Securing Climate Benefit: a Guide to Using Carbon Offsets
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The Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism
Parliament of Australia Department of Parliamentary Services Parliamentary Library Information, analysis and advice for the Parliament BACKGROUND NOTE www.aph.gov.au/library 23 April 2009 The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism Anita Talberg Science, Technology, Environment and Resources Section Leslie Nielson Economics Section Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 What is the Clean Development Mechanism? ............................................................................ 1 The aims of the CDM ............................................................................................................. 2 How it works .......................................................................................................................... 2 Potential supply of CER units to the CPRS ........................................................................... 3 The CDM projects....................................................................................................................... 4 Countries ................................................................................................................................ 4 Activities/technologies ......................................................................................................... 11 Project scales ........................................................................................................................ 14 Criticisms -
1 the Background for Carbon Finance and Carbon Credits
CHAPTER 1 THE BACKGROUND FOR CARBON FINANCE AND CARBON CREDITS THE LINK BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE, GHG EMISSIONS, AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY Climate change is one of the biggest threats we face. Everyday activities like driving a car or a motorbike, using air conditioning and/or heating and lighting houses consume energy and produce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), which contribute to climate change. When the emissions of GHGs are rising, the Earth’s climate is affected, the average weather changes and average temperatures increase. FIGURE 1 Sources of agricultural GHGs in megatons (Mt) CO2-eq 2128 1792 672 616 369 158 410 CO2 CO2 CH 413 CH4+ N2O 4 CO2 + N2O Irrigation N02 Farm Rice machinery Biomass production CH4 N0 +CH burning 2 4 Fertiliser production Nitrous oxide from fertilised soils + land conversion Manure to agriculture 5900 Mt CO2-eq Methane from cattle enteric fermentation Source: Greenpeace International, 2008. In agriculture and forestry different sources and sinks release, take up and store three types of GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Many agricultural and forestry practices emit GHGs to the atmosphere. Figure 1 shows the main sources of agricultural GHGs: for example, by using fertilizers N2O is released from the soil and by burning agricultural residues CO2 levels rise. CH4 is set free in the digestion 1 ] process of livestock, as well as if rice is grown under flooded conditions. When land is converted to cropland and trees are felled, a source of CO2 emissions is created. Agriculture is an important contributor to climate change, but it also provides a sink and has the potential to lessen climate change. -
Options for Avoiding Carbon Leakage
21 Options for avoiding carbon leakage Carolyn Fischer Resources for the Future Carbon leakage – the increase in foreign emissions that results as a consequence of domestic actions to reduce emissions – is of particular concern for countries seeking to put a substantial price on carbon ahead of their trading partners. While energy market reactions to changes in global fossil fuel demand are difficult to avoid, absent a global price on carbon, some options are available to address leakage associated with changes in competitiveness of energy-intensive, trade-exposed industries. This chapter discusses the main legal and economic trade-offs regarding the use of exemptions, output-based rebating, border carbon adjustment, and sectoral agreements. The potential for clean technology policies to address the energy market channel is also considered. Ultimately, unilateral policies have only unilateral options for addressing carbon leakage, resulting in weak carbon prices, a reluctance to go first and, for those willing to forge ahead, an excessive reliance on regulatory options that in the long run are much more costly means of reducing emissions than carbon pricing. Recognising those costs, if enough major economies could agree on a coordinated approach to carbon pricing that spreads coverage broadly enough, carbon leakage would become less important an issue. Furthermore, a multilateral approach to anti-leakage measures can better ensure they are in harmony with other international agreements. If anti-leakage measures can support enough adherence to ambitious emissions reduction programmes, they can contribute to their own obsolescence. 297 Towards a Workable and Effective Climate Regime 1 Introduction Carbon leakage is a chief concern for governments seeking to implement ambitious emissions reduction policies – particularly those that place high prices on carbon – ahead of similar actions on the part of their major trading partners. -
