D.E. Cox/Getty Images Early China

The first Great Wall of China was built more than 2,000 years ago to keep out invaders. The current wall, which is about 4,000 miles long, was built about 500 years ago.

18001800 B..C.. 1150 B..C.. 500 B..C.. A..D..150

c. 1750 B.C. 1045 B.C. 551 B.C. c. A.D. 100 Shang dynasty Wu Wang Confucius Silk Road begins creates is born completed Zhou dynasty Chapter Overview Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com for a preview of Chapter 5.

China’s First Civilizations Physical geography plays a role in how civilizations develop and decline. Chinese civilization was shaped by geography such as mountains and large rivers. Long-lasting dynasties gained power through strong armies. Life in Ancient China People’s social status affects how they live. Early Chinese society had three main social classes: aristocrats, farmers, and merchants. During periods of unrest, ideas such as Confucianism and Daoism developed. The Qin and Han Dynasties Systems of order, such as law and government, contribute to stable societies. Both the Qin and Han dynasties created strong central governments. New inventions developed during the helped to improve the lives of Chinese people. View the Chapter 5 video in the Glencoe Video Program.

Organizing Information Make this foldable to help you organize information about the important people in the early history of China.

Step 1 Fold a Step 2 Turn the paper Reading and Writing sheet of paper and fold it into thirds. As you read the chapter, in half from Fold it so the left edge lies about list important people and side to side. 1 what they did or taught 2 inch from the right edge. during these periods in Chinese history.

Step 4 Turn the paper and label it as shown. Step 3 Unfold and cut the top layer only along both folds. China’s First Civilizations This will make Chinese P three tabs. hilosophers Qin and Han

273 Monitoring

You can use a variety of techniques to improve your reading. Look at the examples below. Monitoring is a way of discovering your read- ing strengths and weaknesses. Different people read differently. Some read and understand quickly, while others need to read the same mate- rial several times. Successful readers constantly monitor themselves during reading to make sure that the text makes sense.

Did you remember the def- inition of a pictograph? Reread the definition in the Ideographs (IH • dee • uh • GRAFS) text or look in the glossary. are another kind of character used in Chinese writing. They join two or Sometimes reading ahead more pictographs to represent an will help you understand the meaning. This text explains idea. For example, the ideograph for an ideograph more clearly “east” relates to the idea of the sun by using an example and rising in the east. It is a combination further defining the term. of pictographs that show the sun coming up behind trees. — from page 280

•Does the text make sense? If not, try to iden- read u study, tify and reread what you do not understand. When yo you ly. When •Use any related graphs, charts, illustrations, ore slow ou can m asure, y or photographs on the page to help you find d for ple rea ickly. the meaning of the text. more qu read • Is it helpful to think about what you already know about Chinese writing, based on what you may have previously read, seen, or expe- rienced?

274 The paragraph below appears in Section 2 on page 291. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow. Read to Write Discuss your answers with other students to see how they As you reread a section monitor their reading. from this chapter, monitor yourself to see how well you understand it. Then describe in a “Higher good is like water: short paragraph what the good in water benefits all, kind of strategies are and does so without most helpful to you before, during, and after contention. you read. It rests where people dislike to be, so it is close to the Way. Where it dwells becomes good ground; profound is the good in its heart, Benevolent the good it bestows.” —Laozi, Tao Te Ching

•What questions do you still have after reading? •Do you understand all the words in the passage? •Did you read the passage differently than you would have read a short story or a newspaper article? How do you read various types of text differently? •Did you have to stop reading often? Is the read- ing the appropriate level for you? Laozi

As you read the chapter, identify one paragraph in each section that is diffi- cult to understand. Discuss each para- graph with a partner to improve your understanding. 275 China’s First Civilizations

Looking Back, Looking Ahead Content Vocabulary In earlier chapters, you learned dynasty (DY•nuh•stee) History that many civilizations developed aristocrat (uh•RIHS•tuh•KRAT) Social Science in river valleys. China’s civilization pictograph (PIHK•tuh•GRAF) Standards also began in a river valley, but ideograph (IH•dee•uh•GRAF) WH6.6 Students mountains and deserts affected its analyze the geographic, bureaucracy (byu•RAH•kruh•see) political, economic, development. religious, and social mandate (MAN•DAYT) structures of the early Focusing on the Dao (DOW) civilizations of China. • Rivers, mountains, and deserts helped shape China’s civilization. (page 277) Academic Vocabulary recover (rih•KUH•vuhr) • Rulers known as the Shang became interpret (ihn TUHR pruht) powerful because they controlled • • land and had strong armies. (page 278) link item • Chinese rulers claimed that the Mandate of Heaven gave them Reading Strategy the right to rule. (page 281) Summarizing Information Complete a chart like the one below describing Locating Places the characteristics of the Shang and Huang He (HWAHNG HUH) Zhou dynasties. Chang Jiang (CHAHNG JYAHNG) Shang Zhou Anyang (AHN•YAHNG) Dates Meeting People Leadership Wu Wang (WOO WAHNG) Accomplishments

1750 B..C.975.975 B..C.2.200 B..C..

c. 1750 B.C. 1045 B.C. 221 B.C. Shang dynasty Wu Wang Anyang begins creates Zhou begins dynasty

276 CHAPTER 5 • Early China WH6.6.1 Locate and describe the origins of Chinese civilization in the Huang-He Valley during the Shang Dynasty. WH6.6.2 Explain the geographic features of China that made governance and the spread of ideas and goods difficult and served to isolate the country from the rest of the world. China’s Geography The river, however, also brought a gift. The Huang He is the muddiest river in the Rivers, mountains, and deserts helped world. When the river floods, it leaves shape China’s civilization. behind rich silt in the Huang He valley, Reading Connection Why do you think so many nearly 57 pounds for every cubic yard of cities and towns were built beside rivers? Read to learn topsoil. By comparison, the Nile River in why rivers were important to the development of China. Egypt only leaves 2 pounds of silt per cubic yard. The soil is so rich that farmers can The Huang He (HWAHNG HUH), or grow large amounts of food on very small Yellow River, flows across China for more farms. than 2,900 miles (4,666 km). It gets its name China also has another great river, from the rich yellow soil it carries from called the Chang Jiang (CHAHNG JYAHNG), Mongolia to the Pacific Ocean. Like rivers or the Yangtze River. The Chang Jiang flows in early Mesopotamia and Egypt, China’s for about 3,400 miles (5,471 km) east across Huang He regularly flooded the land. These central China where it empties into the floods destroyed homes and drowned many Yellow Sea. Like the Huang He valley, the people. As a result, the Chinese called the Chang Jiang valley also has rich soil for Huang He “China’s sorrow.” farming.

