Full-Text (PDF)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Full-Text (PDF) Vol. 7(4), pp. 164-171, July 2013 DOI: 10.5897/AJPSIR10.037 African Journal of Political Science and ISSN 1996-0832 © 2013 Academic Journals International Relations http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM Review Torture, capitalism, and the new white man’s burden Wesley C. Kraft-Davis Florida State University, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 14 April, 2011 The not so recent distribution of the Abu Ghraib photos throughout the United States and the world brought forth the detection of a practice that is commonly used by the U.S. and its “satellite states.” For the mainstream U.S. American public, it was a shocking and horrifying discovery. For others, such as Carlos Mauricio who “had flashbacks when he saw the guy with the hood (at Abu Ghraib),” the photos were a terrible reminder of a “counter terrorism” practice that is implemented to subdue “communist/terrorist insurgents.” Following the publication of the Abu Ghraib photos, U.S. representatives, with the help of the media, “manufactured consent” by dismissing the photos as “not representing America” and blaming the atrocious acts committed within the photos on a “few bad apples”.` There are those who were not fooled, as well as others who would like to know how we, as a society, can end this dreadful practice. This piece will expose some ideas that may, in fact, contribute to ending the practice of torture by the United States. It will analyze and critique institutions and ideologies, such as racism and capitalism that are so fundamental to the U.S. and create conditions ripe for torture to thrive. Key words: Abu Ghraib, american exceptionalism, capitalism, Torture, War, White man’s burden. THE NEW WHITE MAN’S BURDEN One of the major obstacles hindering the end of the World” and the subsequent colonization, one will observe practice of torture by the US is what was dubbed that Europeans have used and maintained some form of “American Exceptionalism.” This is the belief that the exceptionalist discourse to subjugate an “inferior” group “United States and the American people hold a special of people. This subjugation, driven by greed, was en- place in the world.” Furthermore, it is the belief that forced using tactics that in the current era would be American ideas and values are superior to those found considered some of the worst human rights violations around the globe. This exceptionalist ideology is per- ever witnessed. One such witness, Bartolome de Las ceived around the world as arrogance and has come to Casas, a 16th century Spanish priest, described some of be resented. Critics of the term recognize it “as an the torture tactics used to subdue the “primitive beasts.” ideology intent on creating an ‘imperial America’ by The Spanish soldiers would construct “some low wide converting the world to its ideas.”1 This line of thought gallows on which the hanged victim’s feet almost touched leads to an obstinacy that does not allow any other the ground, stringing up their victims in lots of thirteen, in perspective to be heard; anything that strays away from memory of Our Redeemer and His twelve Apostles, then the norm of U.S. tradition is ridiculed, devalued, and set burning wood at their feet and thus burned them labeled unpatriotic. alive.”2 The basis of U.S. American Exceptionalism, the idea The foundation of American Exceptionalism can also that our way of life is superior to others, is not a new Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, from “sea to shining phenomenon. In fact, if one evaluates the rise of the sea.” This idea was first implemented by the Jacksonian West, beginning with Columbus’s “discovery” of the “New 2 Bartolome De Las Casas, The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account 1 Ibid., p. 11 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 34. Kraft-Davis 165 be compared to Manifest Destiny, which was the belief security concern to us.”5 It is only a concern when the that the United States was destined to expand from the financial interests of the United States are at stake. Just Democrats in the 1840s to expand the U.S. westward. as the fight against “communism” was actually the fight to On those Western lands were, of course, various so- secure free markets, the “War on Terror” is a means to called indigenous tribes. The fate of the Western U.S. secure a fundamental resource that “fuels” Western tribes would be much like those in Florida, “captured . markets. and sent on to Arkansas [concentration camps].” Much like current society’s misrepresentation of all Arab Capitalism and Torture Muslims as “crazed fundamentalist terrorists,” the enemies of the United States in the 1850s were also Capitalism and torture are historically linked. Beginning