80 per hard time selling ICS (Bensch et al. 2015; 118: 333-345. P. van Beukering. 2013. The energy created by our study, which may deliver is female. The picture for the Sakkanal cent of households own a donkey or horse Mobarak et al. 2012; and Lewis and Bensch, G. and J. Peters. 2017a. ladder: Theoretical myth or empirical insights to successful communication stove is similar, though less strong and less cart. Even for the remaining households, Pattanayak 2012). In our study, a large What drives technology adoption of truth? Results from a meta-analysis. approaches and, second, related to the clear-cut. transportation would likely cost less number of households living in relatively the rural poor? Willingness to pay Renewable and Sustainable Energy mode of delivery chosen in the study. Two main conclusions can be drawn than 100 CFA F and thus, possible at a wood-scarce Senegalese villages were for improved cooking stoves in rural Reviews 20: 504-513. http://dx.doi. With regards to the specific interview from this: first, while the literature rightly surcharge of less than two per cent can be willing to purchase ICS at market prices Senegal. mimeo. org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.045. condition, the combination of the one- highlights that female-headed households easily and cheaply organised. While this is or even above. The limited and specific Bensch, G. and J. Peters. 2017b. to-one communication situation, the may be more responsive to energy access not necessarily for all regions in Senegal, sample can only provide indications Short-run subsidies and long-run Author profiles household sampling (in our case, on interventions (see, for example, Karimu this example underpins the importance of on potential enablers of the strong adoption – Experimental evidence on Gunther Bensch is researcher in average around every third household et al. 2016), our results on addressing the thorough market intelligence. cookstove sales. Similarly, the setup is improved cooking stoves in Senegal. mimeo. the department Environment and got randomly sampled for the study) and person responsible for financial decisions The second particularity of the mode not meant to be replicated as such in Resources at RWI, a Germany-based addressing the person responsible for show that communication strategies of delivery adopted in our study was the cookstove interventions. Nevertheless, Bensch, G. and J. Peters. 2015. think tank. His fields of research are financial decisions seemed to have played targeted to males can be highly effective payment period of around two and a our exercise provides lessons for such The intensive margin of technology environment, energy economics and a critical role. On the one hand, this has in increasing stove sales in the short term. half month granted to households. This ICS dissemination interventions. Our adoption - experimental evidence policy, with a special emphasis on created a feeling of exclusivity, which This benefits women directly as they are definitely had an effect, as evidenced by findings clearly suggest that people may on improved cooking stoves in the empirical evaluation of improved may have triggered more interest in the the ones responsible for cooking to date the fact that an extension of the payment be prepared to pay more for ICS than rural Senegal. Journal of Health cookstoves and electrification product and may have induced people and also does not preclude or thwart period from about one and a half to what is commonly expected. In our study Economics 42: 44-63. http://dx.doi. interventions. He has conducted to make more of an effort to obtain the complementary women-empowerment around two and a half months increased context, however, certain nudges were org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.03.006. mixed-methods evaluations including large-scale household and enterprise product. Probably more importantly, in interventions. As such, it can be expected households’ WTP for the Jambaar by necessary to make people purchasing Bensch, G., M. Grimm, and J. surveys in several countries across most cases we managed talking to those to rather promote the dynamics toward about 650 CFA F (p-value of 0.07, n=668; the ICS. It seemed particularly relevant Peters. 2015. Why do households Africa and Asia. responsible for financial decisions, who gender equity. Second, sampling and no comparable question was asked for the to specifically address the person forego high returns from technology are predominantly male in the rural intensive communication may serve as a Sakkanal). In this context it was also an responsible to take financial decisions in adoption – evidence from improved Jörg Peters is head of the Climate Senegalese context (86 % of households cost-effective demand-stimulating first important feature, that the purchase offer the household, i.e. mostly males. cook stoves in Burkina Faso. Journal Change in Developing Countries group at report to have a male household head). step before a larger and less resource- was conducted at a time of upcoming cash Similarly, the study set-up may be of Economic Behavior & Organization RWI, a Germany-based think tank, and 116: 187-205. This differs from common ICS marketing intensive roll-out in the same areas. In fact, income due to harvest sales. Still, it is likely a blueprint for testing cost-effective associate professor at Witwatersrand University in Johannesburg. He has in the area which usually happens through feedback from the local ICS producers that the payment period rather helped to market activation approaches. As GACC (Global Alliance for Clean worked extensively on electrification and Cookstoves). 2013. Kenya Country product display at the blacksmiths’ suggests that non-sampled households overcome short-term liquidity constraints a first step, evidence on the general improved cookstoves in various countries Action Plan (CAP) 2013. Available workshops or via women’s groups, in the visited villages also purchased the than more fundamental credit constraints. acceptance, suitability and effectiveness all over Africa and advised various from http://cleancookstoves.org/ complemented by awareness campaigns stoves in larger numbers after our visits. Equipped with the information on stove of the respective product need to be international organizations such as the resources_files/kenya-country- by GIZ and similar stove actors. We intend to follow-up on ICS diffusion producers, households could as well have gathered. The findings in this paper United Nations, World Bank, 3ie, FMO, action-plan.pdf. The relevance of this factor is in the study villages in a next step of our waited for the upcoming harvest sales and relate to the interview condition and the and GIZ. underscored by econometric estimation research, where we would then also look then buy the stove themselves. From this mode of delivery and do not depend on Karimu, A., J.T. Mensah, and G. results where we regress such respondent- into the cost-effectiveness as compared to perspective, the payment period may have the specific technology. Therefore, these Adu. 2016. Who adopts LPG specific characteristics on the households’ more common ICS diffusion approaches. functioned as a commitment device for insights are likely to apply not only as the main cooking fuel and WTP together with further socio- The second set of conditions from some households: with the contract signed to the stoves assessed in this study but why? Empirical evidence on Ghana based on national survey. demographic, economic, and cooking- Table 3, those related to the mode of in the present, they “locked themselves also to other simple biomass improved World Development 85: 43- related controls (e.g. educational level delivery, may not only explain the high in” to paying for the ICS once cash is stoves as well as more advanced and 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. of the household head, household uptake of the ICS, but present rational available in the future. cleaner stoves. worlddev.2016.05.004. 8 Boiling Point. issue 69 — 2017 9 VIEWPOINTS VIEWPOINTS Viewpoints An Interview with Paul ‘Dr TLUD’ Anderson

Boiling Point guest editor, Dr. Mike Clifford speaks to that the stove truly pays for itself with and certification of the carbon credit Where do you expect to get this financial Prof.Paul Simon Anderson (a.k.a. Dr TLUD) about the carbon credits. program. After the second year (when the participation? current and future prospects of TLUD woodgas stoves. iii. Carbon credits: Each stove in use initial capital of USD 40 per stove has been The people in need of the stoves certainly generates carbon credits, each repaid), there is money each year for the do not have sufficient funds. Affluent representing one tonne of CO2 community where the stoves are in use. This stakeholders (such as businesses and NGOs Dr TLUD can be reached at equivalent (CO2e) emissions that explanation is rather brief. A more complete and governments) need to initiate the work Email: [email protected] did not go into the atmosphere. I call explanation is at www.woodgas.com/tercc. (with loans, donations or buying of carbon them ‘TLUD Emission Reduction’ credits) to purchase stoves at USD 40 each, Phone: +1-309-452-7072, and (TER™) units because they are What about cooks/households at the or USD 10,000 for a 250-household cluster. Skype: paultlud carbon credits specifically and only for bottom of the pyramid (BOP) in rural Based on (and secured by) carbon credits, the TLUD woodgas stove projects. The areas? Is there anything that will encourage loans can be repaid in about two years. And ‘Champion’ design earns four TER™ people to move away from the three-stone major donors can help select the locations carbon credits per year, bringing fire in areas where poverty is acute? of the woodgas TLUD projects. India is project self-sufficiency and income to The stainless-steel, clean-burning the initial location because of established participating communities. Champion TLUD stove that cuts fuel stove suppliers and project supervision. iv. Stove longevity with maintenance: usage in half is an ‘aspirational purchase’ Additional TLUD woodgas stove projects Carbon credit financing requires for the BOP families. The initial (first in other locations are expected in multiple that stoves are in use, so the business month’s) payment to obtain the stove can countries as soon as financial backing is Some inventors lend their name to their the TLUD stoves, the ‘woodgas stoves,’ And what about charcoal burning stoves? model assures that any damaged stove be as low as USD 3, with four additional available. creations – James Dyson for instance – but are so important. Traditional charcoal-making processes is quickly repaired or replaced, using monthly payments that are covered by it is rare to meet someone who adopts the waste two-thirds (67%) of the thermal some of the carbon credit funding. the value of the charcoal that each family Evidence coming out of recent studies name of their invention. Can you tell me Can you explain that in a different way? energy of wood, and should be banned The Champion TLUDs are stainless produces. We are reaching very poor looking at the health impacts of switching how you became Dr TLUD? Think about how biogas stoves burn (and are banned in many places, but not steel and have remained in use for over households in ‘the last mile.’ to clean stoves (Malawi CAPS study for The two independent creative fathers gases that are created from solid wet enforced). TLUD stoves cook with that four years, and should last beyond the instance) suggests that changing the of TLUD (pronounced ‘TEE-lud’) micro- biomass in anaerobic digester tanks. 67 per cent of the energy and still leave seven-to-ten-year timetable of carbon How are you structuring financing of the way people cook is not sufficient to have gasification were Tom Reed and Paal Solid biomass materials are used wet or the other 33 per cent inside the charcoal, credit projects. TLUD stoves? long-term health gains. Do you have any Wendelbo. I am the third father, who dry to create either biogas or woodgas which is a TLUD by-product. TLUD v. Separate the manufacturing of stoves The TLUD woodgas stove efforts thoughts on this? adopted the technology in 2001, nursed respectively. And then separately the stoves are ‘charcoal-producing’ stoves. (an up-front capital cost) from the stove currently underway are based on First, one study neither proves nor and named it by 2005, and then expanded, gases are burned, leaving behind sludge use and support activities in the local sustainable and appropriately business- disproves such an important issue, challenged, defended, and advocated it or charcoal. Gases burn more cleanly than But will people use TLUD stoves? communities (where the stove usage based projects, such as in West Bengal, especially when there are so many for another decade, (as described in the solid fuels. That is why TLUD stoves are Definitely, yes, if the TLUD stoves are generates the TER carbon credits and India. With the one assumption that TER variables that were not and maybe could ‘Origins and History…’ document at my in the ‘Clean Cooking Solutions’ section of properly introduced and supported. The other advantages.) The necessary profit carbon credits for TLUD stove usage not be controlled, including the air quality website www.drtlud.com). Finally, we the stoves classification by the GACC and recent work in Deganga, India proves that requirement for stove production should will be purchased, the business model is outside of the homes where the stoves have the joy of seeing TLUD stoves as a ESMAP (World Bank) (The state of the households can and will accept woodgas not dominate the desired social benefits potentially quite profitable, and allows for were tested. Second, there are many more recognised and increasingly appreciated global clean and improved cooking sector, stoves. to the communities that can save money financing with loans as well as grants and reasons to advocate clean cookstoves branch of the family of stove types. Technical Report 007/15, figure 1.1). and earn income through usage of the the sales of TER carbon credits. The TER than just long-term health gains. Greatly Around 2011, I started using the name Could you tell us about the recent work stoves, as with charcoal sales, carbon credits are controlled by Juntos Energy reduced household air pollution, fuel ‘Dr TLUD’ as a form of ‘self-branding.’ We seem to be at a crossroads in the in India? credits, and biochar advantages. Solutions NFP, a not for profit corporation demand, forest harvesting, and financial household energy sector, with the The key document (http://drtlud.com/ We are interested in the cost model that registered in Illinois, USA, under the concerns are also extremely important, Improved cooking stoves (ICS) with emergence of new terminology regarding deganga2016) for the work in India was makes the TLUD stove viable and possible direction of myself (Paul Anderson, Dr and those benefits are being denied to biomass fuels have been around for a long ‘clean stoves’ and even talk of ‘clean released in September 2016 for discussion. for scale-up. TLUD). The Juntos NFP organization is impoverished households by the health- time, but have great difficulty to actually fuels’. So what do you see as the long- It identifies key enablers: To initiate a project, at least 250 stoves focused solely on TLUD stove projects, only advocates who would delay the resolve the many problems of stoves. term future for biomass stoves? i. Critical mass: Keep the efforts are needed in a small area, and that means and its methodology for supervising and installation of TLUD gasifier cookstoves. Correct. ICS is another name for Because of stove costs and fuel costs and concentrated in a small area to facilitate capital (about USD 40 each, or USD 10,000 verifying carbon credit issues already has The ‘perfect’ (which might not be stoves with standard combustion of solid the financial limitations of global society, the introduction, user training, sales, total) to purchase them from a manufacturer. a four-year stellar track record. The Juntos affordable without sustained subsidies of fuels: dry biomass, charcoal and coal. the so-called ‘modern fuels’ (LPG, natural easier fuel supply, monthly support, The TLUD project (not the manufacturer) NFP operating framework does not allow imported fossil fuels) should not be the Standard combustion is simply inadequate gas, electricity, solar, alcohols, biogas) and ‘earn while you cook’ income via sells the stoves to the households for USD trading or speculation in the value of the enemy of the ‘not quite so perfect’ that to cleanly solve the cookstove challenges. their stoves can at best reach maybe 40 per charcoal production, and maintenance/ 15 and uses that money to pay the sales carbon credits. Details and case studies are lets people utilise local, renewable, job- In contrast, TLUD stoves are gas-burners. cent of the 500 million needy households service. These activities assure continued commissions and a year of TLUD stove-user being published at the Woodgas website creating fuels. And the ‘woodgas’ is produced a few maybe in 20 years. At least 300 million usage of TLUD stoves. support so that the TER carbon credits are (www.woodgas.com). Additional financial centimetres away and milli-seconds earlier households will remain dependent on dry ii. Financial issues: The stove price is created. It is the sale of the carbon credits (4 participation will accelerate the progress. down inside the TLUD gasifier. Gasifiers biomass fuels, and TLUD (woodgas) stoves subsidised to make it attractive and x 10 = USD 40 per year) that reimburses the are not standard combustion. That is why can and should reach 80 per cent of those, attainable by everyone in the area, even factory cost in two years while providing the or about 250 million households by 2027. the poorest people. The project shows next year’s user support and administration