Ecological Restoration for Protected Areas Principles, Guidelines and Best Practices
Ecological Restoration for Protected Areas Principles, Guidelines and Best Practices Prepared by the IUCN WCPA Ecological Restoration Taskforce Karen Keenleyside, Nigel Dudley, Stephanie Cairns, Carol Hall and Sue Stolton, Editors Peter Valentine, Series Editor Developing capacity for a protected planet Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No.18 IUCN WCPA’s BEST PRACTICE PROTECTED AREA GUIDELINES SERIES IUCN-WCPA’s Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines are the world’s authoritative resource for protected area managers. Involving collaboration among specialist practitioners dedicated to supporting better implementation in the field, they distil learning and advice drawn from across IUCN. Applied in the field, they are building institutional and individual capacity to manage protected area systems effectively, equitably and sustainably, and to cope with the myriad of challenges faced in practice. They also assist national governments, protected area agencies, non- governmental organisations, communities and private sector partners to meet their commitments and goals, and especially the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Programme of Work on Protected Areas. A full set of guidelines is available at: www.iucn.org/pa_guidelines Complementary resources are available at: www.cbd.int/protected/tools/ Contribute to developing capacity for a Protected Planet at: www.protectedplanet.net/ IUCN PROTECTED AREA DEFINITION, MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES AND GOVERNANCE TYPES IUCN defines a protected area as: A clearly defined geographical space, -
Sustainable Biofuel Contributions to Carbon Mitigation and Energy Independence
Forests 2011, 2, 861-874; doi:10.3390/f2040861 OPEN ACCESS forests ISSN 1999-4907 www.mdpi.com/journal/forests Article Sustainable Biofuel Contributions to Carbon Mitigation and Energy Independence Bruce Lippke 1,*, Richard Gustafson 1, Richard Venditti 2, Timothy Volk 3, Elaine Oneil 1, Leonard Johnson 4, Maureen Puettmann 5 and Phillip Steele 6 1 Anderson Hall, Room 107, School of Forest Resources, College of Environment, University of Washington, P.O. Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (R.G.); [email protected] (E.O.) 2 Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Leonard Johnson and Associates, 1205 Kamiaken, Moscow, ID 83843, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 5 WoodLife Environmental Consultants, LLC, 8200 NW Chaparral Drive, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 6 Forest Products, Building 1, Room 1201, Department of Forest Products, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 9820, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9820, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-206-543-8684; Fax: +1-206-685-0790. Received: 17 August 2011; in revised form: 25 September 2011 / Accepted: 27 September 2011 / Published: 19 October 2011 Abstract: The growing interest in US biofuels has been motivated by two primary national policy goals, (1) to reduce carbon emissions and (2) to achieve energy independence. -
Agricultural Soil Carbon Credits: Making Sense of Protocols for Carbon Sequestration and Net Greenhouse Gas Removals
Agricultural Soil Carbon Credits: Making sense of protocols for carbon sequestration and net greenhouse gas removals NATURAL CLIMATE SOLUTIONS About this report This synthesis is for federal and state We contacted each carbon registry and policymakers looking to shape public marketplace to ensure that details investments in climate mitigation presented in this report and through agricultural soil carbon credits, accompanying appendix are accurate. protocol developers, project developers This report does not address carbon and aggregators, buyers of credits and accounting outside of published others interested in learning about the protocols meant to generate verified landscape of soil carbon and net carbon credits. greenhouse gas measurement, reporting While not a focus of the report, we and verification protocols. We use the remain concerned that any end-use of term MRV broadly to encompass the carbon credits as an offset, without range of quantification activities, robust local pollution regulations, will structural considerations and perpetuate the historic and ongoing requirements intended to ensure the negative impacts of carbon trading on integrity of quantified credits. disadvantaged communities and Black, This report is based on careful review Indigenous and other communities of and synthesis of publicly available soil color. Carbon markets have enormous organic carbon MRV protocols published potential to incentivize and reward by nonprofit carbon registries and by climate progress, but markets must be private carbon crediting marketplaces. paired with a strong regulatory backing. Acknowledgements This report was supported through a gift Conservation Cropping Protocol; Miguel to Environmental Defense Fund from the Taboada who provided feedback on the High Meadows Foundation for post- FAO GSOC protocol; Radhika Moolgavkar doctoral fellowships and through the at Nori; Robin Rather, Jim Blackburn, Bezos Earth Fund. -