misrepresented. Like the Spanish before them, the US with the discovery of the “New World,” torture was used viewed and portrayed the Natives as “a set of poor, to subdue the “primitive beasts.” The native inhabitants of miserable looking savages.”3 the Americas were exploited for their gold and labor. The In 1899, McClure Magazine published Rudyard Spanish prospered and became the hegemon of Western Kipling’s infamous poem, The White Man’s Burden, The Europe. With a combination of weak immune systems United States and the Philippine Islands. The poem, and a violent regime of torture and mass murder, the written in the aftermath of the Spanish American War, en- native inhabitants of the Americas were almost completely couraged the United States to re-colonize the Philippine annihilated. Islands, a place where the Spanish had already brutally Another group of people would soon be the survivors of suppressed the inhabitants during colonization. The mass exploitation and torture. Africans, who were tor- poem called for America to: tured from the point of their enslavement up until the Emancipation Proclamation, were treated so in the name Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye of profit. The proceeds of African enslavement catapulted breed; Go bind your sons to exile; To serve your captives' the West into a position of hegemony. Following the need; To wait in heavy harness; On fluttered folk and freeing of Africans, a new system of exploitation would wild; Your new-caught, sullen peoples; Half-devil and arise and torture would remain linked. The age of 4 half-child. imperialism witnessed a scramble between European powers, as well as the United States, to colonize various “Taking up the White Man’s Burden” became the regions of the world. After World War II, the world discourse used by the United States, and most of witnessed the decline of Western Europe and the rise of Western Europe as well, to brutally colonize the anti-colonial movements. A few Western powers sought Philippines, much of Africa, and portions of Southwest to hold onto their conquests. France attempted to subdue Asia. its imperial subjects in Algeria and Vietnam. It did so by Presently, the inhabitants of Southwest Asia have not only waging a bloody war, but also inflicting a cruel become the “New White Man’s Burden.” Like the Filipinos regime of torture. before them, and the many other peoples that have been After the age of imperialism, a new type of exploitation subjugated in the name of true “civilization,” Muslims and would arise. This one was hidden under the rhetoric of Arabs are being depicted and spoken of as needing fighting communism. The United States would turn to someone to help foster their “advancement” as human covert war in order to manipulate markets, often times beings. As George Bush reminded citizens during his supporting and financing ruthless, violent regimes who speech to the National Endowment for Democracy, the used torture to subjugate their populations. people of Southwest Asia were unable to root out the Currently, in an attempt to maintain its hegemony, the “evils” of terrorism by themselves, but were indeed “good United States has turned to overt means. Under the and capable people of the Middle East,” whom “all guise of the “War on Terror,” the United States is attemp- deserve responsible leadership.” President Bush’s speech ting to secure the resource needed to fuel its capitalist continuously reinforced this message of the “New White empire. As the case with many other subjugated peoples Man’s Burden.” who resist aggression and influence, the people of As this next section will bring to light, the United States Southwest Asia are doing the same. Just as the French has no real concern over the spread of democracy. As did in Algeria, the United States uses torture as a tactic to President Nixon stated in 1977, “in terms of our own self- subdue those who resist. interest, the right wing dictatorship, if it is not exporting its revolution, if it is not interfering with its neigbors, if it is not taking action directed against the United States, it is of no The Philippines: Tortured Twice In 1898, at the end of the Spanish American War, the 3 “Indians In Florida,” New York Times, 10 April 1852. 5 4 Rudyard Kipling, The White Man’s Burden, 1899, Graham Hovey, “Nixon Saw Cuba and Chile Enclosing Latin America,” New <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Man's_Burden> (22 November York Times, 26 May 1977, p. 30. 2008). 166 Afr. J. Pol. Sci. Int. Relat. United States sought to claim its booty. In Paris, the Between 1946 and 1972, the Philippine economy Spanish agreed to cede its territories of Puerto Rico, rapidly expanded. The benafactors were those who nor- Cuba, Guam, and the Philippines. While the Europeans mally benefit as a result of neo-liberal economic reforms.
