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Food Insecurity in Haiti: a Gendered Problem in the Making

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Food Insecurity in Haiti: A gendered problem in the making by S. Jennifer Vansteenkiste A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography Guelph, Ontario, Canada @ S. Jennifer Vansteenkiste, August, 2017 ABSTRACT Food Insecurity in Haiti: A gendered problem in the making S. Jennifer Vansteenkiste Advisor: University of Guelph, 2017 Dr. Robin Roth This dissertation applies a gendered analysis to the problem of food insecurity in Haiti, in order to document the impact from, and local responses to, a gender-blind and supply-centric world food economy. This is achieved by investigating the ways in which female and male rural and peri-urban peasant farmers and female urban poor, in northern Haiti, achieve food security. In so doing, I offer an alternative to the dominant narrative of food security, in Haiti, produced by institutional actors. Employing mixed-methods and feminist methodology, I conducted 526 interviews with 260 respondents, of which 115 were members of four primary rural, peri-urban, and urban community-based organisations (CBOs) that constituted the main interest of the study. These respondents were interviewed before and after a state land grab that dispossessed them from land where they produced and collected food. Four specific objectives combine to achieve the aim of the study. First, the study considers how powerful actors, who create a gender-blind world food economy, rely on gendered roles and responsibilities, paradoxically heightening food insecurity for rural women in Haiti. Second, the study examines how male and female rural and peri-urban peasants in northern Haiti interact in community-based organizations to reproduce themselves as the poto mitan, or centre pole, of local and regional food security. They use state land, and locally defined concepts of moral economy of care, identity, and autonomy, to make critical and strategic contributions to Haiti’s food security and social stability. Third, the study documents how CBOs may act as a form of resistance designed to decolonize peasant identity by placemaking through food production. And finally, the research utilizes Sen’s capabilities (opportunities or freedoms one has) and functionings of value (action to engage an opportunity), an evaluative tool, to establish how all-women organizations in Haiti are able to address strategic gender interests and practical food needs. These findings demonstrate the value of Haiti’s gendered, internally-oriented food economy, and how food security and social stability are established despite living within a retracted food economy. These findings indicate the need to make gender a central organizing and governing principle in food security policy. DEDICATION To mum and dad for teaching me to value justice and fairness, Greg, Ryan and Michael for the inspiration and encouragement, and Nesly Dorismond, a stark reminder of the excessive inequities of our world. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research would not have been possible without the guidance of my advisor Dr. Robin Roth, and committee members Dr. Mark Schuller, Dr. Roberta Hawkins and Dr. John Smithers. I am also grateful for the assistance from Dr. Evan Fraser, Dr. Yang Wanhong, Dr. Kate Parizeau, Dr. Renee Sylvain, Dr. Alice Hovorka, Dr. Aaron Berg, Dr. Ze’ev Gedalof, Dr. Krishna KC, and particularly Dr. Jamie Baxter for encouraging me to continue on. I am indebted to the research participants and especially the research assistants who gave so generously of their ideas, time and support – especially Gerard Michel Joseph, Widley Presendieu, Kerby Marcellus, and Jovanye Valliere, Anderson Pierre, Deborah Etienne, Marie Bettie Pierre, a further thanks to Pastor Rosa Wilner, Loulouse Alcimé-Macajoux, Rubin Laurent, Josué Louis, Charles Wilkens, Alain Norestin, and of course, Nesly Dorismond. And, I am grateful for the infield support from Abraham, Yves and Aliuska, Frantz, Charles and Bre, Wilbert, Istvan, and Laurence. Finally, I would like thank my friends and colleagues who patiently answered my questions about theories, concepts and grammar, and generously gave of their time to share their opinions – a special thanks to Liam, Grace, and Valli for all their patience, assistance and encouragement, and Belinda, Ricardo, Sonja, and Troon. Also, thanks to Vidya, Julia, Mary, Jen, Elizabeth, Yasmine, Connie, Leaf, Sarah, Jane, Alex, Josh, Abel, Tony and Michelle. Thank you for funding supported by Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC) under Grant 107099-99906075-034; and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) under grant 752-2013-1518. v MULTIPLE AUTHORSHIP STATEMENTS I, Jennifer Vansteenkiste, am the lead author of the following chapters of this thesis: Chapter Four: Vansteenkiste, J. (to be submitted). Power in the World Food Economy: Gendered Dimensions of Transformations in Haiti’s Food Economy. Chapter Five: Vansteenkiste, J. (2017). Haiti’s peasantry as Poto Mitan: refocusing the foundations of prosperity and development. Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue Canadienne D’études Du Développement. http://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2017.1304365 Chapter Six: Vansteenkiste, J. (forthcoming). “Haiti - Open for Business”: New Perspectives on Inclusive and Sustainable Development. In Resistance to the Neoliberal Agri-Food Regime: A Critical Analysis. London: Routledge. Co-authored Chapters include Chapter Seven: Vansteenkiste, J. and Schuller, M. (forthcoming). The Gendered Space of Capabilities and Functionings: Lessons from Haitian Community-Based Organizations. In Special Issue Communities and Capabilities, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities. The manuscript The Gendered Space of Capabilities and Functionings: Lessons from Haitian Community-Based Organizations was co-authored by Jennifer Vansteenkiste and Mark Schuller. Following the guidelines set forth by the Department of Geography, the work predominantly comprises the intellectual contribution of the first author: Conceptualization (JV 60%, MS 40%); gathering data (JV 100%), analysis (JV 70%, MS 30%); writing (JV 85%, MS 15%). vi Table of Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................ II DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................................... IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................................ V MULTIPLE AUTHORSHIP STATEMENTS ................................................................................................................ VI LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................... XI LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS ............................................................................................................................... XII OPENING REFLECTIONS ..................................................................................................................................... XIII CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 THE WORLD FOOD ECONOMY AND THE CONCEPT OF FOOD SECURITY ..................................................................................... 5 HAITI AND FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY .................................................................................................................................. 9 TRANSITION FROM SELF-SUFFICIENT FOOD PRODUCTION TO FOOD DEPENDENCY ....................................................................... 12 RESEARCH GAP ........................................................................................................................................................... 16 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................................... 18 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS ............................................................................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER TWO – CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: PREPARING THE FIELD ................................................................ 25 GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 26 LABOUR AND PRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 31 MATERIAL AND DISCURSIVE POWER IN SPATIAL RELATIONS ................................................................................................. 34 AN INTERSECTIONAL NOTION OF IDENTITY ........................................................................................................................ 36 CAPABILITIES AND FUNCTIONING LITERATURE .................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER THREE – .............................................................................................................................................. 42 UNINVITED RESEARCH: METHODS AND FEMINIST METHODLOGIES ...................................................................
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