Forest Carbon to Offset Emissions from the EU Refining And/Or Road Transport Sector
Forest carbon to offset emissions from the EU refining and/or road transport sector Presentation for the 12th Concawe Symposium, March 2017 Prof. Dr Lars Hein Contents of the presentation .Rationale .Forest carbon and the carbon market .Recent developments .Criteria for purchasing offsets .Options to test offsetting in the refining and road transport sector Rationale . Changing regulatory and market environments provide a strong incentive to better understand options to reduce the sector’s CO2 footprint. Carbon credits including from forest carbon may be used to offset emissions from the EU refining and road transport sector. Carbon offsets may provide an option to cost-effectively enhance the environmental performance of road fuels. However understanding the technical, economic and policy environment is essential. The global carbon balance . Land based (LULUCF) emissions contribute around 1 + 0.5 Gton C/year to global CO2 emissions (period 2006- 2015) Forest carbon . Temperate and boreal zones: increases in carbon stocks over time due to expansion of the forest cover . Tropical zones: net emissions highest in the tropics, from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) . Emissions from peat lands (marshes): ● Peat oxidation leads to an emission of around 0.3- 0.6 Gton C world-wide, most of this in the tropics. ● Peat fires add another 0.1 - 0.5 Gton C (El Niño effect). Peat lands in the Netherlands and Indonesia Forest carbon credit projects . Three types of forest carbon projects: ● Reforestation and afforestation (tree planting) ● Enhanced forest management (plus agroforestry) ● REDD : Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) (/REDD+) . REDD projects claim carbon credits from avoided deforestation (i.e. -
Ecocide: the Missing Crime Against Peace'
35 690 Initiative paper from Representative Van Raan: 'Ecocide: The missing crime against peace' No. 2 INITIATIVE PAPER 'The rules of our world are laws, and they can be changed. Laws can restrict, or they can enable. What matters is what they serve. Many of the laws in our world serve property - they are based on ownership. But imagine a law that has a higher moral authority… a law that puts people and planet first. Imagine a law that starts from first do no harm, that stops this dangerous game and takes us to a place of safety….' Polly Higgins, 2015 'We need to change the rules.' Greta Thunberg, 2019 Table of contents Summary 1 1. Introduction 3 2. The ineffectiveness of current legislation 7 3. The legal framework for ecocide law 14 4. Case study: West Papua 20 5. Conclusion 25 6. Financial section 26 7. Decision points 26 Appendix: The institutional history of ecocide 29 Summary Despite all our efforts, the future of our natural environments, habitats, and ecosystems does not look promising. Human activity has ensured that climate change continues to persist. Legal instruments are available to combat this unprecedented damage to the natural living environment, but these instruments have proven inadequate. With this paper, the initiator intends to set forth an innovative new legal concept. This paper is a study into the possibilities of turning this unprecedented destruction of our natural environment into a criminal offence. In this regard, we will use the term ecocide, defined as the extensive damage to or destruction of ecosystems through human activity. -
Carbon Offset Watch 2008 Assessment Report
Carbon Offset Watch 2008 Assessment Report Carbon Offset Watch www.carbonoffsetwatch.org.au 2008 1 CARBON OFFSET WATCH 2008 Assessment Report Authors Chris Riedy & Alison Atherton Institute for Sustainable Futures © UTS 2008 Supported by the Albert George and Nancy Caroline Youngman Trust as administered by Equity Trustees Limited Disclaimer While all due care and attention has been taken to establish the accuracy of the material published, UTS/ISF and the authors disclaim liability for any loss that may arise from any person acting in reliance upon the contents of this document. Please cite this report as: Riedy, C. and Atherton, A. 2008, Carbon Offset Watch 2008 Assessment Report. The Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology, Sydney. Carbon Offset Watch www.carbonoffsetwatch.org.au 2008 2 Carbon Offset Watch Tips for buying carbon offsets > Before you consider buying offsets, try to reduce > Choose offset projects that change or prevent the your carbon footprint as much as possible. For tips underlying activities that create greenhouse gases. on reducing your carbon footprint see Global These are best for combating climate change in the Warming Cool it. long-term. Such projects include those that: www.environment.gov.au/settlements/gwci > improve energy efficiency > Only buy offsets from offset retailers who provide > increase renewable energy detailed information about their products and services, and the projects they use to generate > prevent waste going to landfill offsets. Projects may be in Australia or overseas. Ask > protect existing forests. for more information if you need it. Other types of projects, like tree planting projects, can > Choose retailers that help you estimate your carbon have different benefits (such as restoring ecosystems or footprint and explain how the footprint is calculated. -