The Geography of China

80°E 100°E 120°E 0 600 mi. A LT N AY 0 600 km M Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection O E U W °N NT MONGOLIA Sea of 40 TIAN SHA A S N INS Japan I (East Sea) G O B TAKLIMAKAN S. MT DESERT N H KOREAN K AN U u .) JAPAN U S H LT a R PENINSULA N L U N A n w g o ll H e Yellow Y W e ( Sea ei He H PLATEAU I M OF TIBET CHINA . ) Jiang gt R PACIFIC A g n ze L n a A Y a (Y East OCEAN A Ch China Sea

INDIA Taiwan ° 1. Location What is the name of the 20 N desert on China’s northern border near South Mongolia? China 2. Human/Environment Interaction What Sea effect did China’s mountains and deserts Hainan have on its history? Find NGS online map resources @ www.nationalgeographic.com/maps CHAPTER 5 • Early China 277 WH6.6.1 Locate and describe the origins of Chinese civilization in the Huang-He Valley during the Shang Dynasty.

Even though China has rich soil along The Shang Dynasty its rivers, only a little more than one-tenth of its land can be farmed. That is because Rulers known as the Shang became mountains and deserts cover most of the powerful because they controlled land and had land. The towering Himalaya close off strong armies. China to the southwest. The Kunlun Shan Reading Connection Who are the leaders in your and Tian Shan are mountain ranges on community? What gives them their power? Read to China’s western border. The Gobi, a vast, learn why some people in early China had more power cold, rocky desert, spreads east from the than others. mountains. These mountains and deserts shaped much of Chinese history. They were Little is known about how Chinese civi- like a wall around the Chinese, separating lization began. Archaeologists, however, them from most other peoples. have found pottery in the Huang He valley Over time, the Chinese people united to dating back thousands of years. These arti- form one kingdom. They called their home- facts show that the Huang He valley was land “the Middle Kingdom.” To them, it the first center of Chinese civilization. was the world’s center and its leading civi- Archaeologists think that people stayed in lization. The Chinese developed a way of the valley and farmed the land because of life that lasted into modern times. rich soil. As their numbers expanded, they Identify Name two rivers began building towns, and soon after, the important to early Chinese civilizations. first Chinese civilization began. China’s first rulers were probably part of the Xia (SYAH) dynasty. A dynasty (DY•nuh • Shang Empire stee) is a line of rulers who belong to the

0 400 mi. 120°E same family. Little is known about the Xia. We know more about the next dynasty, the 0 400 km N Lambert Azimuthal Shang. The Shang kings ruled from about Equal-Area projection WE

.) 1750 B.C.to 1045 B.C. R S

w 40° o N l

l

e Y Who Were the Shang? Archaeologists ( e H g .) n R Yellow have found huge walls, royal palaces, and a u ow Sea H Anyang ll e royal tombs from the time of the Shang. (Y ang e W Hu H ei He KEY These remains show that the Shang may .) R Shang empire, e have built the first Chinese cities. One of Ch tz c. 1750Ð1045 B.C. an g (Ya ng g J i an these cities was Anyang (AHN • YAHNG) in East China northern China. Anyang was China’s first 100°E Sea capital. From there, the Shang kings ruled the early Chinese people. 1. Location What rivers were found The people of the Shang dynasty were within the borders of the Shang divided into groups. The most powerful dynasty? group was the king and his family. The first 2. Location In what part of the Shang kingdom was Anyang Shang king ruled over a small area in north- found? ern China. His armies used chariots and bronze weapons to take over nearby areas.

278 CHAPTER 5 • Early China In time, the Shang kings ruled over most of the Huang He valley. Later, Shang kings chose warlords to govern the kingdom’s territories. Warlords are military leaders who command their Asian Art & Archaeology/CORBIS own armies. However, the king controlled The Role of Women even larger armies who defended the king- Zheng Zhenxiang was dom’s borders. The king’s armies helped China’s first female him stay in power. archaeologist. In 1976 she Under the king, the warlords and other found the tomb of Fu Hao, royal officials made up the upper class. China’s first female general. They were aristocrats (uh• RIHS• tuh• KRATS), In the tomb were more nobles whose wealth came from the land than 2,000 artifacts from they owned. Aristocrats passed their land the Shang dynasty, and their power from one generation to the including weapons, bronze next. vessels, jade objects, and In Shang China, a few people were Bronze bones with Chinese vessel traders and artisans. Most Chinese, how- characters carved on them. ever, were farmers. They worked the land Fu Hao, the wife of King Wu Ding, that belonged to the aristocrats. They grew was given a royal burial. She was grains, such as millet, wheat, and rice, and raised cattle, sheep, and chickens. A small famous for her strength, martial arts number of enslaved people captured in war skills, and military strategies. She also lived in Shang China. often helped her husband defeat their enemies on . Fu Hao Spirits and Ancestors People in Shang was the first female in China’s history China worshiped gods and spirits. Spirits to receive the highest military rank. were believed to live in mountains, rivers, Her tomb and its and seas. The people believed that they had artifacts reveal the to keep the gods and spirits happy by mak- grand civilization of ing offerings of food and other goods. They China’s Shang believed that the gods and spirits would be dynasty. During this angry if they were not treated well. Angry period, the Chinese gods and spirits might cause farmers to have developed writing, a a poor harvest or armies to lose a battle. calendar, and People also honored their ancestors, or musical instruments. departed family members. Offerings were made in the hope that ancestors would help Jade sculpture of a in times of need and bring good luck. To seated human figure this day, many Chinese still remember their Connecting to the Past ancestors by going to temples and burning 1. What was Fu Hao famous for during small paper copies of food and clothing. her life? These copies represent things that their 2. Describe what the artifacts found in departed relatives need in the afterlife. Fu Hao’s tomb might reveal about life during that time. Telling the Future Shang kings believed duty of Shang kings was to contact the that they received power and wisdom from gods, the spirits, and ancestors before mak- the gods, the spirits, and their ancestors. ing important decisions. Shang religion and government were The kings asked for the gods’ help by closely linked, just as they were in ancient using oracle (AWR • uh • kuhl) bones. They Mesopotamia and Egypt. An important had priests scratch questions on the bones, such as “Will I win the battle?” and “Will I recover from my illness?” Then the priests placed hot metal rods inside the bones, causing them to crack. They believed that the pattern of the cracks formed answers from the gods. The priests interpreted the answers and wrote them down for the kings. In this way, kings could make deci- sions that they believed were guided by the Chinese Writing gods and their ancestors. Scratches on ora- The Chinese writing system cle bones are the earliest known examples was created nearly 3,500 of Chinese writing. years ago during the Shang dynasty. The earliest The Chinese Language The scratches on examples of Chinese writing oracle bones show how today’s Chinese have been found on animal writing began. However, the modern bones. The carvings on these Chinese language is much more complex. bones show that Chinese Like many other ancient languages, writing has always used early Chinese writing used pictographs and symbols to represent words. ideographs. Pictographs (PIHK • tuh • GRAFS) Some of the carvings are are characters that stand for objects. For pictures. For example, the example, the Chinese characters for a verb to go was represented mountain, the sun, and the moon are pic- by a picture of a foot. The tographs. Ideographs (IH • dee • uh • GRAFS) characters were carved in are another kind of character used in vertical columns and read Chinese writing. They join two or more from top to bottom, like pictographs to represent an idea. For exam- modern Chinese writing. The ple, the ideograph for “east” relates to the writing on the bones recorded idea of the sun rising in the east. It is a com- the Shang kings’ questions bination of pictographs that show the sun about a wide range of coming up behind trees. topics—from the weather to Unlike Chinese, English and many other good fortune. Chinese writing languages have writing systems based on has changed in many ways, an alphabet. An alphabet uses characters but it still reflects its ancient Oracle that stand for sounds. The Chinese use roots in pictures and symbols. bone some characters to stand for sounds, but most characters still represent whole words.