Recommended publications
  • The United States' Janus-Faced Approach to Operation Condor: Implications for the Southern Cone in 1976
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Supervised Undergraduate Student Research Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects and Creative Work Spring 5-2008 The United States' Janus-Faced Approach to Operation Condor: Implications for the Southern Cone in 1976 Emily R. Steffan University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj Recommended Citation Steffan, Emily R., "The United States' Janus-Faced Approach to Operation Condor: Implications for the Southern Cone in 1976" (2008). Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/1235 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Supervised Undergraduate Student Research and Creative Work at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Emily Steffan The United States' Janus-Faced Approach To Operation Condor: Implications For The Southern Cone in 1976 Emily Steffan Honors Senior Project 5 May 2008 1 Martin Almada, a prominent educator and outspoken critic of the repressive regime of President Alfredo Stroessner in Paraguay, was arrested at his home in 1974 by the Paraguayan secret police and disappeared for the next three years. He was charged with being a "terrorist" and a communist sympathizer and was brutally tortured and imprisoned in a concentration camp.l During one of his most brutal torture sessions, his torturers telephoned his 33-year-old wife and made her listen to her husband's agonizing screams.
    [Show full text]
  • Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty Of
    Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Brad T. Eidahl December 2017 © 2017 Brad T. Eidahl. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile by BRAD T. EIDAHL has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Patrick M. Barr-Melej Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT EIDAHL, BRAD T., Ph.D., December 2017, History Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile Director of Dissertation: Patrick M. Barr-Melej This dissertation examines the struggle between Chile’s opposition press and the dictatorial regime of Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1973-1990). It argues that due to Chile’s tradition of a pluralistic press and other factors, and in bids to strengthen the regime’s legitimacy, Pinochet and his top officials periodically demonstrated considerable flexibility in terms of the opposition media’s ability to publish and distribute its products. However, the regime, when sensing that its grip on power was slipping, reverted to repressive measures in its dealings with opposition-media outlets. Meanwhile, opposition journalists challenged the very legitimacy Pinochet sought and further widened the scope of acceptable opposition under difficult circumstances. Ultimately, such resistance contributed to Pinochet’s defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, initiating the return of democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States, Eduardo Frei's Revolution in Liberty and The
    The Gathering Storm: The United States, Eduardo Frei's Revolution in Liberty and the Polarization of Chilean Politics, 1964-1970 A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Sebastian Hurtado-Torres December 2016 © 2016 Sebastian Hurtado-Torres. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled The Gathering Storm: The United States, Eduardo Frei's Revolution in Liberty, and the Polarization of Chilean Politics, 1964-1970 by SEBASTIAN HURTADO-TORRES has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Patrick Barr-Melej Associate Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT HURTADO-TORRES, SEBASTIAN, Ph.D., December 2016, History The Gathering Storm: The United States, Eduardo Frei’s Revolution in Liberty, and the Polarization of Chilean Politics, 1964-1970 Director of Dissertation: Patrick Barr-Melej This dissertation explores the involvement of the United States in Chilean politics between the presidential campaign of 1964 and Salvador Allende’s accession to the presidency in 1970. The main argument of this work is that the partnership between the Christian Democratic Party of Chile (PDC) and the United States in this period played a significant role in shaping Chilean politics and thus contributed to its growing polarization. The alliance between the PDC and the United States was based as much on their common views on communism as on their shared ideas about modernization and economic development. Furthermore, the U.S. Embassy in Santiago, headed by men strongly committed to the success of the Christian Democratic project, involved itself heavily in the inner workings of Chilean politics as an informal actor, unable to dictate terms but capable of exerting influence on local actors whose interests converged with those of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Waiting for Cincinnatus: the Role of Pinochet in Post-Authoritarian Chile
    Third WorldQuarterly, Vol21, No 5, pp 7 25 – 738, 2000 Waitingf orCincinnatus: the role o f Pinochetin post-authoritarian Chile GREGORYWEEKS ABSTRACT This article explains the persistent inuence of GeneralAugusto Pinochetin Chileanpolitics. After leavingthe presidency in 1990,hemanaged to fuse his personalposition with that notonly of the institution of the armybut of the armedforces as awhole,making Pinochet and the military almost indistinguishable.By doingso Pinochetsought to equateany attack onhimwith anattack onthe institution. Themilitary, in turn,accepted him as its spokesman anddefender. He viewed his role asthat of Cincinnatus,an emperortwice called to save ancientRome. Throughout the 1990sPinochetrepresented aserious obstacle to democratisation.With his intimate ties to the military institution, his inuence— perhaps even after death—can never bediscounted. InChile the transition frommilitary to civilian rule in March1990 did not erase the presenceof the armedforces in political life.The Commander in Chief of the army,General Augusto Pinochet, who had quickly taken control of the military junta installed on11 September 1973 ,becamethe self-proclaimed President ofthe Republicthe followingyear and remained in that position until hehanded the presidential sash to newlyelected Patricio Aylwin.Pinochet remainedthe headof the army,a position grantedhim foreight moreyears by laws passed in the last daysof the dictatorship. Whenhis retirement fromthe armedforces nally came to pass on10March 1998 Pinochet’ s national role still didnot end. He becamea ‘senator forli fe’( senadorvitalicio )in accordwith the 1980Constitution. Article 45provided any ex-president who had served for at least six years the right to alifetime seat in the senate. Pinochet’s presenceas armychief hada tremendousimpact oncivil – military relations in the 1990s, as at times heresorted to showsof force to extract concessions fromcivilian policymakers andto protect ‘his men’f romjudgment onhumanrights abuses.