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PEER REVIEWED Type of Fuel Fuel Consumption (kg/capita/day) Baseline survey data Fuel wood twigs/Fuel wood and chips 0.883 (kg) Dung cake (kg) 0.530 Crops residue (kg) 0.243 LPG (kg) 0.026 Development of clean cooking technology for rural Kerosene (litre) 0.020 communities in India Table 1. Details of fuel consumption

Keywords: Improved forced draft cook stoves; TERI model SPT 0610; Traditional cook stoves; Thermal efficiency; Specific fuel consumption; Biomass fuels 0.24 kg of crop residues, and 0.26 kg of Authors LPG, respectively (Table 1). Ram Chandra Pal, Vivek Jha The baseline survey results showed two and Manjushree Banerjee cooking sessions, one each averaging 1.5 The Energy and Resources Institute, to 2.5 hours in the morning and evening. New Delhi, India The staple diet of a sample household comprised of rice, vegetables, pulses, Picture 1a: Awareness creation and chapatti (baked bread from kneaded through wall posters in villages wheat). The woman of the household was responsible for cooking, spending All photos in article courtesy TERI. about four hours a day in front of a highly polluting traditional cook stove (TERI, 2012). Results also indicated that on an average, 52 per cent households were willing to adopt ICS. The communities were aware of the health implications of using traditional cook stoves, which aided the team in communicating the benefits associated with the use of ICS. Awareness The penetration of clean fuels for cooking in rural areas in India was also created among the rural masses continues to be low, with just 6.5 per cent using Liquefied Petroleum through a variety of approaches, including Gas (LPG). Rural households continue to use locally available organisation of village-level meetings, distribution of publicity materials such as biomass fuels for cooking. In response, TERI developed an improved wall posters and pamphlets. Picture 1b: Awareness creation through wall posters in villages cook stove model, TERI SPT 0610. Compared to a traditional mud The universal adoption of ICS, as stove, the combustion efficiency of the new model was found to be 37 envisaged in the project, depends on AC/DC adapter is incorporated in the The TERI model SPT 0610 was further per cent, with 80 per cent less carbon monoxide emissions and 72 per several factors including availability, stove model. Water Boiling Tests (WBT) lab tested at the testing centre of the Indian cent less particulate matters (PM 2.5) (TERI, 2015). The specific fuel affordability, convenience and reliability, were conducted on the improved forced Institute of Technology in Delhi, approved as well as on creating awareness regarding draft-cook stove in the laboratory as per by the Ministry of New and Renewable consumption for the new stove model was reported as 186.2 g/kg of technology among the rural masses. In the the internationally accepted protocol Energy (MNRE), Government of India. a cooked meal, which is about 73 per cent lower than the traditional case of ICS, efficiency of a stove depends WBT Version 3.0 (WBT, 2007). This The tests were carried out as per the mud stove used in the areas where the new product was introduced. on the specific fuel it is designed for. For was followed by field tests in the project methodology and criteria decided by the Given the technical performance improvements offered by the example, an ICS designed for using pellets villages. Six commercial ICS models from Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). The model improved cook stove model, its dissemination was supported across fuel would provide the best output if the different organizations were field tested for demonstrated a combustion efficiency 17 states in India. specified fuel is used. However, in rural assessing performance. The stoves were of ~37 per cent. When compared to a areas, many end users use whichever fuel disseminated across six households on a U-shaped traditional mud stove, the tested is accessible and this may be different rotational basis such that each household model showed a reduction of 72 per cent Introduction The baseline assessment from the fuel that the ICS is designed for. has access to all of the aforementioned in particulate matters (PM 2.5) emission, Based on the findings from the baseline models. In each selected household, 80 per cent in carbon monoxide emission, ccess to modern, safe and With an aim to increase adoption of A comprehensive baseline assessment field assessments, TERI decided to design structured feedback from the cook was and 54 per cent in fuel consumption. affordable sustainable energy is clean cooking solutions and improve the was conducted to assess the potential of an ICS that can operate with a range of obtained on social parameters (usability, Table 2 (see page 14) summarises the key Akey for development. Yet, millions quality of life, The Energy and Resources energy-efficient improved cook stoves solid fuels. The stove has been developed convenience, stove aesthetics, quality of the performance indicators (IIT, 2012). of people in rural areas depend on Institute (TERI) initiated a project in (ICS). Results showed 98 per cent of the over several iterative steps, including cooked meal, safety concerns) and technical The performance of the stove was also traditional fuels and inefficient cooking eight villages of block Jagdishpur district households used firewood as the primary prototype development, laboratory parameters (ability to utilise multiple fuels, assessed through the Controlled Cooking devices to meet their basic cooking energy Amethi, which was earlier a part of the source of cooking fuel, most houses used testing, field deployment and trial, and emission reduction, cooking time, etc.). In Test (CCT) conducted in rural households needs, often spending a large share of erstwhile district Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh. dung cake as the secondary fuel and crop impact assessment. addition, feedback from the head of the under actual field conditions. The CCT their income on such forms of fuels. More than 59 per cent of the households residues used for initial ignition (TERI, household regarding the affordability of provides a standardised comparison of Studies have revealed that using inefficient in the project area rely on agriculture as 2012). Approximately two per cent of the Laboratory and field tests the stoves was sought, an important factor stove performance for a real-cooking devices, such as traditional cook stoves, their primary livelihood resource (Amethi, households had access to LPG stoves. The for large-scale dissemination among rural session involving the use of local fuel, contribute significantly to emission levels, 2015; TERI, 2009). Approximately 54 baseline assessments found that the fuel The forced draft biomass cook stove communities. The feedback from the field food, vessels, and cooking practices. especially those of black carbon. This has per cent of the population lived in mud consumption for cooking, water heating, developed is based on DC fan to control was collated and used in the examination Assessments also included data collection ramifications for the environment as well thatched, semi-brick establishments and and space heating (warming hands in flame and air input in the combustion of performance of each ICS model and on the utility of the stove as perceived by as detrimental effects on the health of end- 46 per cent lived in brick-made houses winter) per capita per day was high: 0.88 chamber. The provision for charging of the results were analysed for developing rural users, the impact on reduced fuel users. (TERI, 2012). kg of fuel wood, 0.53 kg of dung cake, the battery though electricity using an new models. consumption, and higher time savings.

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Picture 2: Different models of stoves References

Amethi 2015. http://amethi.nic.in/as, accessed on November 2015 Census of India. 2001. http://www. censusindia.gov.in/. IITD / CRDT/ RP/CS/1005 Stove Test Report. 2012. Improved biomass Cook stove model SPT 0610. Indian Institute of Technology. December 2012. IIT Delhi National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) 2009-10 - (Energy Statistics, 2013) TERI. 2015. Clean Combustion stove for domestic cooking applications, http://www.teriin.org/technology/stove- writeup, accessed 10 October 2016 Picture 3: User cooking on improved forced draft stove S. No. Particulars Units T E R I Project Report No. 1 Thermal efficiency (η) 36.84 per cent 2008RA02. 2009. Sustainable Development through - Research, 2 Carbon monoxide 2.25 g/MJd (energy delivered) Customization and Demonstration 3 Particulate matters (PM) 147.4 mg/MJd (energy delivered) of Technologies in Jagdishpur Block, 4 Power output 1.08 kW district Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh. The Energy and Resources Institute. New Delhi Table 2. Lab performance of Stove SPT 0610 TERI Project Report No. 2008RA02. 2012. Sustainable Development For the purpose of comparison between disseminated amongst different categories the improved forced draft cook stove (SPT through - Research, Customization and Demonstration of Technologies the SPT 0610 model and the traditional of willing households in 17 states across 0610) was later manufactured through in Jagdishpur Block, district mud stove model, rice (requiring boiling) India through various government and an automation process by an MNRE Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh. The Energy and pulses (requiring simmering) were non-government organizations (Figure 2). approved entity —Phoenix Udhyog and Resources Institute. New Delhi cooked on both the stoves. Specific Fuel An awareness creation campaign was Private Limited, Himachal Pradesh Consumption (SFC) is calculated by using carried out among the rural masses in (India). While the stove is manufactured WBT Version 3.0. 2007. University of the formula below: the project areas that aided technology using stainless steel grade 202 (outer Berkeley body) the combustion chamber is made Author profiles of stainless steel 304 grade. The unit sale price of the stove SPT 0610 with power Ram Chandra Pal, Senior Field Equivalent dry wood consumed (fd) (g) pack is currently estimated as USD 49. Manager at TERI holds expertise Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)= x 103 Total weight of cooked meal (Wf)(kg) The energy enterprises deployed in development of household level the stove with a margin of 10 per cent, renewable technologies. He has which included administrative and service authored/co-authored 9 books and fd 3 SFC= x 10 (g per kg of cooked meal) cost. Multiple value chains were created Figure 1. Specific fuel consumption and time estimation published over 52 papers. Wf by strengthening local capacities across Email: [email protected] 17 states in India including 25 non- Vivek Jha, Fellow at TERI specialises government organisations, several self in research and implementation of The SFC for the TERI SPT 0610 model acceptance. The first batch of the 683 help groups, over 250 entrepreneurs, renewable energy technologies, and was found to be 73.5 per cent lower than SPT 0610 stoves was accepted well by the panchayats , cooperatives, and gram has published more than 10 research the traditional U-shaped mud stove (Figure users. In order to ensure the long-term sabhas . Different business models were papers. E-mail: [email protected] 1). Furthermore, a reduction in cooking sustenance of technology, local technicians adopted suited to the local needs and time by 43.2 per cent was reported due to were trained for repair and maintenance paying capacities of the rural households. Manjushree Banerjee, Fellow at TERI a better burning rate (proper combustion to provide timely services. Technicians In many locations, consumer finance and has about 13 years of experience of fuel) compared to a traditional stove. visited the project areas on a fortnightly business loans for the entrepreneurs were in energy access, authored and co- The biomass fuel saving was calculated or demand basis for a minimal fee of USD made available through regional rural authored about 15 papers. as 1134 kg/household/annum. In total, 0.20 per stove while users paid for any banks and micro finance institutions. Email: manjushree.banerjee@teri. res.in 23,870 MT/annum of fuel wood saving component that needed to be replaced. Non-government organisations were was estimated through the installation involved to create awareness and monitor and usage of 20,869 improved forced Conclusion the implementation process locally. At a draft cook stoves. later stage, considering the affordability The performance of the new stove factor, low cost models were further Deployment of SPT 0610 ICS model was significantly higher for developed and continue to be tested in and sustenance emission reduction and fuel efficiency in the market. comparison to the traditional cook stoves. A total of 683 SPT 0610 ICS were The deployment of 20,869 ICS resulted disseminated across eight villages in in 43.2 per cent reduction in cooking Amethi district, Uttar Pradesh, during time and an estimated annual fuel wood the years 2009 to 2011. Between 2012 saving of 23,869.57 metric tonnes (MT). and 2015, a further 20,186 ICS were Considering the performance of the stove, Figure 2. Installation of Forced Draft Cook Stoves across states in India

14 Boiling Point. issue 69 — 2017 15 THEME THEME

PEER REVIEWED Figure 2: Political map of Peru with Lambayeque and Ayacucho departments highlighted in red (Image: Central Intelligence Agency)

Figure 3: Traditional wood stove (Photo: MicroEnergy International)

Figure 4: Local actors involved in the supply chain (Graph: MicroEnergy Enablers for the value chain of improved cooking stoves through the International) financial mechanism of Uniones de Crédito y Ahorro in Peru

Keywords: Credit and savings unions; Enablers; Entrepreneurship; Peru; Rural communities; Supply chain; Trainings the end-users of the technology. Local Authors entrepreneurs acquired the materials Judith Ibáñez Sánchez needed for the construction through an Project Manager alliance of local and regional providers. [email protected] Their responsibilities involved client acquisition, installation and after sales Silvia Francioso services. The PRIDER promoters, taking Junior Consultant advantage of their regular mandatory visits [email protected] to the UNICAs, supported entrepreneurs in activities such as marketing and client MicroEnergy International, Postdamer Strasse, monitoring. A summary of the role of the 143, Berlin, 10783, Germany, +57 322 432 different actors along the supply chain is 5919, http://microenergy-foundation.com/ presented in Figure 4. Two different ICS models were finally chosen - a fixed model with a construction Picture 1: UNICA in Lambayeque in either adobe bricks or bricks and a (Photo: MicroEnergy International) portable metal model as shown in Figure This article summarises a joint initiative between MicroEnergy 5. All the materials and products were purchased from local providers and International and COFIDE implemented in 2015 to stimulate the certified by the local regulatory entity market for improved cook stoves in rural areas of Peru through financial SENCICO to ensure quality and efficiency. mechanisms established within the community Savings and Credit Unions The loan mechanism provided by the (Uniones de Crédito y Ahorro, UNICAs). The article presents results UNICAs was adapted to the acquisition achieved through the initiative, highlights the barriers encountered and of ICS with a preferential interest rate of 1 per cent compared with the usual rates lessons learned related to the key enablers for the successful adoption and ranging between 3 and 5 per cent for being distribution of such technologies. an environment-friendly technology. Several promotional activities were carried out in order to stimulate the demand and raise the Background information the financial support of Fondo de Acceso The baseline assessment showed that awareness among the UNICAs’ members, Sostenible a Energía Renovable Térmica most of the interviewees used more than such as flyers and story-telling posters to he Inclusive Rural Business (FASERT) to facilitate the acquisition and one stove with different fuels for domestic highlight the wide range of benefits of ICS Development Program (known in dissemination of improved cook stoves cooking purposes, known as ‘stacking’ compared to basic cooking stoves (fuel and TSpanish as Programa Inclusivo de (ICS) through the established financing instead of the expected ‘fuel-switching’. monetary savings and reduction of health Desarrollo Empresarial Rural, PRIDER) scheme of the UNICAs. The project aimed Traditional firewood stoves (Figure 3) issues among others). Moreover, the PRIDER was initiated in Peru in 2005 by COFIDE, at stimulating the existing demand for ICS were used for preparing lunch and dinner promoters and the trained local entrepreneurs a Peruvian development bank. The and establishing robust local supply chains and gas for cooking with very big pots conducted some on-field demonstrations and program achieves its goals through the in the departments of Lambayeque and or for quick preparation (e.g. heat food, awareness raising events with the UNICAs’ creation of self-managed Savings and Ayacucho, benefiting a total of 960 families drinks). The cookstoves, also used as members. The rural households, who decided Credit Unions (Uniones de Crédito y forming 498 UNICAs. heating devices, are normally located to purchase the product, also received a pot Ahorro, UNICAs) to improve the quality inside the houses in mountainous and and a manual for good use and maintenance of life amongst vulnerable and isolated Overview of Ayacucho and cold areas, while approximately 20% of of the ICS. rural families through social and financial Lambayeque departments the stoves are placed outside the homes in The adoption of an ICS seems to be inclusion. One UNICA is composed of coastal Lambayeque. an attractive investment for most of the 10-30 families from the same community Ayacucho is located in the Andean respondents surveyed (80.33%, 95.80% collecting savings, and offering credits mountains in the southern part of the Project implementation and 88.17% in Ayacucho, Lambayeque to members at low interest rates (Figure country (Figure 2) with temperatures and Incahuasi respectively). While with 1). The PRIDER program supports ranging between 5°C and 15°C. The project aimed to establish a supply ability to pay varies, the most common the members in the initial phase on Lambayeque is situated along the chain for ICS in both departments, reasons for fuel-switching is the smoke financial literacy and training in business northern coast with warmer climate (15- involving mainly local actors in order to from traditional stoves, the limiting size development and ‘graduates’ the UNICA 35°C) with the exception of the Incahuasi enable value creation and ensure long- of the stove and number of pots that can once it is ready to self-manage. district, which is located in the Andean term sustainability. MEI trained local be used at a time, high fuel consumption In 2015, COFIDE and MicroEnergy mountains with similar climate conditions entrepreneurs to produce a variety of and the lack of safety often causing burns International (MEI) launched a project with as Ayacucho. ICS and provide appropriate services to to family members, including children.

16 Boiling Point. issue 69 — 2017 17 THEME THEME

Figure 8 (right): Average weekly hours for collecting/buying firewood with the traditional and ICS in Ayacucho and Lambayeque departments. (Graph: MicroEnergy International)

Fixed Cooking Stove Fixed Cooking Stove Portable Cooking Stove with base in adobe with base in bricks (mudbricks) Figure 5: Selected ICS models (Image: SENCICO)

Project results Figure 6 illustrates the sales trend in the payment method for acquisition of the group awareness raising campaigns on-site monitoring and support during Conclusion two departments. The lowest peak in technology i.e. credit. Therefore, it can facilitated through the UNICAs were a the starting phase of implementation The administrative and management Ayacucho was caused by the turnover of be stated that the established financing critical success factor to sensitise their in order to ensure the expected quality, Overall, the results of the project show capacities of the PRIDER promoters the PRIDER promoters, which required scheme has enabled the low-income members about the added value of the trust and word-of-mouth marketing. a potentially high demand for the ICS in terms of ICS promotion have been additional time for familiarization with population to better satisfy their energy certification of ICS, secured warranty Entrepreneurs need to work side-by- technology given that the majority of enhanced and partnerships established the UNICAs members and training. In needs. and continuous technical support and side with technical experts to ensure households still rely on an open fire stove with the appropriate suppliers for ICS addition, the seasonal conditions have Several benefits have resulted from monitoring services facilitated through the correct installation and after-sales for covering their energy needs in terms material. This strategy has contributed affected the demand and the purchase of the acquisition of an improved cooking the program. assistance, which should include the of cooking, water and space heating. As to the creation of a local market and the ICS. technology. Survey results carried out — Financial independence of established complete spread of best practices in the the Peruvian market is quite advanced increased job opportunities - 28 local In total, 62% of the stoves have after the pilot phase of ICS distribution UNICAs’ members: The project has maintenance of the ICS (e.g. cleaning in ICS certification compared with other entrepreneurs are currently distributing been acquired with credit through the has shown that beneficiaries have been more successful in districts and greasing the iron cast). Latin American countries, and good the stoves and training other villagers in UNICAs, while the remaining 38% by improved their economic status, due to where the UNICAs were constituted — Formalization of the commitment: A quality product can be manufactured by order to cope with the increasing demand. cash payment. Lambayeque citizens´ the monetary savings and time on buying for a longer time due to the trust critical factor was the establishment local providers, future efforts should be A dedicated training program has been good financial capacity and willingness to and/or collecting firewood since improved built over time amongst members of formalised contract between all the focused on awareness raising of the social, established covering technical installation, pay (registered in the baseline assessment) stoves have higher fuel efficiency rates and the utilisation of their contextual players involved along the supply chain economic and environmental benefits of commercial and after-sales aspects. has resulted in a higher number of stoves (Figure 7). Consequently, more hours knowledge to design a tailored (especially between entrepreneurs such products, as well as establishing more Up to March 2016, during the 12 sold in the region when compared to the per week are spent on income generating marketing strategy. In addition, they and local material providers), in resilient supply chains to overcome the months focused on distribution, 317 Andean communities. The poor economic activities and family activities (Figure 8). had higher financial capacity and order to ensure commitment on price challenges of technology appropriation. families had acquired an ICS, 101 in conditions of the communities in Ayacucho The beneficiaries also highlighted the autonomy amongst members. and quality of the products offered, Nevertheless, the project experience has Ayacucho and 216 in Lambayeque. and Incahuasi are reflected in the selected positive impacts on health. Smoke free — Technology appropriation through especially considering the informality shown that the aforementioned challenges environment has benefited their lungs UNICAs’ monitoring: Technology of local providers often encountered. can be overcome by working with local and eyes, as well as the improvement appropriation on the end users’ side was Contributing factors include selecting stakeholders in strengthening capacities of in the posture adopted while cooking. one of the most challenging processes. material providers according to promoters and entrepreneurs. Integrating Additional benefits include increased The open fire stoves formed part of the minimum quality standards, following appropriate financing mechanisms, safety from burns and similar accidents. local tradition and there remained a the SENCICO certification enforced marketing and after-sales services in the The benefits are higher for women and belief that ICS models required longer in the whole country, as well as supply chain are believed to be key success kids in Ayacucho who spent more time cooking times due to smaller access to establishing formal contracts between points to continue expanding the market. inside the house where the stoves are combustion chamber to accommodate different actors. PRIDER program located, while in Lambayeque the impact the wood. Thus, technology acceptance ensured the quality assurance and References is a little less important since the cooking for the ICS was constantly reinforced quality control of materials delivered stove could be located outside the living from regular monitoring from the and price stabilization at the inception Masera, O. and Navia J.1997. Fuel space, as noted earlier. PRIDER personnel. phase of the project. switching or multiple cooking fuels? — Resilient and local supply chains: The — Empowerment of entrepreneurs: A Understanding inter-fuel substitution Barriers and enablers impact of extreme meteorological total transfer of responsibility to the patterns in rural Mexican households, Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 12:347- events, intensified due to climate local entrepreneurs, having been highly 361, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961- Figure 6: Monthly sales of ICS in Ayacucho and Lambayeque departments (Graph: Throughout the project implementation, change, should be taken into account supported by the PRIDER promoters 9534(96)00075-X. MicroEnergy International) several barriers were identified as well as when designing the distribution in activities such as the customer potential solutions to overcome them. strategy for ICS. Factors to consider acquisition and logistics of the supplied Ruiz-Mercardo I, et al. 2013. — Disruption of the endowment culture include, for example, the economic materials, must be ensured after the Quantitative metrics of stove through UNICAs’ creation: In the two capability of end users during pilot project to guarantee the long- adoption using Stove Use Monitors departments, the project came across productive agriculture seasons and term sustainability of the market. The (SUMs) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ social aid programs distributing non- the availability of material, such as UNICAs based in Lambayeque has been articles/PMC4170739/ certified ICS for free or at a low price the lack of adobe fabrication during in existence since 2012 and some of the without after-sale services creating the rainy season, for entrepreneurs. members had already graduated after Acknowledgements mistrust in the technology among the The selection of 100 per cent locally training. In Ayacucho, the PRIDER communities. The PRIDER program, available material simplifies the supply program intervened almost at the The authors acknowledge funding aiming at empowering the rural chain and creates a more climate- time of the ICS initiative, therefore the support from Fondo de Acceso families through the creation of the resilient solution. UNICAs’ knowledge members were not able to self-manage Sostenible a Energía Renovable UNICAs, was a key success factor was helpful to plan and adapt the the organization independently and Térmica (FASERT) and Cooperación Financiera de Desarrollo (COFIDE), to disrupt the endowment culture of marketing efforts during and after the required continuous monitoring from as well as for the implementation of donating property, educating their productive season when the people are the PRIDER promoters. the initiative and their collaboration members on the added value of planning to, or willing, to invest. for the publication of this article. Figure 7: Average weekly expenditures for firewood with the traditional and the ICS in acquiring the technology through their — Continuous technical support and Ayacucho and Lambayeque departments. (Graph: MicroEnergy International) own financial resources. Additionally, monitoring: The ICS require continuous 18 Boiling Point. issue 69 — 2017 19 THEME THEME

PEER REVIEWED

Climate finance for clean and efficient cookstoves

Keywords: Carbon markets; Clean Development Mechanism; Climate finance; Cookstoves; Green Climate Fund; Greenhouse gases; Mitigation; Nationally Determined Contributions; Private finance

Cookstove programmes, when submissions from developing countries conditions of extended funding to the Authors structured effectively, can deliver on all mention the cookstove sector, highlighting delivery of carbon credits, financiers can Hilda Galt these criteria. The Global Alliance for the political will to support mitigation ensure a direct link between invested capital Senior Consultant Clean Cookstoves – a public-private action in this sector. Most of these relate to and mitigation impacts (Mikolajczyk, S. et [email protected] partnership hosted by the UN Foundation NDC submissions by Sub-Saharan African al, 2016). This can work in the framework – estimates that an abatement potential states, as illustrated in Figure 1. of price guarantees linked to realised Szymon Mikolajczyk of 1.6 billion tCO2e can be achieved Last but not least, cookstove programmes emission reductions, or for instance Senior Consultant if the goal of fostering the adoption of founded on sustainable, scalable business through increased concessionality of debt [email protected] improved cookstoves in 100 million models can deliver the financial incentive repayment conditions as explored further households by 2020 is met (Global needed for private investors to step in. below. Since carbon credits are only issued Climate Focus, Sarphatikade 13, Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, 2014). Climate finance in the form of grants can for cookstoves that are in use, results- Amsterdam 1017 WV, The Netherlands. The link between forest degradation (and play a vital role in strenghtening the business based climate finance can serve to align the Telephone No: +31 20 262 1030. at times deforestation) and biomass use case for private capital by contributing to interests of both funders and beneficiaries www.climatefocus.com for cooking is becoming increasingly more market studies, research and development, by incentivising enterprises to maximise Depressed carbon prices have left many climate change mitigation evident in certain developing countries, and outreach efforts, especially in the early the operating rate – and thereby the impact initiatives stranded. We make the case for using the architecture of the stressing the mitigation opportunity that phases of project development. These – of cookstoves over time. Figure 1: Countries that have exists in certain hotspots. elements are the foundation for enterprises Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to facilitate the transfer of included the cookstove sector in Greenhouse gas mitigation results from that are to deliver high-quality cookstove An effective tool to leverage private international climate finance to clean and efficient cookstove projects their NDCs, (highlighted in green). implementing cookstoves also come paired solutions tailored to local needs and strive sector finance and programmes, allowing for the rapid scale-up of registered activities (Source: Author’s analysis and NDC with social, economic and environmental to achieve financial sustianability in the long and replication of efforts in new regions. The CDM offers a credible submissions to the UNFCCC) benefits, and can be directly associated run. For more mature initiatives, climate By supporting cookstove programmes and transparent framework that enables the linking of invested funds with a number of Sustainable Development finance in the form of concessional loans, linked to a CDM monitoring, reporting equity or guarantees can also be directly to verified greenhouse gas mitigation impacts. Issued and subsequently Goals as formulated by the UN (UN, and verification (MRV) framework, climate 2015). This is relevant as many funders, used to scale-up pilot programmes that finance donors can strengthen the case for cancelled carbon credits could serve to trigger results-based payments, including international climate finance have proven successful in the early private sector co-financing. Over the past rather than be used to compensate emissions occurring elsewhere. By institutions such as the GCF, consider development phase. decade, the CDM has attracted significant targeting initiatives capable of reaching financial sustainability over time, sustainable development impacts as an sums of private sector finance, becoming the multilateral and bilateral climate financiers can encourage the creation of integral part of the investment criteria Merits of building on the success story of the Flexible Mechanisms mature, private sector driven cookstove markets. Such financial support against which projects and programmes architecture of carbon markets defined under the Kyoto Protocol. Besides are evaluated. Improved respiratory bringing in capital, the private sector is often could enable the scale-up of activities in line with country’s Nationally health conditions (WHO, 2014), reduced A tested and transparent approach to also needed to deliver the technical capacity Determined Contributions (NDC), more than a quarter of which refer to time spent collecting fuelwood, and evidencing mitigation impact to make programmes financially sustainable cookstoves as a priority area of intervention. local employment creation are just some in the long run. This is especially relevant examples of the development impacts that The CDM offer years of experience in for cookstove ventures, where experience cookstove programmes can deliver. quantifying the mitigation impact of shows that public initiatives often fail to Introduction However, depressed carbon prices have climate finance programmes are well The link to country ownership and supported activities in a transparent, achieve the intended scale and mitigation left many of these initiatives stranded. We placed to drive the creation of mature, country-driven approaches have been credible and verifiable manner. Today, impact due to unsuitable incentive structures fforts to simplify and streamline make the case for using the architecture of private sector driven cookstove markets. further strengthened with the adoption six CDM methodologies are available or unsustainable business models. There are the requirements of carbon carbon markets to facilitate the transfer of Such financial support could enable the of the Paris Agreement, which sets the to cookstove project developers, and two key reasons why the CDM framework Estandards for clean and efficient climate finance to high-impact cookstove scale-up of cookstove activities globally framework for global action to address nineteen CDM PoAs have successfully can continue to play an important role in cookstove activities have made the ventures, allowing for the rapid scale-up in the context of Nationally Determined climate change in the period after 2020. issued carbon credits (UNEP DTU, stimulating private sector engagement in sector increasingly more accessible to of registered projects and replication of Contributions (NDCs). NDCs represent greenhouse emission 2017). The mechanism incorporates a the cookstove sector, both under the current carbon buyers over the years. The Clean efforts in new regions. The CDM offers reduction pledges conceived both by rigorous third-party verification to ensure Kyoto Protocol commitment period as well Development Mechanism (CDM) lists a credible and transparent framework Why use climate finance to developed and developing countries, cookstoves have been deployed and are as post-2020. 61 registered cookstove programmes that can facilitate the linkage of invested support cookstoves? and strive to deliver a roadmap towards operational before any carbon credits are Firstly, the de-politicised nature of the globally, representing one-fifth offunds to greenhouse gas mitigation decarbonisation of the global economy in issued. registration process of the CDM has helped all registered CDM Programmes of impacts. Under such a scenario, issued International climate finance donors typically order to keep the increase in global average Climate finance institutions such as the encourage the private sector’s interest Activities (PoA) (UNEP DTU, 2017). In carbon credits would trigger results-based seek to support activities that: (i) generate temperature to well below 2°C above pre- GCF can benefit from using this tested in engaging with cookstove activities in the voluntary carbon market cookstove payments once cancelled, rather than cost-effective greenhouse gas emission industrial levels. They serve a dual purpose monitoring, reporting and verification developing countries. The scheme offers projects (including improved cookstove used to compensate emissions occurring reductions, (ii) contribute to broader of taking a step towards formalising the framework offered by the CDM to track years of experience in measuring mitigation and household biogas project types) elsewhere. By targeting initiatives capable sustainable development benefits, (iii) are mitigation commitments of countries while the impact that invested funds have on action in developing countries in a account for almost 40 per cent of the of reaching financial sustainability over ingrained within national climate change highlighting those activities for which greenhouse gas mitigation. By using carbon transparent, verifiable and internationally Gold Standard’s entire project pipeline time, multilateral funding channels like strategies, and (iv) promise to leverage public international support is sought, be this credit issuance as a metric for performance- recognised way, resulting in trust that has (Gold Standard, 2016). the Green Climate Fund (GCF) or bilateral and private sector co-finance. financial or otherwise. A quarter of NDC based payments, or pegging the terms and been built since the CDM’s inception in the

20 Boiling Point. issue 69 — 2017 21 THEME THEME

Picture 1: Cooking for primary school students with a rocket stove and three-stone fire, Zambia (Source: Climate Focus)