280 CHAPTER 5 • Early China Bridgeman/Art Resource, NY WH6.6 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of China.

Shang Artists The people in Shang China The Zhou Dynasty developed many skills. Farmers produced silk, which weavers used to make colorful Chinese rulers claimed that the Mandate clothes. Artisans made vases and dishes of Heaven gave them the right to rule. from fine white clay. They also carved stat- Reading Connection Who gives you permission to ues from ivory and a green stone called jade. do the things you do? Your mother? Your teacher? Read The Shang are best known for their works to find out how the rulers of the Zhou dynasty turned of bronze. To make bronze objects, artisans to the heavens for permission to rule. made clay molds in several sections. Next, they carved detailed designs into the clay. During the rule of the Shang, a great gap Then, they fit the pieces of the mold tightly existed between the rich and the poor. together and poured in melted bronze. When Shang kings lived in luxury and began to the bronze cooled, the mold was removed. A treat people cruelly. As a result, they lost the beautifully decorated work of art remained. support of the people in their kingdom. In Shang bronze objects included sculp- 1045 B.C.an aristocrat named Wu Wang tures, vases, drinking cups, and containers (WOO WAHNG) led a rebellion against the called urns. The Shang used bronze urns to Shang. After defeating the Shang, Wu prepare and serve food for rituals honoring began a new dynasty called the Zhou (JOH). ancestors. The Zhou Government The Zhou dynasty Explain What was the role ruled for more than 800 years—longer than of Shang warlords? any other dynasty in Chinese history. Zhou kings ruled much like Shang rulers. The Zhou king was at the head of the govern- ment. Under him was a large bureaucracy (byu• RAH• kruh• see). A bureaucracy is made Buffalo-shaped up of appointed officials who are responsi- bronze vessel ble for different areas of government. Like from the the Shang rulers, the Zhou king was in Shang dynasty charge of defending the kingdom.

Bronze food container from the Shang dynasty

Bronze bowl These bronze bells are from and ladle from the Zhou dynasty. How long Zhou dynasty did the Zhou dynasty last?

CHAPTER 5 • Early China 281 (bl)file photo, (br)The Art Archive/Musee Cernuschi Paris/Dagli Orti, (others)Asian Art & Archaeology/CORBIS Zhou Empire order because of his talent and virtue. Therefore, he would rule the people with 120°E N goodness and wisdom. The Mandate of Heaven worked in W E 40°N S two ways. First, the people expected the .) R king to rule according to the proper w lo el “Way,” called the Dao (DOW). His duty (Y Yellow uang H e Sea H KEY was to keep the gods happy. A natural dis- W Luoyang ei He Xian Zhou empire, aster or a bad harvest was a sign that he .) R 1045-256 B.C. e 0 400 mi. Ch tz had failed in his duty. People then had the an g (Ya ng FPO g J i an 0 400 km East right to overthrow and replace the king. Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection China Sea The Mandate of Heaven also worked

100°E another way. It gave the people, as well as the king, important rights. For example, people 1. Location What body of water had the right to overthrow a dishonest or evil made up the eastern border of ruler. It also made clear that the king was not Zhou territory? 2. Human/Environment Interaction a god himself. Of course, each new dynasty Why did the Zhou divide their claimed it had the Mandate of Heaven. The kingdom into smaller territories? only way people could question the claim was by overthrowing the dynasty. The Zhou kings copied the Shang sys- New Tools and Trade For thousands of tem of dividing the kingdom into smaller years, Chinese farmers depended on rain to territories. The kings put aristocrats they water their crops. During the Zhou dynasty, trusted in charge of each territory. The posi- the Chinese developed irrigation and flood- tions the aristocrats held were hereditary. control systems. As a result, farmers could That meant that when an aristocrat died, grow more crops than ever before. his son or another relative would take over Improvements in farming tools also as ruler of the territory. helped farmers produce more crops. By The Chinese considered the king their 550 B.C., the Chinese were using iron plows. link between heaven and earth. His chief These sturdy plows broke up land that had duty was to carry out religious rituals. The been too hard to farm with wooden plows. Chinese believed these rituals strengthened As a result, the Chinese could plow more the link between them and the gods. This and produce more crops. Because more belief paved the way for a new idea that food could support more people, the popu- the Zhou kings introduced to government. lation increased. During the late Zhou They claimed that kings ruled China because dynasty, China’s population had expanded they had the Mandate of Heaven. to about 50 million people. What Was the Mandate of Heaven? According to Zhou rulers, a heavenly law gave the Zhou king the power to rule. This Web Activity Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com and (MAN DAYT), mandate • or formal order, was click on Chapter 5—Student Web Activity to called the Mandate of Heaven. Based on the learn more about ancient China. mandate, the king was chosen by heavenly

282 CHAPTER 5 • Early China Trade and manufacturing grew along with farming. An important trade item during the Zhou dynasty was silk. Pieces of This statue of a winged Chinese silk have been found dragon is from the Zhou throughout central Asia and as dynasty. From what metal did the Chinese far away as Greece. This sug- make plows and weapons gests that the Chinese traded far during the Zhou dynasty? and wide. The armies fought with swords, spears, and The Zhou Empire Falls Over time, the local crossbows. A crossbow uses a crank to pull rulers of the Zhou territories became pow- the string and shoots arrows with great force. erful. They stopped obeying the Zhou kings As the fighting went on, the Chinese and set up their own states. In 403 B.C. fight- invented the saddle and stirrup. These let ing broke out. For almost 200 years, the soldiers ride horses and use spears and states battled each other. Historians call this crossbows while riding. In 221 B.C.the ruler time the “Period of the Warring States.” of Qin (CHIHN), one of the warring states, Instead of nobles driving chariots, the used a large cavalry force to defeat the warring states used large armies of foot other states and set up a new dynasty. soldiers. To get enough soldiers, they issued Identify How did Zhou laws forcing peasants to serve in the army. kings defend their right to rule?