Leakage, Welfare, and Cost-Effectiveness of Carbon Policy
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES LEAKAGE, WELFARE, AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF CARBON POLICY Kathy Baylis Don Fullerton Daniel H. Karney Working Paper 18898 http://www.nber.org/papers/w18898 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 March 2013 We are grateful for suggestions from Jared Carbone, Brian Copeland, Sam Kortum, Ian Sue Wing, Niven Winchester, and participants at the AEA presentation in San Diego, January 2013. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2013 by Kathy Baylis, Don Fullerton, and Daniel H. Karney. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Leakage, Welfare, and Cost-Effectiveness of Carbon Policy Kathy Baylis, Don Fullerton, and Daniel H. Karney NBER Working Paper No. 18898 March 2013 JEL No. Q27,Q28,Q56,Q58 ABSTRACT We extend the model of Fullerton, Karney, and Baylis (2012 working paper) to explore cost-effectiveness of unilateral climate policy in the presence of leakage. We ignore the welfare gain from reducing greenhouse gas emissions and focus on the welfare cost of the emissions tax or permit scheme. Whereas that prior paper solves for changes in emissions quantities and finds that leakage may be negative, we show here that all cases with negative leakage in that model are cases where a unilateral carbon tax results in a welfare loss. -
EU ETS Handbook ©Istock
EU ETS Handbook ©iStock Climate Action Contents Using the guide 3 What is the EU ETS? 4 Benefits of cap-and-trade 5 History of the EU ETS 7 EU legislative structure and the EU ETS 9 How does the EU ETS contribute to meeting the EU’s climate policy goals? 12 How does the EU ETS contribute to a competitive economy? 14 How does the EU ETS work? 16 Main EU ETS features over the years 18 Design structure 20 What GHG emissions does the EU ETS cover? 20 What is the cap on GHG emissions? 22 How are allowances allocated? 24 How allocation has evolved 26 Auctioning in the EU ETS 28 Auctioning bodies and venues 29 Distribution of auctioning rights 31 Auctioning in practice 32 Use of auction revenues 35 Transitional free allocation for modernisation of the power sector (Article 10c) 36 NER300 fund for demonstration projects 38 Free allocation in the EU ETS 40 Timing of determining free allocation 41 Free allocation shifts compliance costs 42 From national allocation to EU-wide allocation; NAPs to NIMs 43 Calculating free allocation using benchmarks 44 Limit on total free allocation: Correction factors 46 What is a benchmark? 47 The process of developing the benchmarks 48 Product benchmark curves and values 49 Product benchmark for free allocation 51 Fall-back approaches for free allocation 53 Historical Activity Level 55 Cross-boundary energy - Who should receive free allocation? 56 Capacity changes/Changes in emissions 58 When is an installation a new entrant? 59 Addressing the risk of carbon leakage 60 Addressing the risk of carbon leakage: Compensation -
Sustainable Aviation Fuels Road-Map
SUSTAINABLE AVIATION FUELS ROAD-MAP Fueling the future of UK aviation sustainableaviation.co.uk Sustainable Aviation wishes to thank the following organisations for leading the work in producing this Road-Map: Sustainable Aviation (SA) believes the data forecasts and analysis of this report to be correct as at the date of publication. The opinions contained in this report, except where specifically attributed to, are those of SA, and based upon the information that was available to us at the time of publication. We are always pleased to receive updated information and opinions about any of the contents. All statements in this report (other than statements of historical facts) that address future market developments, government actions and events, may be deemed ‘forward-looking statements’. Although SA believes that the outcomes expressed in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, such statements are not guarantees of future performance: actual results or developments may differ materially, e.g. due to the emergence of new technologies and applications, changes to regulations, and unforeseen general economic, market or business conditions. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 1.1 Addressing the sustainability challenge in aviation 1.2 The role of sustainable aviation fuels 1.3 The Sustainable Aviation Fuels Road-Map SUSTAINABLE AVIATION FUELS 2.1 Sustainability of sustainable aviation fuels 2.2 Sustainable aviation fuels types 2.3 Production and usage of sustainable aviation fuels to date THE FUTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE