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Managing India's Forests in a Changing Climate

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Managing India's Forests in a Changing Climate ATE M MANAGING India’s forests IN A CHANGING CLIMATE: EMERGING CONCEPTS AND THEIR OPERATIONALIZATION Sustainable forest management requires a fine balancing act between environmental, economic, and social needs. There is a growing realization that the climate change problem cannot be solved without focusing on forests – a major source as well as sink of carbon. An international mechanism (REDD+) is being deliberated to address this ndia’s forests in a changing cli issue. A number of other concepts are also I emerging that are likely to change the way forests are managed in India and elsewhere. This book explores these new ideas, their relevance, and implications for Indian forestry. MANAGING United States Agency for International Development/India American Embassy Shantipath, Chanakyapuri New Delhi 110 021 Tel: +91-11-2419-8000 www.usaid.gov 2017 MANAGING FORESTS IN A CHANGING CLIMATE: EMERGING CONCEPTS AND THEIR OPERATIONALIZATION OCTOBER 2017 This report was prepared by: Tetra Tech 159 Bank Street, Suite 300 Burlington, Vermont 05401 USA Telephone: (802) 658-3890 Fax: (802) 495-0282 Email: [email protected] Tetra Tech Contact(s): Ben Caldwell, Chief of Party 159 Bank Street, Suite 300 P.O. Box 1397 Burlington, VT 05402 Tel: (802) 495-0282 Email: [email protected] DISCLAIMER The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. FOREWORD India has a rich tradition of sustainable forest management, balancing the environmental considerations on one hand and needs of the society, especially forest-fringe communities, on the other. India has successfully conserved and enhanced its forest resources in spite of supporting over a sixth of the world population and undertaking rapid economic growth to eradicate poverty and promote well-being. India has been a world leader in the forestry sector for nearly two centuries. A number of new challenges have emerged in the recent decades, the most critical of these being climate change, biodiversity loss, and depleting water resources. A number of new ideas are being discussed and debated globally to address these concerns. The most noteworthy of these emerging concepts are REDD+, ecosystem approach, and landscape approach. India has contributed actively to the development of these concepts. We now need to focus on their operationalization as these can further India’s national goals and promote sustainable management of forest ecosystems. These can also contribute towards achievement of India’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) goal of enhancing the carbon value of forests, while maintaining or improving ecosystem services as well as supporting sustainable livelihoods. The operationalization of the above-mentioned ideas will require conceptual clarity as well as new skills at all levels. The Partnership for Land Use Science (Forest-PLUS) program – an initiative of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) – has been working with the State Forest Departments to pilot the above concepts in selected states. I am happy to note that Forest-PLUS has prepared a book that provides an overview of the key concepts and their relevance in the Indian context. Various leading experts and professionals have contributed chapters in the book. I am hopeful that it will serve as a reference guide for a range of stakeholder groups, especially field practitioners. Honorable Minister for Environment, Forest, and Climate Change Emerging concepts and their operationalization i PREFACE For decades, the United States Agency for International Development has been privileged to partner with India to improve land management. In this arena, Indian agencies and USAID’s joint objectives have been to improve the productivity and health of natural resources for India’s people, and export successes incubated here around the world. Those objectives have been consistently realized. For example, innovations fostered in the Green Revolution of the 1960s are credited with improving the productivity of agriculture worldwide and improving the quality of life for billions. More recently, USAID has been a partner in the transition in India to joint forest management with forest-dependent communities, and a leader in supporting forest conservation for the preservation of endemic native species such as the tiger. Today India and the world are adapting to a transition from a primarily rural to a primarily urban population. Many people are still directly dependent on forest products for livelihood support, and those needs should not be neglected. Of growing importance for the global population, however, are the ecosystem services that forests afford. These services include provision of clean, dependable water; carbon sequestration; biodiversity and genetic information; and timber and non-timber forest resources. As the global population grows, both the demand for these ecosystems services and the pressures for conversion of the ecosystems themselves will only increase. To balance these competing needs, a growing body of work has focused on using an integrated landscape approach to manage forests and surrounding land types. Only with integrated planning can societies’ goals be realized. To help reach those goals, USAID has worked through the Partnership for Land Use Science (Forest-PLUS), a joint effort between the Government of India’s Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change and USAID. Over the past five years, the program has developed a rich body of approaches and tools for an ecosystem approach to forest management in India, with a special focus on carbon sequestration and REDD+. Co- developed by leading Indian and American scientists, forest managers, and development specialists, Forest-PLUS work products are both innovative and grounded in the realities of Emerging concepts and their operationalization iii management in India; they are now being widely used in Indian forestry. In the process of developing these approaches, the program has also deepened an understanding of the issues and solutions in this arena. Produced at the end of the Forest-PLUS program, this resource book is designed to impart to the reader some of that understanding. It of course explains the issues, both in terms of the historical and political trajectory that brings us to where we are today. It goes much beyond that though, committing the bulk of its content to tried and tested solutions that can be used to help us achieve shared goals. Having worked and served worldwide, I know that progress is never linear and that solutions are never simple. But, it is exactly the difficult problems that USAID was founded to solve – and we can only do that through strong and committed partnerships. I am pleased that with this book, we have made a concrete step forward in our learning about forest management for ecosystem services; and through Forest-PLUS, we have demonstrated the power of global partnerships to address issues that affect all of us on the planet we share. Mark A. White, Mission Director USAID/India iv MANAGING FORESTS IN A CHANGING CLIMATE TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ........................................................................................................................... i Preface ............................................................................................................................ iii Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... vii Units ............................................................................................................................ xiii INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 17 Chapter 1: REDD+ and Other Key Emerging Concepts in Forestry: Relevance for India ............. 19 SECTION 1: RESOURCE AND POLICY CONTEXT ................................................. 37 Chapter 2: Climate Change and India’s Forests ....................................................................................... 39 Chapter 3: Trees Outside Forests: Status and Potential......................................................................... 59 Chapter 4: Forests in India’s North East .................................................................................................... 79 Chapter 5: India’s Position on REDD+ ....................................................................................................... 97 SECTION II: SUSTAINABLE FOREST ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT .................. 113 Chapter 6: Ecosystem Approach and Working Plans ............................................................................... 115 Chapter 7: REDD+ and Biodiversity Conservation: Safeguards and a Scope for Synergy .............. 135 Chapter 8: Managing Forests for Non-Timber Forest Products ........................................................... 149 SECTION III: ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE .................................................................. 171 Chapter 9: Valuing Forest Ecosystem Services.......................................................................................... 173 Chapter 10: Clean Development Mechanism: The Indian Forestry Experience .............................. 199 SECTION IV: COMMUNITIES AND INSTITUTIONS ..............................................
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