    [Show full text]
  • Truth Without Reconciliation in Chile: Testimonies of The
    TRUTH WITHOUT RECONCILIATION IN CHILE: TESTIMONIES OF THE TORTURED AND THE CASE AGAINST AUGUSTO PINOCHET Temma Kaplan The State University of New York at Stony Brook "Fear" and "terror" are the words that are used most often to describe the 17-year-long military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet in Chile. There between 1C73 and 1990 and elsewhere where people have been brutalized by the use of torture for defending themselves and their communities against the arbitrary use of power, shaming rituals, designed to cleanse the body politic in order to achieve something akin to justice, have become an essential part of creating the possibility for a lasting democracy. The movements to overcome fear and shame and to enable former enemies to live together in peace remains a subject of some urgency for the governments that succeed states which ruled by fear. And nothing terrifies people more than the seemingly arbitrary use of power. When Cesare Beccaria and other figures of the Enlightenment in Europe argued for natural law and a system of inalienable rights, they castigated the use of torture as atavistic and barbaric. The reformers attacked monarchies and religious authorities who employed brute force, the antithesis of reason, to create political authority through terror. Although Michel Foucault and his followers have made important strides in showing how subsequent systems have depended upon discipline and subtle forms of power that permeate all relationships, most would agree that this form of domination represents an advance over the use of torture. Beginning with the French Revolution countries all over the world banned the use of torture as a means of exacting information or of punishing prisoners.
    [Show full text]
  • Deaths and Disappearances in the Pinochet Regime: a New Dataset∗
    Deaths and Disappearances in the Pinochet Regime: A New Dataset∗ Danilo Freire† John Meadowcroft‡ David Skarbek§ Eugenia Guerrero¶ 30 May 2019 Abstract This article presents a georeferenced dataset on human rights violations in the Pinochet dictatorship in Chile. We coded the personal details of 2,398 victims named in the Chilean Truth Commission Report and added geographical coordinates for all identiable atrocity locations. The dataset comprises 59 variables from 1973 to 1990 and is available as a stand-alone spreadsheet or as the pinochet package for R. As examples, we describe the major temporal and spatial patterns of the human rights abuses. We also discuss our coding procedures, show descriptive statistics, and conclude with suggestions for potential applications of the dataset. Keywords: Chile, georeferenced event data, human rights, Pinochet, truth commission ∗We thank Umberto Mignozzetti, Lucas Mingardi and Robert Myles McDonnell for their helpful comments. Replication materials and R source code are available at http://github.com/danilofreire/pinochet. †Postdoctoral Research Fellow, the Political Theory Project, Brown University, 8 Fones Alley, Providence, RI 02912, [email protected], http://danilofreire.github.io. Corresponding author. ‡Senior Lecturer in Public Policy, Department of Political Economy, King’s College London, [email protected], http://johnmeadowcroft.net. §Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and the Political Theory Project, Brown University, [email protected], http://davidskarbek.com. ¶Software Developer, Attest, UK. 1 1 Introduction On 11 September 1973, General Augusto Pinochet led a coup against Chile’s socialist President Salvador Allende. The coup marked the beginning of a seventeen-year military dictatorship which combined rapid economic liberalisation with large-scale political repression (Valdés 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • The Perfect Dictatorship? Comparing Authoritarian Rule in South Korea and in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico1