Study Central Need help learning about China’s first civilizations? Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central. What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. What is a dynasty? 5. Evaluate What were some Review the 2. What were oracle bones, and important technological how were they used? changes during the Zhou • China’s first civilizations formed dynasty, and how did they lead in river valleys. The Chinese were Critical Thinking to a larger population? isolated from other people 3. How did early CA HI3. by mountains and deserts. Chinese farmers use their natu- 6. Explain How did ancient • The rulers of the Shang dynasty ral environment to help them- Chinese kings maintain control CA CS3. controlled the area around the selves? of their dynasties? CA 6RC2.0 Huang He valley. 4. Summarizing Information • The Zhou dynasty replaced the Draw a diagram like the one 7. Monitoring The Shang and claimed to rule with below. Add details that describe Mandate of Heaven is dis- the Mandate of Heaven. During the members of Shang society. cussed on page 282. In writing, the Zhou dynasty, farming CA 6RC2.4 describe what words and defi- methods improved and trade nitions helped you to under- increased. stand what this term meant. Shang Society Then write a definition in your own words. CA 6RW1.4

CHAPTER 5 • Early China 283 file photo Life in Ancient China

Looking Back, Looking Ahead Content Vocabulary In Section 1, you learned about social class History the Chinese government under the filial piety Social Science Zhou dynasty. This section describes (FIH•lee•uhl PY•uh•tee) Standards what life was like during the Zhou Confucianism WH6.6 Students dynasty. (kuhn FYOO shuh NIH zuhm) analyze the geographic, • • • • political, economic, Daoism (DOW•IH•zuhm) religious, and social Focusing on the Legalism (LEE•guh•LIH•zuhm) structures of the early • Chinese society had three main civilizations of China. social classes: landowning aristocrats, Academic Vocabulary farmers, and merchants. (page 285) convince (kuhn•VIHNS) • Three Chinese philosophies— promote (pruh•MOHT) Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism—grew out of a need Reading Strategy for order. (page 287) Organizing Information Create a pyramid diagram like the one below Meeting People showing the social classes in ancient Confucius (kuhn•FYOO•shuhs) China from most powerful (top) to Laozi (LOWD•ZOO) least powerful (bottom). Hanfeizi (HAN•fay•DZOO)

600 B..C.. 400 B..C.2.200 B..C..

551 B.C. c. 300 B.C. c. 200 B.C. Confucius Laozi’s ideas of Daoism Hanfeizi is born become popular develops Legalism

284 CHAPTER 5 • Early China (l)Robert Frerck/Odyssey Productions, (c)ChinaStock, (r)Dennis Cox WH6.6 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of China.

Life in Ancient China China. They lived in large houses with tile roofs, courtyards, and gardens. Fine furni- Chinese society had three main social ture and silk hangings filled their rooms, and classes: landowning aristocrats, farmers, and their houses were surrounded by walls to merchants. keep out bandits. Reading Connection Have you heard the terms high The aristocratic families did not own society and working class? They describe social classes large estates for long. Each aristocrat divided in America. Read on to find out about social classes in his land among his sons. As a result, sons and early China. grandsons owned much less property than their fathers and grandfathers had owned. A social class includes individuals who Aristocrats relied on farmers to grow the share a similar position in society. Early crops that made them rich. About nine out of Chinese society had three main social classes: ten Chinese were farmers. They lived in sim- • landowning aristocrats ple houses inside village walls. The aristo- • peasant farmers crats owned the fields outside the village • merchants walls. In these fields, farmers in northern China grew wheat and a grain called millet. Classes in Chinese Society China’s aristo- In the south, where the climate was warmer cratic families owned large estates in early and wetter, they were able to grow rice.

Chinese Village Chinese farmers lived in small villages made up of several families. They farmed fields outside the village walls. How did farmers pay for the use of the land they farmed?

Since horses were more valuable as war animals, farmers used oxen and water buffalo to pull plows and carts.

Villagers built walls that surrounded and protected the town.

Foot-pedaled hammers were used to remove grain and rice from their stalks.

Peasants planted and cultivated rice plants in large flooded fields. To pay for the use of the land, the farmers What Was Life Like in a Chinese Family? gave part of their crop to the landowners. The family was the basic building block of Most farmers also owned a small piece of Chinese society. Because farming in ancient land where they grew food for their family. China required many workers, people had Atypical family ate fish, turnips, beans, big families to help them produce more and wheat or rice, and millet. The farmers had to become wealthier. Even the young children pay taxes and work one month each year of a family worked in the fields. Older sons building roads and helping on other big gov- raised their own crops and provided food ernment projects. In wartime, the farmers also served as soldiers. for their parents. Chinese families also took In Chinese society, farmers ranked above care of people in need—the aged, the merchants. The merchant social class young, and the sick. included shopkeepers, traders, and bankers. Chinese families practiced filial piety The merchants lived in towns and provided (FIH • lee • uhl PY • uh • tee). This meant that goods and services to the landowners. children had to respect their parents and Many merchants became quite rich, but older relatives. Family members placed the landowners and farmers still looked down needs and desires of the head of the family on them. Chinese leaders believed that gov- before their own. The head of the family ernment officials should not be concerned was the oldest male, usually the father. with money. As a result, merchants were not However, a son could take on this role, and allowed to have government jobs. then even his mother had to obey him.

Chinese Farming Farmers in ancient China had to find ways to grow enough food to feed their large population. It was often difficult because of the dry, mountainous land. Over centuries, farmers learned to cut terraces—flat areas, like a series of deep steps—into the mountain slopes. Terraces made more land available for farming and kept the soil from eroding, or wearing away. Early farmers also used the terraces as a way to irrigate their crops. As rain fell, it flowed down from one terrace to the Terrace farming in China

286 Lawrence Manning/CORBIS WH6.6.3 Know about the life of Confucius and the fundamental teachings of Confucianism and Daoism. WH6.6.4 Identify the political and cultural problems prevalent in the time of Confucius and how he sought to solve them.

Men and women had very different Chinese Thinkers roles in early China. Men were respected because they grew the crops. They went to Three Chinese philosophies—Confucianism, school, ran the government, and fought Daoism, and Legalism—grew out of a need for order. wars. The Chinese considered these jobs Reading Connection If people around you were more important than the work that arguing and fighting, what would you do? Read to learn women did. about early Chinese ideas for restoring order. Chinese women could not hold govern- ment posts. However, women in the royal court could influence government deci- As the Zhou kingdom weakened in the sions. Wives of rulers or women in the royal 500s B.C., violence became common. During family often convinced men in power to see the Period of the Warring States, rulers sent things their way. Although their role was armies to destroy enemy states. Whole vil- limited, women also had an important lages of men, women, and children were influence in the home. Most women raised beheaded. Many Chinese began looking for children and saw to their education. Many ways to restore order to society. women also managed the family finances. Between 500 B.C. and 200 B.C., Chinese thinkers developed three major theories (t)Seattle Museum of Art/Laurie Platt Winfrey, (b)Asian Art & Archaeology/CORBIS, (others)Christopher Liu/ChinaStock Art & (b)Asian Art/Laurie Platt Winfrey, (t)Seattle Museum of Explain Why did the about how to create a peaceful society. amount of land owned by each aristocrat These theories are called Confucianism, decrease over time? Daoism, and Legalism.

next, watering the crops. This method of farming, called terrace farming, is still used in China today. Hoe Farmers in ancient China were the first to use insects to protect their crops from damage by other insects. As early as A.D. 304, Chinese farmers used ants to prevent other insects from damaging their Plow blade citrus fruit trees. They also used frogs and birds for pest control.