late 1990’s. The withdrawal of the private currently withholding private sector to ‘monetise’ on the generated emission financial support to cookstove activities. are likely to minimise the possibility that World Health Organization. 2014. Burden of disease from Household sector project developers from engagement involvement in the sector. By providing reductions by accepting a discounted interest There is a large pipeline of CDM disbursed alternative cooking solutions Air Pollution for 2012: Summary of in the CDM has been driven solely by the price guarantees on carbon credits, credit rate. Alternatively – in a situation where cookstove project developers that over the are abandoned within a short period. This results [online] Available from: http:// decline of the price of carbon credits. By guarantees or tailored-made insurance the market rate of carbon credits exceeds years have built the capacities needed to in turn should instil customer satisfaction www.who.int/phe/health_topics/ providing an adequate price signal linked to products, climate finance stands to deliver the monetary benefit of the concessionality monitor and report on realised mitigation and facilitate outreach to new customers, outdoorair/databases/FINAL_HAP_ issued carbon credits, climate finance donors a powerful tool to stimulating scaled-up element within the loan – the carbon credits results, presenting a framework to which laying the foundation for transformative AAP_BoD_24March2014.pdf?ua=1 could pull private sector investors back mitigation results in the cookstove sector. could still be sold to the market. results-based climate finance can fit in cookstove initiatives that can help Intended Nationally Determined into high-impact cookstove investments handily. With the right price incentive countries achieve their climate change Contribution submissions to the that can be scaled-up and replicated. As Performance-based climate Equity investment these programmes can not only be revived mitigation ambitions. UNFCCC [online] Available from generated carbon credits would not be used finance models to support and scaled-up, but new programmes can http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/ for offsetting and would thereby deliver net A third type of financing that could be also be encouraged. Such an approach References INDC/Submission%20Pages/ mitigation results, they could continue to scaling up linked to the greenhouse gas impact could continue to serve at least during Greiner, S., Kolmetz, S., submissions.aspx serve at least during the transition period measured through the CDM is equity the transition period before the operating Betzenbichler, W., Houshyani, B., United Nations (no date) Sustainable Galt, H. 2016. Ci-Dev CDM MRV before the operating modalities of the Building on the capacity of the CDM capital. Climate finance donors could modalities of the new market mechanisms Development Goals [online] Study: Facilitating credit issuance by new market mechanisms under the Paris to deliver a transparent and credible deliver ‘concessional equity’, whereby discussed under the Paris Agreement are Available at http://www.un.org/ improving the monitoring, reporting Agreement are agreed upon. framework for MRV and its attractiveness dividend payout would be sacrificed agreed upon. Adaptations of this scheme sustainabledevelopment/sustainable- and verification procedures and Secondly, investors are increasingly to private sector participants, we in return for a ‘claim’ of the realised could also be envisaged in the context of development-goals/ issuance rules of the CDM, The interested in understanding the impact their propose linking the financing terms and emission reductions. Foregone payouts the cross-border cooperative approaches World Bank funding has on greenhouse gas emissions. disbursement modalities of climate finance would elevate returns to other investors, that are expected to facilitate climate Author profiles Demand for climate-friendly investments to the issuance of carbon credits. There enabling crowding in of private capital change mitigation action post-2020. Mikolajczyk, S., Brescia, D., Galt, H., Hilda Galt is a Senior Consultant can come from public funds (e.g. donors are several ways through which carbon into programmes that under a business- To achieve this most cost-effectively, Le Sache, F., Hunzai, T., Greiner, S., specialised in assisting projects or or sovereign funds) as well as private credits can serve this purpose: as-usual scenario could be considered to further simplification of MRV approaches Hoch, S., Mayr, S. 2016. Linking the programs that reduce greenhouse Clean Development Mechanism with investors (e.g. impact investors). Lack of be too risky. under the CDM is welcomed (Greiner gas emissions to access climate and the Green Climate Fund: Models for internationally accepted definitions and Grant disbursements et al., 2016). The current stringent carbon finance. She has worked scaling up mitigation action, German with World Food Programme, World unified standards for green investments and Price guarantees monitoring requirements stem from the Ministry for the Environment (BMUB) Wildlife Fund, UNHCR, Global achieved mitigation impact are one reason In this model, output-based grant payments CDM’s role as an offsetting mechanism. Spalding-Fecher, R., Sammut, Alliance for Clean Cookstoves and some green investment opportunities fail to could be triggered by carbon credit Finally, climate finance could be earmarked In a scenario where climate finance donors many private sector initiatives on materialise. The CDM could support climate issuances. Project developers could qualify to deliver price guarantees against realised cancel generated carbon credits, the CDM F., Greiner, S., Korthuis, A. 2016. Innovative Standardized Crediting assessing options for expanding finance institutions by enabling investors to for a portion of eligible payments upon emission reductions, thereby de facto could consider further introducing certain Framework for Scaling up Energy their cookstove activities through link investments in cookstove operations proof of sale of a cookstove. Following establishing a floor price, which would default factors to reduce associated Access Programs, Carbon Limits and climate finance in Sub-Saharan to greenhouse gas mitigation delivered instalments could follow upon issuance enhance investment certainty. If the monitoring costs and the time it takes to Climate Focus Africa, Central America and South through an internationally recognised MRV and subsequent cancellation of the carbon market price ends up being higher than verify emission reductions. This would East Asia. framework. In other words, the CDM could credits. Under this arrangement, climate the offered price guarantee, developers be especially relevant in situations where UNEP DTU. 2017. PoA Pipeline Overview 1st May 2017 [online] ‘de-risk’ the greenhouse gas mitigation finance succeeds in incentivising mitigation would sell generated carbon credits on the host country governments would play Szymon Mikolajczyk is a Senior tracking outcome and thereby contribute action and private sector engagement, while market. This model – already applied by a role the MRV processes of national Gold Standard. 2016. Gold Standard Consultant specialised in carbon to crowding-in private investors interested shifting at least part of the performance the World Bank’s Pilot Auction Facility programmes, and where national Improved Cookstove Activities markets, structuring climate finance in actively measuring the impact of invested risk to private sector service providers. – can be effective at reviving stalled capacities are scarce. Building on the Guidebook: Increasing commitments and financial assessment of clean funds. As such, linking approaches defined This can work in situations where targeted activities, and could for instance be rich set of data parameters collected by to clean-cooking initiatives [online] energy projects. He is active in the East African and South East Asian under the carbon markets with climate cookstove implementers are capable of pre- considered by the GCF’s Private Sector already registered programmes targeting Available from: http://www. goldstandard.org/sites/default/files/ renewable energy market, involved finance could not only serve to help financing operations through internal cash Facility. sustainable cooking solutions could be documents/gs_ics_report.pdf in both large-scale investments Parties to the Paris Agreement fulfil their flow or ancillary credit facilities. one area where inspiration can be sought (hydropower, wind, waste cooperation ambitions, but it could also Looking forward (Spalding-Fecher et al., 2016). Gold Standard (no date) Energy management) and Bottom of the open up new opportunities for institutional Provision of loans On the supply side, funding needs to be Methodologies [online] Available Pyramid initiatives (domestic biogas, investors eager to invest in new asset classes. The CDM can serve as an effective and matched with projects and programmes from: http://www.goldstandard.org/ efficient cook stoves, water filters). Climate finance can be structured Programmes capable of sustaining a positive transparent framework for channelling that promise to deliver high scalability resources/energy-requirements cost-effectively built on an established working capital may be more suitable international climate finance to clean and replicability potential. Channelling Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves framework that the private sector is to receive climate finance in the form of and efficient cookstove programmes in international climate finance to cookstove (no date) Clean Cooking Critical familiar with, and linking payments to concessional, low interest loans. Financiers developing countries. With issued and programmes capable of reaching financial to Protecting the Environment realised mitigation results. Scarce public could peg the terms and conditions of the cancelled carbon credits serving as the sustainability over time is one condition & Addressing Climate Change funds should not simply be disbursed in loan to carbon credit generation, whereby basis for results-based climate finance, for ensuring the invested funds deliver the [online] Available from: https:// cleanenergysolutions.org/resources/ the form of non-repayable grants that the interest rate would include a variable elements of the CDM can be used to help intended impact. Enterprises distributing clean-cooking-critical-protecting- subsidise overall operation expenses – spread that is linked to the extent of carbon the scheme expand beyond its original durable cookstove technologies, offering environment-addressing-climate- instead climate finance should be designed credit cancellations. Project developers role as an offsetting mechanism while reliable maintenance services and change strategically to help overcome key barriers could use the option provided by financiers continuing to channel the much-needed enabling innovative payment solutions

22 Boiling Point. issue 69 — 2017 23 TOOLKIT TOOLKIT Toolkit Ashden India Renewable Energy Collective (AIREC) Cooking Energy Service Decision Support Tool

Who are the intended users of the tool and what would it deliver to them? Picture 1: Rural Cook in Village Decisions related to investments and technology development in Author biomass (solid, liquid, and gaseous) and solar cooking sectors are often Manmathnagar (Sundarban region, Dr Priyadarshini Karve Stakeholders Expected outcomes West Bengal, India), responds to the driven by health and environmental considerations. The perspectives Director, Samuchit Enviro Tech Preference Mapping Survey. Cook Distributor Which cooking energy product is more likely to be acceptable Stove Project by Samuchit Enviro and needs of the users – cooks, heads of household who make the 6, Ekta Park, Behind Nirmitee Project implementer and successful for a given area/socio-economic group? Tech and Kolkata Mary Ward Social buying decisions, and family members – are often ignored. Rural Showroom, Law College Road, Pune Centre, with funding from Green consumers in the developing world are increasingly attracted to 411 004, India. How ready are people in different areas/socio-economic groups, etc, to accept a particular cooking product? Energy Against Poverty, Germany. ‘modern’ cooking solutions, such as those based on liquid petroleum Email: [email protected] What needs to be improved in a given product? Picture 2: Women deciding on their gas, natural gas or electricity. Many own multiple cooking energy Manufacturer What needs to be highlighted when marketing a given product preferences for cooking energy devices, either purchased or donated to them, but with the traditional Technology developer for a specific target audience, or in general? parameters during a focused solid biomass fueled cook stove continuing to be the primary technology What new technologies need to be developed or new features group discussion at Adatigala, East in daily use. added to existing products to deliver better cooking energy Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, service? India. Conducted during a training for field staff of Laya Resource Centre by The criteria that are most important to the users must feature How do various products rank in meeting cooking energy Samuchit Enviro Tech, with funding Regulator service requirements in various locations/project areas, etc.? prominently in the selection of technology, fuel, design, and from Green Energy Against Poverty, dissemination mechanism for cooking energy services delivery. In order Funder/ Investor How can ‘graded’ incentives be provided to create a level Germany. to integrate the opinions and preferences of the users into decision- playing field for various technologies? making processes and incentives for clean cooking energy, the Ashden India Renewable Energy Collective (AIREC) has developed the items simultaneously, and to deliver Cooking Energy Service Decision Support tool. The tool helps select non-cooking thermal energy services. technologies that meet environmental and health considerations as well — Economics: Operating expense, capital as utility considerations prioritised by the users. In addition, as there cost and possible earning from use. is no simple way to evaluate all the various technologies available on a — Safety: Smoke and soot emissions, stability and temperature of outer comparative scale, in an objective and technology-neutral manner, the body. tool addresses this lacuna. — Device supply and support: Durability, support provided or not and Introduction the users into decision-making processes sub-characteristics). The data is collected manufacturing capacity. ecisions related to investments and incentives for clean cooking energy, from various stakeholder groups in the — Environmental impacts: Energy and technology development the Ashden India Renewable Energy geography under consideration, including efficiency, carbon emission reduction Din biomass (solid, liquid, and Collective (AIREC) has developed cooks, buyers, distributors, manufacturers, potential and carbon footprint over gaseous) and solar cooking sectors are the Cooking Energy Service Decision researchers, government regulators and lifecycle. often driven by health and environmental Support tool. The tool helps select funders. The data helps assign preference — Fuel/energy source: Multi-fuel or not, considerations. The perspectives and needs technologies that meet environmental and ratings to the 7 cooking energy service availability of fuel/energy locally and of the users – cooks, heads of household health considerations as well as utility characteristics and 3 sub-characteristics, fuel processing required by user or not. biogas to LPG. The tool is open sourced Picture 3: The Tool requires surveys who make the buying decisions, and considerations prioritised by the users. for each stakeholder group. Inserting this and can be obtained from AIREC, GIZ or of not just cooks but also heads of family members – are often ignored. Rural In addition, as there is no simple way data in the appropriate cells in the excel file Who is using the tool and the author. household or buyers of the stoves. consumers in the developing world are to evaluate all the various technologies named ‘’DATA” allows the output of the what support is available to A few development organisations and The photograph shows a head of increasingly attracted to ‘modern’ cooking available on a comparative scale, in an tool to be accessed from the “ANALYSIS” social enterprises in India have used the household responding to the survey at Adatigala, East Godavari District, solutions, such as those based on liquid objective and technology-neutral manner, excel file in the form of tables and charts. the users? tool or some variants of the tool. As the Andhra Pradesh, India. petroleum gas, natural gas or electricity. the tool addresses this lacuna. The output shows which characteristics tool takes a radically different approach Many own multiple cooking energy should be possessed by a technology to be The tool was developed by AIREC with towards the cooking energy sector, training devices, either purchased or donated Content and how to use it? acceptable to majority of stakeholders in financial support from GIZ Indo-German and handholding support is being offered The tool can be downloaded from the to them, but with the traditional solid the geography. Energy Programme – Renewable Energy by the author. Although, the specifics of Samuchit website: http://www.samuchit. biomass fueled cook stove continuing to The tool consists of templates for surveys, The cooking energy service parameters programme. The core team comprised of the tool are India-centric, the approach is com/ be the primary technology in daily use. focus group discussions and interviews, considered by the tool are: Priyadarshini Karve, Rekha Krishnan, and universal. The tool can be easily adapted The criteria that are most important as well as two MS Excel files, and a user — Cooking time: Boiling performance, Svati Bhogle, while inputs were sought from to other socio-cultural realities in other to the users must feature prominently in manual. It is a technology- and fuel-neutral roasting performance and frying a wide spectrum of experts, policy makers, geographies. the selection of technology, fuel, design, testing and marking scheme for assessing performance. researchers, manufacturers, practitioners, More details on the tool can be accessed and dissemination mechanism for cooking the performance of various cooking — Convenience: Ability to modulate heat and consumer representatives from here: http://ashdenindiacollective.org/ energy services delivery. In order to energy technologies based on 21 cooking input to cooking pot, to cook multiple various fields related to cooking energy resources/clean-cooking-energy-for-all- integrate the opinions and preferences of energy parameters (7 characteristics and 3 technologies from wood burning stoves to focus-on-mainstreaming-user-priorities/

24 Boiling Point. issue 69 — 2017 25 THEME THEME

PEER REVIEWED Figure 2: Sales activities by Ditana. Photo by Lincoln Sihotang

Figure 3: Women cooking using the Prime stove in Zambia. Photo by Emerging Cooking Solutions.