    The Perfect Dictatorship? Comparing Authoritarian Rule in South Korea and in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico1 Jorge I. Domínguez Harvard University Abstract The Perfect Dictatorship: Comparing Authoritarian Rule in South Korea and in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico What is a “perfect dictatorship”? Such a regime provokes little societal resistance at installation. Its leaders act jointly to consolidate the regime and to broaden the support coalition by agreeing upon succession rules to rotate the presidency within the authoritarian regime. They delegate policy-making authority to civilians in areas of their competence. They emphasize consultation, not open contestation, prefer cooptation to repression, eschew ideological appeals, compel social actors into regime-licensed organizations, and deactivate civil society. South Korea under Park Chung Hee is compared on these dimensions to Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico, all at a time when authoritarian regimes governed them. Prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 29-September 1, 2002, Boston. Panel 11-25. Copyright by the American Political Science Association. Authoritarian rule established through an act of force, such as a military coup, poses several distinct challenges to the authoritarian ruler. The first is how to install the regime, that is, how to survive past the initial moments of the overthrow of the old regime in order to establish a pattern of rule that will last. This requires reducing the need for initial repression, consolidating unity within the coup leadership group, and arranging for succession rules in order to stabilize and broaden the support coalition for the new dictator.
    [Show full text]
  • Strange Bedfellows at the End of the Cold War: the Letelier Assassination, Human Rights, and State Sovereignty.”
    H-Diplo H-Diplo Article Review 893 on “Strange Bedfellows at the End of the Cold War: the Letelier Assassination, Human Rights, and State Sovereignty.” Discussion published by George Fujii on Tuesday, October 29, 2019 H-Diplo Article Review No. 893 29 October 2019 Article Review Editors: Diane Labrosse and Seth Offenbach Production Editor: George Fujii Alan McPherson. “Strange Bedfellows at the End of the Cold War: the Letelier Assassination, Human Rights, and State Sovereignty.” Cold War History (1 April 2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2019.1583212. URL: https://hdiplo.org/to/AR893 Review by Stephen G. Rabe, University of Oregon Over the past two decades, Alan McPherson, the Thomas J. Freaney, Jr. Professor of History at Temple University, has established himself as a preeminent scholar of inter-American relations. He has written or edited eleven books in the field. His most notable achievement has been his award- winning study, The Invaded: How Latin Americans and their Allies Fought and Ended U.S. Occupations (2014).[1] McPherson, who is fluent in Spanish and French, conducted multi-archival research in the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States and read a variety of Latin American newspapers, including those from Haiti. His forthcoming book is Ghosts of Sheridan Circle: How a Washington Assassination Brought Pinochet’s Terror State to Justice, which will be published by the University of North Carolina Press. The article under review here explores themes that are fully developed in the book. As in McPherson’s previous articles and books, this article demonstrates the author’s command of the published scholarly literature and his willingness to conduct multi-archival research.
    [Show full text]
  • Family of Ex-President Frei Files Homicide Complaint 25 Years After His Death LADB Staff
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository NotiSur Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) 2-2-2007 Family of Ex-President Frei Files Homicide Complaint 25 Years After His Death LADB Staff Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/notisur Recommended Citation LADB Staff. "Family of Ex-President Frei Files Homicide Complaint 25 Years After His Death." (2007). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/notisur/13558 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in NotiSur by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LADB Article Id: 51513 ISSN: 1060-4189 Family of Ex-President Frei Files Homicide Complaint 25 Years After His Death by LADB Staff Category/Department: Chile Published: 2007-02-02 Two days after the 25th anniversary of his death, the family of former Chilean President Eduardo Frei Montalva (1964-1970) filed a court complaint alleging that he had been assassinated by poisoning. The family based its accusations on a Belgian university investigation that found mustard gas in the body of the former leader of the Partido Democrata Cristiano (PDC). Frei Montalva opposed the government of Socialist President Salvador Allende (1970-1973), but he also became a leading critic of the dictatorship of Gen. Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990). Belgian lab finds mustard-gas traces in body The family filed the complaint on Jan. 24, naming unspecified "groups of individuals related to military intelligence" under the Pinochet regime. Frei Montalva died at the age of 71 on Jan.