The ancient Chinese used bronze and iron tools like these to farm their land and harvest crops.

Connecting to the Past 1. How did farmers in ancient China increase the amount of productive farmland? 2. What three farming methods helped farmers in ancient Head of a shovel China grow more food?

287 Abacuses were used by Chinese Numbering System the Chinese to solve math Chinese English Chinese English problems. These ancient cal- Number Number Number Number culators held stones on wooden pegs. The stones would be moved up and 0 7 down to add, subtract, multiply, and divide. 1 8 2 9 wives owed their husbands obedience. 3 10 Above all, rulers had to set good examples. 4 100 If a king ruled for the common good, his 5 1,000 subjects would respect him and society 6 10,000 would prosper. Confucius believed that if each person did his or her duty, society as a whole Examples: would do well. He also urged people to be (2 10) good and to seek knowledge: (2 100) (3 1,000) There are those who act without [(4 100) knowing; I will have none of this. (5 10) (6)] To hear a lot, choose the good, and follow it, to see a lot and learn to recognize it: this is next to knowledge. The Chinese system of numbering is based on units of 10. It uses characters to —Confucius, Analects represent 0 through 9 and the powers of 10 (10, 100, 1,000, and so forth). To Confucius, the best way to behave 1. How would you write the number 328 was similar to an idea known as the Golden using the Chinese numbering system? Rule: “Do unto others as you would have 2. Analyze What is the English number for ? others do unto you.” Confucius urged peo- ple to “measure the feelings of others by one’s own,” for “within the four seas all men are brothers.” Who Was Confucius? Confucius (kuhn • Confucius traveled through China trying FYOO • shuhs) was ancient China’s first great to persuade government leaders to follow thinker and teacher. He wanted to end the his ideas. Confucianism (kuhn• FYOO• shuh• problems in China and bring peace to society. NIH • zuhm) taught that all men with a talent Confucius believed that people needed for governing should take part in govern- to have a sense of duty. Duty meant that a ment. Of course, this idea was not popular person must put the needs of family and with aristocrats, and few leaders listened. community before his or her own needs. Over time, Confucius won many follow- Each person owed a duty to another per- ers who honored him as a great teacher. son. Parents owed their children love, and They wrote down his sayings and carried children owed their parents honor. his message. After Confucius died in 479 B.C., Husbands owed their wives support, and his sayings spread throughout China.

288 CHAPTER 5 • Early China Chen Yixin/ChinaStock WH6.6.3 Know about the life of Confucius and the fundamental teachings of Confucianism and . WH6.6.4 Identify the political and cultural problems prevalent in the time of Confucius and how he sought to solve them.

CONFUCIUS Confucius 551–479 B.C. Historians believe that the great thinker and teacher Confucius was born in the small state of Lu and named Kong Qui. His parents were poor, although his family had probably been wealthy at one time. One record says that Confucius was only three years old when his father died. His mother may have also died when he was young, because another record describes Confucius as an orphan. Even as a teenager, Confucius was a talented scholar with strong, fixed beliefs. He devoted himself to learning and mastered literature, history, music, and arithmetic. He served as an apprentice to a bookkeeper and a stable manager but really wanted to obtain a government position. When he was 19, Confucius married and soon had a son and a daughter. Confucius lived in a time when many people no longer held to traditional values and the government was struggling. Because he was concerned about these problems, Confucius took a government job to help improve society. He taught that the most important thing was for “What you do not want people to do their duty. In addition, he taught that people should honor their promises to others, use done to yourself, do not education to improve themselves, avoid extreme do to others.” actions or feelings, and avoid bad people. —Confucius Confucius also wanted everyone to return to the beliefs and rituals of their ancestors. Government officials in Lu were not interested in his ideas, so at age 30 Confucius left politics and began a teaching career. He devoted the rest of his life to improving society through learning and teaching. Confucius did not write down any of his ideas, but his followers put together a book Give an example of how the above quotation of his sayings called the Lun Yü (Analects). from Confucius might help society today.

289 Vanni/Art Resource, NY Chinese Philosophers Confucianism Daoism Legalism Founder Confucius Laozi Hanfeizi

Main Ideas People should put the People should give up Society needs a system needs of their family worldly desires in favor of harsh laws and and community first. of nature and the Dao. strict punishment. Influence Many Chinese today Daoism teaches the Legalists developed on Modern accept his idea of importance of nature laws that became an Life duty to family. His and encourages people important part of ideas helped open to treat nature with Chinese history. up government jobs respect and reverence. to people with talent.

Three philosophies developed in early China. 1. Which philosophy encourages followers to concentrate on duty and humanity? 2. Conclude Which of these philosophies do you think would be most popular in the world today? Explain.

What Is Daoism? Daoism (DOW• IH • zuhm) is another Chinese philosophy that promotes a peaceful society. Daoism (also called Taoism) is based on the teachings of Laozi (LOWD • ZOO). Laozi, or the Old Master, lived around the same time as Confucius. Scholars do not know if Laozi was a real person. However, the ideas credited to him became popular between 500 B.C. and 300 B.C. The ideas of Daoism are written in Dao De Jing (The Way of the Dao). Like Confucianism, Daoism tells people how to Some legends state that Laozi rode his water buffalo westward into a great desert and behave. Daoists believed that people disappeared after writing Dao De Jing. When should give up worldly desires. They did the ideas of Daoism become popular? should turn to nature and the Dao—the

290 CHAPTER 5 • Early China (tl)Robert Frerck/Odyssey Productions, (tc)ChinaStock, (tr)Dennis Cox, (b)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY force that guides all things. To show how to What Is Legalism? Athird group of follow the Dao, Daoists used examples thinkers disagreed with the idea that honor- from nature: able men in government could bring peace to society. Instead, they argued for a system of Higher good is like water: laws. People called their thinking Legalism the good in water benefits all, (LEE• guh• LIH • zuhm), or the “School of Law.” and does so without contention. A scholar named Hanfeizi (HAN • fay • It rests where people dislike to be, DZOO) developed the teachings of Legalism so it is close to the Way. during the 200s B.C.Unlike Confucius or Where it dwells becomes Laozi, Hanfeizi taught that humans were good ground; naturally evil. He believed that the govern- profound is the good in its heart, ment needed to issue harsh laws and stiff Benevolent the good it bestows. punishments to force them to do their duty. —Laozi, Tao Te Ching His followers believed that a strong ruler was needed to maintain order in society. In some ways, Daoism is the opposite of Many aristocrats liked Legalism because Confucianism. Confucius taught that peo- it favored force and power, and did not ple should work hard to improve the world. require rulers to show kindness or under- Daoism told people to give up their con- standing. Its ideas led to cruel laws and cerns about the world. It said they should punishments for Chinese farmers. seek inner peace and live in harmony with nature. Many Chinese followed both Explain Why did Hanfeizi Confucianism and Daoism. believe that people needed laws and punishments?

Study Central Need help understanding Chinese philosophies? Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

What Did You Learn? 1. Describe the concept of filial 4. Imagine that you Reading Summary piety. are a farmer in early China. Review the 2. Why did many aristocrats favor Write an essay describing how • Early Chinese society had three the philosophy of Legalism? your social class affects your main social classes: aristocrats, life. CA 6WS1.2 Critical Thinking farmers, and merchants. The 5. Writing Questions Suppose family was the basis of Chinese 3. Compare Draw a table to you could interview Confucius society. compare the three main classes about duty. Write five ques- of ancient Chinese society. tions you might ask him about • During a time of disorder, three CA 6WS1.3 new philosophies developed in the subject. CA HR1. China: Confucianism, Daoism, Chinese Society 6. Expository Writing Do you and Legalism. Aristocrats Farmers Merchants think Chinese philosophies could benefit our society today? Write an essay explain- ing your answer. CA 6WA2.2

CHAPTER 5 • Early China 291 WH6.6.3 Know about the life of Confucius and the fundamental teachings of Confucianism and Taoism. WH6.6.4 Identify the political and cultural problems prevalent in the time of Confucius and how he sought to solve them. Confucius: Solution to China’s Problems?

ever be hey should n the people. T ese with Yes B.C., Chin r violent. in the 500s arrogant o Beginning Many dif- arning and into chaos. hould love le ty descended ixing • Rulers s socie ideas for f nt wisdom. inkers had respect ancie ferent th f them was d virtuous lems. One o ld be wise an hina’s prob onfucius • Rulers shou ood C he ideas of C le will have g ucius. Were t that the peop Conf problems? so er to China’s les to follow. the answ best way to examp gave believed the e Confucius Confucius was for is some advic hinese society Here ore order to C oral rest eturn to the m to rulers: he people g classes to r ant goodness,t the rulin When rulers “If you,sir,w per- rlier times. e of the noble values of ea plained, good.The virtu ways, he ex will be the virtue of ve in moral oci- e wind,and beha r the rest of s son is like th he wind me models fo grass.When t they beco peak about ll people is like st annot just s sma he grass mu ty. Rulers c usly in er the grass,t e to act virtuo blows ov es. They need ld virtu rulers shou bend.” gula- . Specifically means of re their lives following ead them by adopt the “L among them keep order lues. tions and e people va t ments,and th ers should ac hrough punish e of • Rul t lack any sens e and vade them and with lov will e .Lead them ard self-respect] kindness tow shame [or order orce and keep people, as rough moral f y other th rites,and the in the them through expressed among e and will sense of sham Golden Rule. will have a t themselves.” ould fol- also correc se Religions • Rulers sh uoted in Chine tuals —as q low proper ri rop- and behave p aling erly when de Statue of Confucius

292 292 Daoist temple eved Still others beli restore the best way to ss strong order was to pa e people laws and mak force if obey them, by se ideas, necessary. The ism, were known as Legal ritings of based on the w the ideas Hanfeizi. Forget Hanfeizi, of the past, said ere differ- because times w r must be ent then. A rule . He must firm and pitiless d punish trust no one an sobeys or anyone who di . Emperor performs poorly Legalism. gdi believed in Qin Shihuan ople essly saying “Pe governed ruthl No the ideas He r, and few of one agreed with issive to powe Not every sm are subm trines of owers of Daoi fluenced by doc Confucius. Foll them can be in of having prob- hat society was eousness.” believed t ed liv- right eople had stopp lems because p y nature. The onl n harmony with ing i as the natu- l, they argued, w true mode iety. A ers of human soc ral order, not rul n explained: Daoist wise ma ns- the people are tra Document-Based Questions “I do nothing, and selves. 1. Do you think a Chinese peasant formed by them ple ty, and the peo would have supported I value tranquili lves. Confucius’s ideas of law and correct by themse become le become order? Would an aristocrat have tion, and the peop I take no ac felt the same way? Explain. themselves. prosperous by of CA HR5. , and the people I have no desires rved wood.” 2. Do you think it is possible to s become like unca themselve inese Religions govern a society by following —as quoted in Ch nature’s models? Why or why not? CA 6RC2.0 3. Do you think that the ideas put forth by Confucius would work well in today’s society? Write an essay defending your position. Make sure to use information from the text and examples from today to support your decision. CA 6WA2.5 293 The Qin and Han Dynasties

Looking Back, Looking Ahead Meeting People Each of China’s early dynasties Qin Shihuangdi (CHIHN SHEE• History was led by rulers who were very hwahng•dee) Social Science different. In this section, you will Liu Bang (lee•OO BAHNG) Standards see how the Qin and Han dynasties Han Wudi (HAHN WOO•DEE) WH6.6 Students differed because of their rulers. analyze the geographic, political, economic, Content Vocabulary religious, and social Focusing on the acupuncture (A•kyuh•PUHNGK• structures of the early • Qin Shihuangdi used harsh methods chuhr) civilizations of China. to unify and defend China. (page 295) • Developments during the Han dynasty Academic Vocabulary improved life for all Chinese. (page 298) currency (KUHR•uhn•SEE) civil (SIH•vuhl) • The Silk Road carried Chinese goods found as far as Greece and Rome. (page 300) secure (sih•KYUR) • Unrest in China helped Buddhism to spread. (page 303) Reading Strategy Determining Cause and Effect Locating Places Complete a diagram like the one Guangzhou (GWAHNG•JOH) below showing the effect of new Silk Road inventions on Chinese society. Luoyang (loo•WOH•YAHNG) Invention Effect

200 B..C.. A..D.1.1 A..D.200.200

202 B.C. c. A.D. 100 A.D. 190 Liu Bang founds Silk Road Rebel armies Changan Han dynasty established attack Han capital

294 CHAPTER 5 • Early China WH6.6.5 List the policies and achievements of the emperor Shi Huangdi in unifying northern China under the Qin Dynasty.

Emperor Qin Shihuangdi which means “the First Qin Emperor.” The Qin ruler made changes in China’s govern- Qin Shihuangdi used harsh methods to ment that would last for 2,000 years. unify and defend China. Reading Connection Imagine your city or state with- A Powerful Ruler Qin based his rule on out any roads. How would people get from one place to the ideas of Legalism. He had everyone another? Read to find out how a Chinese ruler used who opposed him punished or killed. roads and canals to unite China. Books opposing his views were publicly burned. Qin made the central government You have read about the problems in stronger than ever before. He appointed China from about 400 B.C.to 200 B.C. The government officials, called censors, to make rulers of powerful local states fought one sure government officials did their jobs. another and ignored the Zhou kings. One Second in power to the central govern- of these states was called Qin. Its ruler ment were provinces and counties. Under took over neighboring states one by one. Zhou kings, officials who ran these areas In 221 B.C.the Qin ruler declared himself passed on their posts to sons or relatives. Qin Shihuangdi (CHIHN SHEE• hwahng• dee), Under Qin, only he could fill these posts.

Qin and Han Empires 221 B.C.–A.D. 220

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KEY 1. Place Which geographical areas Qin empire Great Wall in Qin period did both empires include? Han empire 2. Location Which empire expanded Great Wall in Han period farther west?