Enabling distributor financing for a demand-driven market for clean cookstoves

Keywords: Distribution chain; Enablers; Financing; Indonesia; Prime cookstoves

Author Camilla Fulland CEO, Prime Cookstoves

Picture 1: A Prime cookstove in a traditional kitchen in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Photo by Lincoln Rajali Sihotang

Prime Cookstoves have been marketed since 2013 taking a hands-on approach from research and development to distribution and financing. Reliant on local companies and organizations as distributors of cookstoves, this article focuses on the valuable experiences and lessons strategies. It is also important to know Larger sample sizes will naturally provide industry have also started this practice, that have emerged especially to make the product available at a minimum why they believe the product is suitable for more robust results but there is always a sending stoves to local partners with an cost and with reasonable risk. The key message is to strengthen the their market, and if finances to purchase tradeoff between robust results and costs. agreement that payment will occur as sales However, shipping LCL for commercial local distribution chain through the provision of financing or regulatory the stoves are in order. Once satisfied start picking up. While a model where that there may be a market potential, the purposes is subject to customs and import manufacturers take the financial risk to provisions and incentives enabling a level playing field for various distributor is asked to purchase a sample duties, and does not minimize shipping test their products in new markets might manufacturers of clean cookstoves. and conduct initial testing of the market costs per unit like when shipping a 40’ seem reasonable, in reality not many potential. The ‘out of factory’ price of a container with 2,100 stoves. For example, manufacturers can count on sufficient rime cookstoves have been exported Indonesia, slowing down scalability in domestic markets. However, one major sample Prime cookstove is USD 25. The in Uganda the per unit import duty for cash flow to give stoves on consignment from Indonesia to nearly 30 different and impact. barrier is that distributors serving the last shipping cost of sending one unit to a a clean cookstove is 49%. Including the to their clients. Manufacturers therefore Pcountries around the world, with Prime keeps its focus on the mile are often small local companies and potential distributor in Africa, however, shipping cost of around USD 18 per stove, depend on donor, or other type of quantities ranging from one sample unit optimization and logistics to ensure cost local non governmental organisations. is commonly USD 100-150, increasing the landed cost of a stove becomes USD funding. Hence, the benefits of distributor to 20’ containers. So far, distributor minimization. Distribution in Indonesia New partners or distributors usually the cost fivefold. This is a major barrier. 64, with a total cash outlay for the local financing enabling the distributor to partnerships have been established in is independently handled by Prime’s follow a thorough due diligence before Copycats and only slightly interested partner of USD 6,400 for 100 stoves. select the product best suited for the local Indonesia, Cambodia, Kenya, Zambia sister company, Ditana Energy Solutions an agreement is made with Prime. distributors normally stall at this point, For a cash-constrained non- market based on consumer preferences, and South Africa. (Ditana) thus reducing risks of import However, due to the lack of a nation-wide which is positive. government organization (NGO) or a rather than the availability of products on barriers. Ditana has sold almost 7,000 distribution channel for clean cookstoves In cases where the sample testing small local company, this is a significant consignment. This will lead to increased Business model Prime cookstoves, approximately 33% of in many target countries and the presence results in a positive outcome such as it amount of fund to invest to pilot a new adoption of clean cookstoves and a higher Prime’s total sales. However, for serving of scattered small distributors makes works with the local cooking culture, the product. At this point, many of the degree of customer satisfaction, which Prime’s business model has evolved over any external markets, Prime needs to due diligence extremely cost ineffective. next step is to gather more evidence of genuinely interested potential distributors is the main driver to build and grow a time, but the main strategic choice has collaborate with local distributors in This has pushed Prime to divert from its commercial potential and confirm the choose to opt out. Whilst the market may market. been to separate manufacturing and target countries. the mainstream due diligence processes potential distributor’s commitment to the be interesting to Prime, the company In the authors’ opinion, attributing wholesale from the distribution part and develop its own method of screening technology and be ready to invest leading is unable to test it thoroughly without the burden of upfront financing to of the value chain. The key reason is Development of distributors: potential distributors. to the ‘Less than Container Load’ (LCL) taking on the financial risk. This is a manufacturers can represent a barrier to because distribution requires a very Willingness vs. financial Once Prime receives a request from stage. major barrier for scale up. market development. First, this means different set of skills, such as cultural a potential distributor, a simple due The minimum volume of an LCL can that the presence of a stove model in knowledge and local networks, compared availability diligence is conducted to determine if the fit 100 units of Prime regular sized stoves. Consignment of the strongest? a particular market is not necessarily to manufacturing. Such skills are readily Prime stoves are exported from Indonesia in lead is worth pursuing or if it is a scam Experience shows that 100 households reflecting customers’ demand but rather is available and intrinsic in local companies response to steady requests from potential or covert request. This involves desktop are sufficient for the initial piloting of In the solar products industry, providing the result of the ability of manufacturers and organizations, but could take local distributors that see the financial and research identifying the potential partner’s sales models, marketing strategies, and products on consignment is common. to provide stoves on consignment to Prime years to build in markets outside social opportunity in retailing the stoves knowledge of the sector, plans and learning about the market potential. The largest players in the clean cookstove the distributor. Second, it requires the

26 Boiling Point. issue 69 — 2017 27 THEME THEME

Figures 4 and 5: A Prime stove in a Photo 6: A Prime cookstove staff is Cambodian kitchen (Photo by Fresh conducting awareness in a village on Innovation Cambodia). Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia (Source: Ditana Energy Solutions)

Photo 7: Prime cookstove staff are conducting a regular marketing activity at a traditional market in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia (Source: Lincoln Ditana)

Photo 8: Training on the usage of the stove is an important part in the adoption of Prime coosktoves and manufacturer to take the role of financial the staff are ready to conduct the institutions by providing risk capital to training for the sales agents and customers. distributors. Neither leads to an efficient, (Source: Ditana Energy Solutions) professional, and optimal value chain. Enabling access to all? are several ways to implement RBF, of scale in logistics. Over time when The international donor community but the main concept is that funding markets mature, the bids are supposed has been too focused on manufacturers, will be based on proven impact on to convert to actual price level making creating few large players and an uneven specific, pre-determined parameters. the subsidy element redundant. Local playground. Focusing on distributors by As the funds are only paid out once distributors are further incentivised offering financing mechanisms to purchase the impact is proven, the efficiency of through a RBF mechanism that rewards stoves in addition to other enabling donor spending should be improved each sale to the end users. This system conditions, such as reduced import duties, as it focuses on results achieved, not reduces the risk for manufacturers could result in a more leveled and vibrant money spent . For distributors, the whilst providing cost efficiencies of market. In the author’s view, there are RBF is a welcome cash-contribution to scale for the distributors and end-users. three main areas of intervention where support the operational activities in the Since the start of auctions in March the international donor community can start-up phase. 2016, more than 4,000 stoves have play a vital role to allow a variety of clean However, in order for the RBF to be been auctioned out to seven different cookstoves on the market: effective in attracting new initiatives it distributors with the price increasing in i. Lobbying for import duty exemptions needs to also address the time-lag from each auction, hence the cost of the RBF or quotas: Many countries in Asia when activities are started until the per stove has been decreasing, slowly and Africa have high import duties RBF is paid out. Thus, without any up- moving the market towards a supply and taxes on clean cookstoves in an front funding, an RBF system will be and demand equilibrium. Prime believe attempt to increase domestic value unavailable for distributors. They cannot that new financing mechanisms such as generation. For a manufacturer even start the activities needed to trigger addition, the structuring of the up-front the Stove Auction are highly necessary selling in the global market, the high the RBF payments due to a lack of start-up payment needs to be carefully considered to enable market creation for clean import barriers lowers the possibility funds. One could expect that the promise to avoid procurement bubbles and an cookstoves by bringing a variety of stoves of even testing market potential and of future revenues from a RBF system imbalance between supply and demand. to the market at cost efficiency without identification of local distributor/s. would convince commercial financing iii. Ensuring availability of stoves and distributors nor manufacturers having to Companies would hesitate to establish institutions to provide start-up capital. In scale in logistics to keep costs to a bear all the financial risk, and to ensure local manufacturing or assembly in a the author’s experience this has not been minimum: As demonstrated earlier, to that the stoves sold in a particular market new region without conducting market the case as the financial institutions in enable access to a wide range of clean are due to demand, and not availability. studies and firmly being convinced of most of developing markets are extremely cookstoves and the development of the market potential. risk averse, particularly when facing a a vibrant market, Prime believes that Authors profile The provision to international cookstove new product. the international donor community manufacturers with import duty Being part of the World Bank Clean needs to increase its attention on the Camilla Fulland co-founded Prime exemptions for testing out the market Stove Initiative (CSI) in Indonesia, distribution chain of the sector. A Cookstoves in 2013, and has been potential, for imports of a specific number Prime has first-hand experience of the positive example is of the Stove Auction developing the company from ideas of units or up to a maximum amount abovementioned problem. Whilst being Cambodia, an RBF system operated stage to one of the world’s largest manufacturers of clean cookstoves. of USD, may create a lot more jobs and relatively refined, including pre-approval by SNV and financed by EnDev. The Camilla was Prime Cookstoves’ CEO income generation in the long term if of stoves, initially the RBF system had Stove Auction plays a warehouse/ from April 2014 until May 2017. successful. The international donor no up-front financing for its market market aggregator role. It acquires community, such as the United Nations aggregators that were supposed to stoves in consignment from preselected For further information, contact and the World Bank, should actively lobby distribute the stoves. The result was that manufacturers and thereafter sells in bi- [email protected] this on behalf of the entire cookstoves only two out of seven market aggregators weekly auctions, to a network of local www.primestoves.com community to enable the creation of a could actually afford to purchase stoves distributors and retailers to the best vibrant market. and start activities. With such limited bidding offer. The difference between ii. Reduce distributors’ risk through impact the system had to be redesigned the stove nominal price and the offer is Results Based Financing combined to make some of the financing available absorbed by the Stove Auction. Stoves with up-front financing: Results Based to distributors up-front in an attempt to can be shipped in large containers Financing (RBF) is a relatively new unlock the initial stove purchases. This optimizing logistic and reducing costs. practice of providing donor funding. has proven more successful but further up- At the same time, small distributors The difference from traditional funding front financing for distributors is needed may purchase smaller quantities of is that RBF is not based on costs to attract more market aggregators and stoves reducing their need for up-front incurred but on results achieved. There to release the program’s full potential. In financing whilst enjoying the benefits

28 Boiling Point. issue 69 — 2017 29 VIEWPOINTS VIEWPOINTS Viewpoints An Interview with Scott A.Roy Co-founder and joint CEO of Whitten & Roy Partnership

Scott A. Roy co-founded Whitten & Roy Partnership, an So is that enough for people to then Is your approach hard to learn? The second problem is that if you international sales consultancy that helps socially minded change their mind and buy? It requires teaching, no doubt. But this have a very convincing ROI, it’s easy to businesses transform their sales results. With formidable career No, it’s half of the equation. After stands in sharp contrast to the poor quality go more or less directly to the cost savings sales training we usually encounter in sales and convincing financial argument rather experiences in door-to-door sales and sales management, in the problems are well defined and clearly understood, and there is palpable concern organisations, both in the Global South as than dive deeply enough into the problem. 1989 Scott went on to co-found what is today a billion dollar realised by the buyer, there is another step. well as Western countries. We’ve worked However, logic alone is not enough to change nationwide insurance company in the United States. Scott then This is an explicit cost calculation of what in 24 Global South countries across Asia, lifelong, encrusted behaviour. Waking up to moved into the social space dedicating his career to transforming their current habit is costing them, adding Africa and Latin America, and we’ve found the problem must come first, then the logic of other people’s lives by bringing business rigor and experience to up both direct and indirect costs, must be it to be an approach that can be learned the money needs to be built on top of it. solve social problems. Scott developed the holistic model that sits expressed in real money terms. This figure and is effective. Third, very importantly, sometimes you is what creates urgency to change, which There are many false beliefs about won’t have the advantage of a convincing at the middle of an ethical sales approach - R=A+C+E: Results = then leads to looking for a solution that will sales and sales people that must be ROI based on direct costs (fuel and stove Attitude + Competence + Execution™, which he has used for over solve the problem. This approach stands in overcome, such as the belief that you costs). Instead, you must be very good at 30 years to train thousands of salespeople and sales leadership. stark contrast to what we normally find in have to be a ‘natural-born’ sales person or defining the problem, then find indirect costs Boiling Point speaks to Scott about his motivation and experience sales practices. that you should only recruit experienced that can be translated into money terms. working with social enterprises in the Global South. sales people. My 40+ years in the sales Health matters, lifestyle inconveniences, What kind of sales practices do you profession has taught me that recruiting safety concerns with children, etc., can all be normally find? people who have a good attitude and a monetised. The impact of money – whether Unfortunately, we find that most people good work ethic is the best bet. Then it’s direct or indirect – creates the strongest When did you get started working in the The FBA program went on to win the of to then help her become aware of the the world over think selling is ‘pitching,’ up to me to teach them what I want them motivation to change, almost always. At the Global South? inaugural Creating Shared Value Award problems and impact of which she is not just talking at people and trying to convince to do. It’s much easier to do this than to risk of ‘beating a dead horse,’ any financial In 2006 while I was in London, I read from Nestle Corporation, which was a big fully aware. Then we design interactive them to buy. There is no listening, no correct bad habits. argument, as convincing as it might be, must an article in The Times about Voluntary shot of confidence. I executed a couple conversational frameworks that can be engagement with the customer’s current first be built upon a very well understood Service Overseas (VSO). It was a story of other sales projects with water filters built into sales aids, and then teach sales situation, and certainly no financial case to How have you applied your approach to problem. about the need for short-term volunteers and sanitary latrines, both of which met people, many of whom are not highly motivate changing to something better. clean cooking? who were experienced business executives great success, so I knew we were onto educated, how to use them. Deeply held beliefs, cultural norms, and One example of our work is with a Any last thoughts for organisations in the and it really struck a chord with me. It was something. It was not about the products, Let’s face it, when you’re wanting ingrained behaviours require something social enterprise based in South East Asia clean cooking arena? a new, exciting idea, so I looked into it. I but the process we designed and how we to change how someone cooks, you’re much more robust than a features-and- that sells bio-digesters. While we often are The one thing that comes to mind ended up spending six months in Cambodia executed it. talking about changing long lived, benefits pitch. If you’re going to change called in to work with businesses already is that you must be judicious with the working on a livelihoods program and had entrenched habits that have been passed behaviour, the best way to do so is by in motion, we had the opportunity to product, balancing technology and user a very profound experience. Do you specialise in certain sectors? down through generations. It is very peeling open the problem. You must lead collaborate with this organisation before it experience. Recently, we were involved While in Cambodia, I made friends No, not at all. We specialise in building substantial behaviour change. So, you people through an experience of opening began selling. in testing a product for market that was, with the country director for International sales strategy and sales functions across might say the person whom you are their eyes to what they have been putting One challenge faced by organisations from a technical standpoint, outstanding. Development Enterprises, Mike Roberts. all sectors, like recruiting, training, trying to change to clean cooking will up with for their entire lives. This is that sell bio-digesters is the cost of the However, the organisation that designed He helped me understand that what compensation, measuring, etc. In the be very resistant to adopting a new way one of the reasons why “above the line” system. However, the cost calculation and manufactured the stove did so in a lab, I knew about sales and building sales Global South, we have delivered over 100 of cooking. traditional advertising has had generally for continuing the current habit is what isolated from end users. organisations would be enormously useful sales transformation projects that cover For instance, one of our clients is weak results in the Global South when it answers the question for customer about The result was an expensive stove, in the developing world, because the agriculture and drip irrigation, purified moving women from burning wood over comes to behavioural change products. the investment they will have to make. If relative to the current dominant utensil, concept of selling to the poor, rather than water, solar lighting, sanitation, clean to using induction stoves. One of the ATL methods simply don’t cut deeply there is an attractive ROI, then this will that used only one kind of fuel, which did giving stuff away, was just beginning to cooking, and others. We are also product biggest concerns they had to overcome enough to wake people up. help the customer to decide ‘yes.’ However, not fit the market in which it would be sold. gain traction. The new market oriented agnostic about our work in the commercial was, “How am I going to prepare chapatti Once they are awakened and motivated there are three problems the sales person While some people would have bought the approach in development was that when sectors in the west. We build the sales for my husband now?” The importance to do something to change their situation, must not miss. stove, it would never have been enough to people buy something, they “buy in.’’ process and the skills to deliver it, then of creating the toasted surface of the they are ready to hear your solution, justify bringing it to market, so we advised deliver it to our clients and embed it. We chapatti was greater than considering the i.e. ‘the pitch.’ This is where effective And they are? our client to find a better product. How did it grow from there? call it Human Centred Sales™, where we damage to her health. selling matches the features and benefits First, the tendency for sales people is to Even great selling can’t make up for A year later, Mike invited me to come take any product or service, and design What is required to open people’s of the product to the problems that were move through the problem exploration too product development that misses the back to Cambodia to design a new sales strategy, process and skills to bring it minds is a penetrative experience, uncovered earlier in the conversation. quickly. Once they have done a hundred or audience. agricultural project, Farm Business Advisers to market. delivered conversationally. It must Finally, the cost of the problem that was more sales conversations, it is easy for them (FBA), aimed at selling inexpensive farm create vivid, piercing awareness, which calculated earlier in the sales conversation to begin assuming the customer knows all inputs to the poor by building a direct Tell me about Human Centered Sales™ generates concern and interest. It’s more comes back into the conversation and about the problem or is picking it up quickly, sales organisation. I designed the sales In the diagnostic and design stages, we effective to do this one-on-one, but it should be used as a comparison to the so the sales person will tend to cut corners. and business part of the program and then start with an archetypal consumer who has can also be fairly replicated in a group investment in the solution that is required, The impact is that the problem never sinks coached the key leaders from my home a problem. The question is then how will setting. But the key is the interactivity of which should offer an attractive return on in deeply enough for the buyer to wake up in London. we speak to the issues she is already aware the experience, not a lecture. investment (ROI). and see what they have been missing.

30 Boiling Point. issue 69 — 2017 31 GIZ NEWS GIZ NEWS

Editors Editors Reimund Hoffmann, Anna Ingwe, Caspar Priesemann, Monika Rammelt Anja Rohde, Gabriele Wurster-Vihuto GIZ HERA, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale GIZ HERA, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Postfach 5180,65726 Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Postfach 5180,65726 Eschborn, Germany Eschborn, Germany [email protected]; [email protected] [email protected]; [email protected]

Crowdfunding to unlock mini-grid New GIZ catalogue on DC appliances for A new approach to a more holistic counting development in Nigeria? Productive Use evaluation: the Cooking Energy System A key obstacle to grid-quality electricity supply through mini- The acceleration of the implementation of PV has gone hand grid in remote areas has been the lack of available finance. in hand with an increased availability of electrical appliances, The fuels and technologies used by households for their daily Local banks are uncertain about an investment and reluctant to which are suitable for PV applications. Especially the cooking are a major issue in the global energy access debate. provide money at affordable rates. International funds tend to development for direct current (DC)-powered appliances has Global targets aim for universal access to modern, clean and have ticket sizes that are prohibitive of the smaller investment been pushed forward by demands in the recreational vehicle and efficient cooking energy. The outstanding challenge is, however, profile of most mini-grids. long-haul road transport industry (predominantly household not only providing access but evaluating results and progress. Yet in between there are a few finance instruments that could appliances), installation services industry (rechargeable power The Multi-Tier Framework (MTF) by the World Bank is a first unlock a range of project opportunities. Most recently, the tools) and agricultural sector. step in the direction of a non-binary approach: it redefines development of crowd-funded project proposals has seen The vast range of DC appliances that allow for the direct use energy access as spectrum of energy access levels experienced Picture 2: Access to electricity improves productive enterprises interesting progress. For instance bettervest, a Frankfurt-based of appliances in combination with PV generated electricity by beneficiaries. in Afghanistanl_Oliver J. Haas (Courtesy: Oliver J.Haas) crowdfunding platform, has recently launched two separate motivated the compilation of a catalogue of DC-Appliances With its experience in implementation the energy access calls for mini-grid projects by Nigerian companies. titled ‘Photovoltaics for Productive Use Applications’. The programme Energising Development (EnDev) developed the Improving energy access: Harmonising The company Rubitec is seeking € 224.100 to build a 85 kWp catalogue displays around 140 factsheets for individual DC Cooking Energy System (CES) evaluation approach, which counting methodologies to monitor progress hybrid mini-grid (solar, diesel, batteries) intended to serve the applications including their technical specifications, information – similar to the MTF – takes into account the transitional village of GbamuGbamu. And Nayo Tropical Technology on the status of technology and market development and prices character and complexity of improving cooking energy access. for access to electricity is seeking € 235.300 to build a 100 kWp hybrid mini-grid (where available). With the catalogue and an accompanying While some internationally discussed approaches are mainly The side event offered a platform to discuss the challenge of intended to serve the village of Tunga Jika. business calculation tool, business opportunities for micro, based on stoves and laboratory tests, the CES evaluates the harmonising counting methodologies for electricity access. Both projects would enable access to electricity to hundreds of small and medium entrepreneurs in off-grid areas can be quality and effects of access to cooking energy based on field- The panellists representing ESMAP, DGIS, EnDev, and KfW households while offering the ‘crowd’ of potential investors a identified and estimated in terms of its economic potential. based proxies and household surveys. acknowledged the need for harmonisation, and showed return of 10 per cent for duration of 7 years. Both the Nigerian The technologies presented in the catalogue are analogue to the The CES considers the most important factors of many interest for aligning tracking methodologies. Particularly mini-grid developers and the bettervest platform received multitude of business opportunities that are prevalent in rural dimensions of the cooking context and the interaction of complex issues, e.g. attribution and double-counting, may support from the Nigerian Energy Support Programme (NESP), areas. They include incubators for poultry farming, milking factors determining the impact experienced by beneficiaries: not be completely resolved. EnDev works on a methodology a German-EU co-funded programme implemented by GIZ. machines, solar fences, irrigation pumps, pumping inverters, fuel, stove, user, and kitchen. Three key questions answered to estimate MTF results for pico PV products, which could If you would like to learn more you can contact luis-carlos. grain mills, huller/ shellers/ huskers/ graters/ polishers, oil by the CES evaluation are: Is the fuel accessible? Does the CES be applicable to other technologies too. All methodologies [email protected]. presses, refrigerators, freezers, walk-in cold rooms, a butter protect people’s health? Is the CES convenient? Similar to the currently being developed, however, need to be validated. maker, kettles, a DC-microwave, coffee makers as well as MTF, EnDev applies six access quality levels for each dimension Energy access redefined: Emerging findings options for handicrafts (tailoring, workshop tools) and the – therefore is able to describe the relative improvements Measuring access to modern cooking energy: from the global MTF survey service sector (media & entertainment - IT, secretarial services, compared to the baseline scenario. Developing a monitoring framework to TV, radio, charging sets, haircutting, and laundry services). As the methodology is not finalised, the next steps in 2017 The Global Energy Access Survey, currently carried out in 15 You can find the catalogue for download at energypedia are to develop a data collection tool to standardise the CES measure access to modern cooking countries, is the first survey applying the MTF for measuring https://energypedia.info/wiki/File:GIZ_(2016)_Catalogue_PV_ evaluation and to pilot it in the field in order to verify the energy services energy access, developed by the World Bank Energy Sector Appliances_for_Micro_Enterprises.pdf. There you can also hypothesis underlying the proxies. In future, EnDev envisions Management Assistance (ESMAP). This approach goes beyond find the Mini Business Plan calculator: developing additional ‘social indicators’ such as climate The panellists from ESMAP, EnDev and WHO discussed the low traditional connections, capturing the full range of grid and https://energypedia.info/wiki/File:PUE_Mini_Business_Plan_ protection or energy efficiency. – and binary – reporting of cooking energy access, and progress off-grid solutions by measuring access quality. The panellists Calculator.xlsx towards harmonising methodologies. EnDev developed an from Scaling up Renewable Energy Program (SREP), GOGLA, ‘Photovoltaics for Productive Use Applications. A Catalogue of EnDev joins the international discussion on evaluation approach that considers the cooking energy system ESMAP, and EnDev discussed the potentials and challenges of DC-Appliances’ counting methodologies for energy access at in its entirety. The approach has many similarities with the MTF, the MTF: this methodology might contribute to a mind shift of Hard Copies can be ordered through [email protected] providing a multi-dimensional assessment framework. governments towards the need for off-grid electricity solutions. the Vienna Energy Forum The organisations contribute to further develop the MTF to be The ESMAP publication of results of the survey is awaited with applicable for data evaluation. In terms of harmonisation and excitement. On 9-12 May 2017, the Vienna Energy Forum provided helping countries monitor their progress towards universal a platform for debate on practical solutions to 21st century access to clean solutions, the World Health Organisation (WHO) developmental challenges addressing sustainable energy. includes reporting the use of transitional fuels and technologies. Energising Development (EnDev) was invited to a panel discussion of the World Bank, and organised two side events together with KfW and World Bank.

Picture1: Woman using an electric sewing machine in a Senegalese village. Courtesy: GIZ (Wegner)

32 Boiling Point. issue 69 — 2017 33 UoN NEWS GREENPOP NEWS

Editors Editors Charlotte Ray Zoë Gauld & Matthew Koehorst University of Nottingham Greenpop University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK [email protected] [email protected]

The Barriers to the introduction and recognition from stakeholders including the Global Alliance Celebrating Improved Cookstoves: A closer uptake of Improved Cookstoves in East and for Clean Cookstoves (GACC) and the UK Department for look at the Great African Cook Off Zambia International Development (DfID). Southern Africa: Highlighting the importance of participatory engagement Following on from the success of the ‘Bake-Off’ workshop, it confirmed that that a workshop of this type could also be of potential interest and benefit in countries where ICS are being promoted – and led to two subsequent participatory ‘Cook- Off’ workshops in Lilongwe, Malawi and Livingstone, Zambia (please see subsequent News pages from Greenpop) in March and July 2016 respectively. First, these workshops were re-branded as ‘Cook-Off’s’ because it was deemed more appropriate given the context they were both set in. Second, the workshops specifically set out to showcase a range of ICS technologies that were available both within the local areas as well as country wide in order to concept test existing technologies for user acceptance. Similar to the UK workshop, volunteers were invited to cook local food and to share their opinions on the advantages and challenges of using existing technologies, current priorities that impact on As mentioned in the editorial of this issue, the EPSRC, DfID the adoption of ICS technology and aspirational criteria they Despite hosting the Greenpop Zambia Festival of Action Photos Source: Lee-Ann Olwage Photography and DECC funded ‘Barriers’ project is drawing to a close would want a cookstove to have. The workshops also brought (FOA) in Livingstone every year since 2012, the Great African and we wanted to focus on some of the ways in which this together members of the public, ICS enterprises, policy makers, Cook Off Zambia was the first event of its kind to take place in Rather than inviting a workshop facilitator to guide participants project has better understood the enablers to the uptake of and charitable organisations and academics. Subsequently, the Livingstone. On the 9th of July 2016, community stakeholders through the benefits of ICS, celebrity presenter Lentswe Bhengu sustained use of improved cookstoves (ICS). workshops aimed to encourage participation, engagement and and a diverse variety of people gathered to share knowledge from the television programme Africa on a Plate served as master Throughout the course of the project, the University of interactions between these stakeholders with a view of feeding and learn about various Improved Cookstoves (ICS) including of ceremony. During the course of the day, Bhengu wove a Nottingham team has maintained the position that in order into new and existing technology design and dissemination rocket stoves, solar cookers, gasifiers, and improved charcoal narrative on stage, asking the cooks to share their thoughts and to facilitate the scale-up of ICS uptake, it is the preferences of strategies to facilitate stove uptake (Picture below). burners at the Maramba Cultural Village. Co-hosted by experiences using each type of ICS, and entertained the crowd cooks themselves that will determine whether a stove will be As the ‘Barriers’ project becomes yet another funded project Greenpop and the team from the University of Nottingham with jokes and anecdotes. In contrast to a formal conclusion, a purchased and ultimately used in households. Techno-centric that comes to the end of its funding, it has highlighted that (Page 34), the event intended to serve as a platform to explore the performance by a local band and lively dancing closed the event. approaches implemented by (mainly) external stakeholders have these workshops not only serve as a platform to encourage barriers to ICS uptake in rural and urban Zambia and establish In the words of Matthew Koehorst, Greenpop’s Sustainability largely focussed on quantitative methods that have had varying public engagement and communicate high quality research end user preferences while exposing the public to various Manager, “we can only hope to address local and global levels of success, but there is growing consensus amongst these through creative platforms, but ultimately is a platform to available technologies. In addition to these developmental and environmental issues through public participation, engagement stakeholders that using more ‘software’ qualitative approaches both understand and advocate the cooking preferences of academic pursuits, the event also aimed to frame ICS as a cause and productive conversation. This event allowed people from can better understand end-user preferences. In order to households. for celebration. a variety of different backgrounds to discuss and interact with highlight the importance of implementing qualitative methods ICS in an inclusive, open, and entertaining environment.” As in the household energy sector, the Nottingham team have such, ICS were framed to be seen by the whole community as hosted three participatory workshops in the UK, Malawi and Celebrating Development cause for excitement and celebration. Although it remains to be Zambia in order to gain a richer understanding on the wider seen whether this event will spur significant increases in ICS use cultural (especially gender) considerations surrounding energy/ While knowledge on barriers and end user preferences could in Livingstone, initial responses to the Great African Cook Off fuel preferences. certainly have been attained through a series of interviews or focus were overwhelmingly positive. The first workshop aptly named ‘The Great African Bake- groups, the Great African Cook Off provided testament to the value Off’, was held in Nottingham in September 2015 where of enjoyable participation in fostering sustained behaviour change. academics, policy makers and practitioners were invited to Throughout the course of the day, approximately 200 people observe and actively engage with volunteers from the Women’s from a variety of organisations in and around Livingstone Cultural Exchange, Nottingham Refugee Forum, UK (http:// came together to engage with local businesses and experts About Greenpop: www.nottsrefugeeforum.org.uk/womens-culture-exchange/), in the ICS industry while witnessing the stoves in action at who cooked food from a range of Sub-Saharan African the hands of local chefs. They were given the opportunity to Greenpop is a social enterprise on a mission to (re)connect countries (including Nigeria, Eritrea, Sudan, and Malawi) explore the context, issues and opportunities surrounding ICS people with the planet. They plant trees through urban greening and reforestation projects, spread environmental education, and on a variety of ICS. More importantly, this workshop served through interactive information stands and a cook-off style activate people through green workshops and events. as a wider public engagement event to encourage interaction event during which six cooking teams prepared a traditional More information: www.greenpop.org between stakeholders and better understand why people choose Zambian meal using a variety of of ICS, from imported gasifier to cook the way they cook. Subsequently, the event gained wide stoves to locally-produced, handmade clay rocket stoves.

34 Boiling Point. ISSUE 69 — 2017 35 UoN NEWS CALL FOR PAPERS

Editors Genevieve Smith & Rachel Mahmud Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves End of an era, start of the new? Women’s Energy Entrepreneurship Workshop 2017: Empowering Women Entrepreneurs & Scaling Access to Energy

be a core part of the sector’s strategy moving forward. The For 25 years the HEDON Household Empowered Entrepreneur Training Handbook, a tool of Energy Network has sought to support the Alliance, is being used by many organizations and there were discussions around the importance of this tool for the household energy sector by getting women (and men) micro-entrepreneurs. information out to people that need it, — Mentoring & coaching: Simply training women isn’t enough. and connecting people throughout the There needs to be an increased focus on mentorship and coaching as key to the success of both women CEOs and world. HEDON has relied on generous micro-entrepreneurs. volunteers, peer reviewers, and donor — Innovations: There was a focus on how we engage women entrepreneurs through different technologies and innovative funding to publish Boiling Point. Funding approaches. Performance management came up as a key has always been scarce and our volunteers factor for the successful recruitment and retention of are all overcommitted. The HEDON board From February 14-16, 2017 the Global Alliance for Clean women sales agents or independent micro-entrepreneurs. Cookstoves (GACC) and the wPower Hub hosted a workshop Technologies like Interactive Voice Response (IVR) can also therefore decided at our board meeting of on women’s energy entrepreneurship in Nairobi, Kenya. The be used for ongoing support, training and mentorship of 21 April 2017 to close HEDON down. event brought together nearly 100 people from 14 countries women entrepreneurs and sales agents. in Sub Saharan Africa, Asia, Latin America, North America, and Europe to discuss women’s energy entrepreneurship and While these themes were brought up throughout the explore the role of gender-informed approaches that scale workshop, thematic sessions during the event reflected on the access to household energy, as well as increase gender equality best practices outlined in the Alliance’s document: Scaling and women’s empowerment. Adoption of Clean Cooking Solutions through Women’s The current Boiling Point 69 being used by practitioners in achieved, or you may be part of Empowerment: A Resource Guide to engage women in will be the last issue produced by some of the remotest parts of the the vibrant and diverse readership Over the course of two and a half days, practitioners, particular value chain segments (design, production, supplier HEDON. world. The HEDON board is community providing input and researchers, policy makers, donors, and entrepreneurs from finance, consumer finance, distribution, and after-sales Boiling Point has a unique working hard to find a committed feedback. So from all of us at over 65 organizations came together to discuss how to support service). Workshop participants identified challenges, lessons focus bringing high quality peer- institution or network to continue HEDON: THANK YOU!!! women energy entrepreneurs and scale household energy access learned and other proven and promising practices building off approaches that leverage women’s entrepreneurship. The event of the Resource Guide. These findings and discussions will be reviewed journal content to energy the publication of Boiling Point If you would like to get in touch delved into the latest research, innovative approaches, and shared to better inform organizations engaging women in the access practitioners, creating an and transfer the precious online with the HEDON board, please technological solutions, as well as provided an opportunity various value chain segments. independent space for learning, journal archive to the new host. email Grant Ballard-Tremeer on for strategic discussion and planning to fill critical gaps and to discussion, and championing of HEDON would also sincerely [email protected] advance the energy entrepreneurship and empowerment nexus. voices from the field. Its practical like to thank all of those who have Key themes during the workshop included: — What drives women towards entrepreneurship in the clean know-how and toolkits are also of supported Boiling Point and the energy sector? Women get involved for different reasons, but interest to others within the energy network over the years. You may The HEDON board there is often a personal c onnection to the issues and a desire access community, including have contributed financially, with Dr Grant Ballard Tremeer, for change in their communities. Women also recognize academics, businesses, and donors. articles or with time and effort to Dr Kavita Rai, clean energy products as a strong business opportunity. Boiling Point has a widespread produce the high-standard content Dr Raffaella Bellanca, — Engaging men: Engaging men is critical and women print distribution, reaching and the network and journal has Ben Garside and Jack Dedman entrepreneurs can’t be successful without the support of their families, social networks, and communities. If men are informed and consulted, they are more likely to support women in their business pursuits rather than serve as a road block or challenge. — Empowerment and agency: Women need more than just basic business skills; they need leadership and empowerment skills to give them confidence and to further advance their businesses. Empowerment and leadership methodologies have been developed, tested, and measured and this should

36 Boiling Point. ISSUE 69 — 2017 37 A practitioner’s journal on household energy, stoves and Poverty reduction

The HEDON Household Energy Network is dedicated to improving social, economic and environmental conditions in less developed countries, through promotion of local, national, regional and international initiatives in the household energy sector.

The HEDON Household Energy Network The network itself is comprised of is established in the UK as a charitable thousands of active members with diverse limited company registered with the UK backgrounds: practitioners, policymakers, Charity Commission. It is goverened by academics, business owners and non- seven Trustee Directors: Grant Ballard- governmental organisations, based across Tremeer, Raffaella Bellanca, Ben Garside the world. We exchange experiences, and Kavita Rai. learn from one another and create new knowledge.

Our Vision Our Mission

A world where everyone has access To inform and empower practitioners in to clean and sustainable energy; order to unlock barriers to household in fairness, respecting the energy access by: addressing knowledge environment and combating gaps, facilitating partnerships and climate change. fostering information sharing.

Our Patrons

HEDON Household Energy Network has the good will and support of two patrons: Archbishop Desmond Tutu of South Africa, and Professor Kirk R. Smith, Professor of Global Environmental Health, at the University of California, Berkeley, USA.

“As a patron, I believe that HEDON, in its work to address energy and climate improves lives for people living in poverty. I am a supporter of their work and would recommend others to support their endeavours further” Archbishop Desmond Tutu

“HEDON is the oldest international network of organisations promoting clean and efficient household energy sources for improving health and welfare. I have been involved since its inception in the 1980s and it has provided both intellectual support and inspiration in my work to understand the health and climate implications of household combustion” Professor Kirk Smith

A publication of the HEDON Household Energy Network is registered with the UK Charity Commission, charity number 1141286

www.hedon.info