    [Show full text]
  • 2015 Knowledge Commons Summit
    2015 Knowledge Commons Summit Hosted by IRSC Center for Media and Journalism Studies Small Business Development Center Center for Civic Engagement Wednesday, October 14 - Friday, October 16 THE KNOWLEDGE COMMONS SUMMIT AT INDIAN RIVER STATE COLLEGE The Knowledge Commons: The idea of the Knowledge Commons is linked to some straightforward and well-recognized principles related to the health of both communities and democracy. For a community to be anything more than a disparate collection of individuals, there must be a shared set of values, truths, and interests that unites it. These elements are reflected in a sense of common identity, and they are supported by and reflected in the stories that bind people together – stories of origins, of the community’s place and importance in history, and so on. Without this foundation, communities devolve into conflicts of competing interests and ideologies, a condition that makes representative government deeply problematic. This common ground is what is meant by the term “Knowledge Commons.” The Tragedy of the Knowledge Commons: As a result of the rise of consumerism, the emergence of mass media, and the ubiquity of the Internet, the Knowledge Commons is becoming increasingly fragmented and the conditions for healthy communities are being eroded. The “tragic” element of this decline stems from the fact that the Knowledge Commons supports the very technological and social progress that could lead to its eventual decline. Yet unlike the traditional sense of the ‘tragic,’ this decline is not inevitable: Education is the key, but a form of education that extends the classroom to the public sphere and makes civic engagement and social responsibility the focus of academic life.
    [Show full text]
  • Portrayals of Pinochet: Historical Narratives in Chilean Schools
    University of Mississippi eGrove Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors Theses Honors College) 2016 Portrayals of Pinochet: Historical Narratives in Chilean Schools Katie J. Wright University of Mississippi. Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Wright, Katie J., "Portrayals of Pinochet: Historical Narratives in Chilean Schools" (2016). Honors Theses. 526. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis/526 This Undergraduate Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College) at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Portrayals of Pinochet: Historical Narratives in Chilean Schools by Katie Wright A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Mississippi in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College. Oxford May 2016 Approved by ___________________________________ Advisor: Dr. Marcos Mendoza ___________________________________ Reader: Dr. Kees Gispen ___________________________________ Reader: Dr. Luanne Buchanan ABSTRACT How is the Augusto Pinochet dictatorship represented historically in contemporary Chilean society? To answer this question, this thesis examines the education system, with a focus on high schools and universities in Valparaíso, Chile. I argue that there are two competing discourses about the Pinochet administration - a majority, anti-dictatorship perspective and a minority, pro-regime position - which selectively emphasize differing aspects of the regime. The anti position focuses on human rights violations while the pro perspective puts greater weight on economic achievements. This maps onto Chilean high school institutions, with a majority of upper and upper-middle class students attending private schools and a majority of lower class students attending public schools.
    [Show full text]
  • Democracy, Dictatorship and Economic Performance in Chile
    Democracy, Dictatorship and Economic Performance in Chile William R. Keech Department of Social and Decision Sciences Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 [email protected] Paper presented at the Latin American Meeting of the Econometric Society Santiago, Chile July 28-30, 2004 The political and economic experience of Chile between 1932 and the present provides a natural experiment for a comparison of democracy and dictatorship with respect to their impact on economic performance. Democracy existed in Chile between 1932 and 1973, and was associated with a very wide range of efforts at economic reform, though without lasting success in any of them. This period also shows that democratic politics can provide economically perverse incentives, and can legitimately elect a president who carries out disastrous economic policies. In the period between 1973 and 1990, Chile had a dictatorship that, with a long lagtime, successfully reformed economic institutions, and brought about constructive changes in economic performance. This regime made some mistakes that may have prolonged the recovery, but the notable thing was the fact that the economy not only recovered, but achieved a new level of prosperity. My argument is that the neoliberal economic policies were central to economic success. Since 1990, democratic governments have maintained the institutions and policies that brought about improved economic performance under the dictatorship, and have continued to enjoy the resulting prosperity. The democratic governments have been more sensitive to equity issues, but not at the expense of economic performance. Chile’s experience is not typical, but it is instructive about the relationship between political institutions and economic performance.
    [Show full text]