CHAPTER 5 • Early China 295 Qin Shihuangdi unified China. He cre- ated one currency, or type of money, to be used throughout the empire. He also ordered the construction of roads and a huge canal. The canal connected the Chang Jiang in central China to what is today the city of Guangzhou (GWAHNG • JOH) in southern China. He used the canal to ship supplies to his troops in far-off territories. The Great Wall Northern China was bor- dered by the vast Gobi. Nomads, people who move from place to place with herds of animals, lived in the Gobi. The Chinese knew them as the Xiongnu (SYEHN•NOO). The Xiongnu were masters at fighting on horseback. They often attacked Chinese farms and villages. Several Chinese rulers in the north built walls to keep out the Xiongnu. Qin Shihuangdi forced farmers to leave their fields and work on connecting and strengthening the walls. The result was the Great Wall of China, built with stone, sand, and piled rubble. However, Qin did not build the wall that we know today. It was built 1,500 years later. Why Did People Rebel? Many Chinese viewed Qin Shihuangdi as a cruel leader. Aristocrats were angry because he reduced their power. Scholars hated him for burning their writings. Farmers hated him for forc- ing them to build roads and the Great Wall. Four years after the emperor died in 210 B.C., the people overthrew his dynasty. Civil war followed, and a new dynasty soon arose. Explain Why did Qin face little opposition during most of his reign?

This artwork shows the Great Wall many years after the reign of Qin Shihuangdi. Most of the wall built by Qin was made of stone and rubble, and was located north of the Great Wall we see today. Little remains of Qin’s wall. Who was the wall meant to keep out? WH6.6.5 List the policies and achievements of the emperor Shi Huangdi in unifying northern China under the Qin Dynasty.

QIN SHIHUANGDI c. 259–210 B.C. At the age 13, Ying Zheng became the leader of the Chinese state of Qin. The state was already very powerful because of Zheng’s father, the previous ruler. Its government and military were well organized. With the help of his generals, young Zheng defeated Qin’s six rival states. By 221 B.C., he had united all of the Chinese states under his rule. To mark a new beginning for China and to show his supremacy, Zheng gave himself the title Qin Shihuangdi—“The First Qin Emperor.” Qin Shihuangdi energetically went to work organizing his country. He divided the land into 36 districts, each with its own governor and a representative who reported directly to him. He made laws and taxes uniform Qin Shihuangdi throughout the country. He also standardized weights and measurements. Throughout China, the emperor had “I have brought order his achievements inscribed on stone tablets. to the mass of beings.” —Qin Shihuangdi

Qin Shihuangdi did strengthen and organize China, but many people disliked him because of his harsh laws and punishments. Many people also disliked how he spent lavish amounts of money to build palaces and a gigantic tomb for himself. He had an entire lifelike army—over 6,000 soldiers and horses—built of clay and placed in the tomb.

Part of the terra-cotta army found in Qin Shihuangdi’s tomb Why do you think modern historians disagree in their evaluation of Qin Shihuangdi’s leadership?

297 (t)ChinaStock, (b)Robert Harding Picture Library WH6.6.6 Detail the political contributions of the Han Dynasty to the development of the imperial bureaucratic state and the expansion of the empire.

The Han Dynasty Wudi wanted talented people to fill govern- ment posts, job seekers had to take long, Developments during the Han dynasty difficult tests to qualify for the bureaucracy. improved life for all Chinese. Those with the highest scores got the jobs. Reading Connection How much time do you spend In time, Wudi’s tests became the civil studying for tests? Find out why some Chinese people service examinations. This system for choos- spent years studying for one special test. ing Chinese officials was used for 2,000 years. The system was supposed to allow In 202 B.C. Liu Bang (lee• OO BAHNG) anyone with the right skills to get a govern- founded the Han dynasty. Liu Bang was a ment job. However, it actually favored the peasant who became a military leader and rich. Only wealthy families could afford to defeated his rivals. He declared himself educate their sons for the difficult exams. Han Gaozu—“Exalted Emperor of Han.” Students preparing for these tests Although Han Gaozu threw out the harsh learned law and history. More importantly policies of the Qin dynasty, he continued to they studied the teachings of Confucius, use censors and also divided the empire into which had become the official teachings provinces and counties. throughout the empire. Students began to memorize the works of Confucius at age What Was the Civil Service? The Han seven. After many years of schooling, the dynasty reached its peak under the leader- students took their civil service examina- ship of Han Wudi (HAHN WOO • DEE), tions. Only one in five passed. Those who which means “Martial Emperor of Han.” failed taught school, took jobs as assistants to He ruled from 141 B.C. to 87 B.C.Because officials, or were supported by their families. The Chinese Empire Grows Alarge bureaucracy was needed to rule the rap- idly growing empire. The population had grown from about 20 million under Han Gaozu to more than 60 million under Han Wudi. This happened in part because Chinese agriculture continued to thrive. Over time, however, problems began to develop. When farmers died, their land was divided among their sons. When their sons died, their land was again divided among their sons. Gradually, over several generations, the amount of land a family had to farm became smaller and smaller. By the middle of the Han dynasty, the average farmer owned only about one acre of land. With so little land, farm families could This painting shows students taking a civil service examination. Why did the civil service not raise enough to live. As a result, many system favor rich job seekers? sold their land to aristocrats and became

298 CHAPTER 5 • Early China Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris Papermaking Modern papermaking The Chinese were the first people to make paper. The oldest piece of paper found in China dates from the first century B.C.Papermakers soaked tree bark, hemp, and rags in water and pounded it into pulp. They lowered a bamboo screen into a vat of the pulp and then lifted it out. It held a thin sheet of pulp which dried into a single sheet of paper.

Papermaking today is a huge international industry. Most paper is made in paper mills by machines, but the basic process is the same. Instead of tree bark, rags, and hemp, most paper today is made from wood pulp. Why do you think some modern artists continue to make paper using pulp and a frame? A modern artist demonstrates an ancient way of making paper.

tenant farmers. Tenant farmers work on nomads to the north—China remained at land that is owned by someone else and peace for almost 150 years. pay their rent with crops. Eventually, aris- During this period of peace, new forms tocrats owned thousands of acres and of Chinese literature and art appeared. In became very wealthy, but the peasants literature, the Chinese emphasized the remained trapped in poverty. recording of history. Scholars and historians China’s empire grew in size as well as wrote new histories of current events and in population. Han armies added lands made copies of old literature. to the south and pushed Chinese borders During the Han dynasty, the focus of art westward. The Han dynasty also made also changed. In earlier periods, artists the country more secure. After Wudi’s mostly created religious works for the kings armies drove back the Xiongnu—the and nobles. Under the Han rulers, many

CHAPTER 5 • Early China 299 (l)Ontario Science Centre, (r)Dean Conger/CORBIS WH6.6.7 Cite the significance of the trans-Eurasian "silk roads" in the period of the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire and their locations. beautiful works of art were created for The Silk Road minor families. For example, some wall carvings in the tombs of such families fea- The Silk Road carried Chinese goods as ture scenes of everyday life and historical far as Greece and Rome. events. They also include highly decorated Reading Connection Many of the things we buy products made of the best quality silk. today are made in China. How do these goods get to the Although the idea of filial piety had United States? Read to learn how goods made in China existed in the Zhou dynasty, it became very long ago made it all the way to Europe. strong during the Han dynasty as the ideas of Confucius spread and became popular. Chinese merchants made a lot of money The stability of the government also helped by shipping expensive goods to other coun- to strengthen family ties. Although the new tries. Silk was the most valuable trade prod- scholar class had great influence over the uct. Some of it went by ship to Southeast government, the social classes in Chinese Asia. However, most went overland on the society remained the same, and daily life Silk Road. was very similar to what it had been before. What Was the Silk Road? Merchants from An Era of Inventions New inventions dur- China began traveling far westward when ing the Han dynasty helped Chinese work- the emperor Han Wudi sent out a general ers produce more goods and manufacture named Zhang Qian (JAHNG CHYEHN) to more products than ever. Millers used explore areas west of China. Zhang had been newly invented waterwheels to grind more sent on a mission to find allies for China grain, and miners used new iron drill bits to against its enemies, especially the Xiongnu mine more salt. Ironworkers invented steel. to the north. Paper, another Han invention, was used by After a journey of about 13 years, Zhang officials to keep government records. returned to China having failed to find allies Chinese medicine also improved under for China. However, Zhang had discovered the Han. Doctors discovered that certain a kingdom far to the west, perhaps in mod- foods prevented disease. They used herbs ern-day Kazakhstan, where there were to cure illnesses and eased pain by sticking horses of exceptional strength and size. thin needles into patients’ skin. This treat- Emperor Wudi was delighted to hear this ment is known as acupuncture (A • kyuh • because the cavalry of his enemies, the PUHNGK • chuhr). Xiongnu, gave them a great advantage over The Chinese also invented the rudder his army, which was mostly infantry. The and a new way to move the sails of ships. emperor encouraged trade to get these These changes allowed ships to sail into the horses so that his cavalry could defeat the wind for the first time. Chinese merchant Xiongnu. The result was the Silk Road, a ships could now travel to the islands of large network of trade routes stretching Southeast Asia and into the Indian Ocean. 4,000 miles (6,436 km) from western China to As a result, China established trade connec- southwest Asia. By the A.D. 100s, the various tions with people who lived as far away as portions of the route were completed. India and the Mediterranean Sea. Merchants used camels to carry their Identify Which inventions goods across deserts and mountains to cen- helped Chinese society during the Han dynasty? tral Asia. From there Arabs carried the goods

300 CHAPTER 5 • Early China Trading in the Ancient World

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S g e n a TIBET a Antioch T h Guangzhou To i C Europe g E r S u i CE p PI h s S Damascus ra R H te . PERSIA A s I Y ES M A IC A L P S R .

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KEY

ES IC Silk Road SP Cloves Grains Pearls 1. Movement What were some trade Other trade Copper Horns/Tusks Sandalwood goods produced by China? routes 2. Region What regions were near or Cotton cloth Leopard skins Semiprecious ES IC SP Black pepper along the route of the Silk Road? S S stones CE E PI IC S Frankincense/Myrrh SP Nutmeg ES IC SP Cardamom Silk Gold Oils ES IC SP Cinnamon S Teakwood E IC SP Ginger Papyrus

to the Mediterranean Sea. The trip over the carts to survive the entire journey. Most mer- Silk Road was extremely difficult, danger- chants traveled part of the journey and then ous, and quite expensive. sold their goods to someone else who trav- The Silk Road was broken up into eled another portion of the journey. Goods smaller segments, each traveled by different passed from one person to another until they merchants. This was because the terrain was went from China all the way to kingdoms so difficult and changed so much over the along the Mediterranean Sea. course of the Silk Road. There were high, Merchants had to pay taxes to many snowy mountains; vast deserts; and long kingdoms as they moved the goods east regions of rocky land, as well as rivers and and west. Each person who bought goods long plains to cross. It would have been then charged higher prices to the next per- extremely difficult for the same animals and son. For this reason, they carried mostly

CHAPTER 5 • Early China 301 (l)The Art Archive/National Palace Museum Taiwan, (others)The Art Archive/British Library Four Chinese Dynasties SHANG ZHOU QIN HAN

When 1750–1045 B.C. 1045–256 B.C. 221–206 B.C. 202 B.C.–A.D. 220 Important Numerous kings Leaders with large armies and control over the land; ruled from capital city of Anyang Wu Qin Shihuangdi Liu Bang Main Ideas and Developed social Longest-lasting Strengthened Population and Accomplishments classes that dynasty in central landmass grew included farmers, Chinese history; government; under Han; merchants, established created single opened China aristocrats, Mandate of monetary to trade and and royal family Heaven system commerce by building Silk Road

Influences on Influenced Chinese Developed Introduced use Created Chinese Culture religion and culture; irrigation and of censors to government’s created Chinese flood-control check on civil service written language systems to help government examination; farmers grow officials; Qin major inventions: more crops built the first steel, paper, Great Wall acupuncture, The four dynasties of early China were to keep out advanced sea separated by brief periods of unrest. invaders travel 1. Under which dynasty was a single monetary system put in place? 2. Evaluate Which dynasty do you think contributed the most to Chinese culture? Why? high-priced goods such as silk, spices, tea, Chinese to civilizations in Southeast Asia, and porcelain. In return, they earned great southern India, and Egypt. Both the sea and wealth. land trade routes led to an exchange of many different goods and ideas. The Impact of the Silk Road General Over the years merchants traded many Zhang also told the emperor of a mighty items in addition to silk. These included fruit, empire to the west with large cities full of vegetables, flowers, grains, and other prod- people “who cut their hair short, wear ucts. For example, China sent peaches and embroidered clothes, and ride in very small pears to India, while India sent cotton and chariots.” Zhang was describing the Roman spinach to China. In time, Chinese technolog- Empire. ical advances, such as paper, would also The trade begun by the Silk Road travel to other countries along the Silk Road. brought China into contact with many other civilizations. Some merchants trav- Conclude Why did merchants eled by sea. This sea trade linked the carry mostly expensive goods on the Silk Road?

302 CHAPTER 5 • Early China WH6.6.8 Describe the diffusion of Buddhism northward to China during the Han Dynasty.

Major Changes in China began grabbing more land and wealth. Dishonest officials and greedy aristocrats Unrest in China helped Buddhism to caused unrest among the farmers. spread. Wars, rebellions, and plots against the Reading Connection What do you do when you feel emperor put an end to the Han dynasty. frightened or unsafe? Read to find out how those feel- In A.D. 190 a rebel army attacked the Han ings triggered the spread of Buddhism from India to China. capital, Luoyang (loo• WOH • YAHNG). By A.D. 220, China had plunged into civil war. As you read in Chapter 4, Buddhism To make the situation worse, the northern began in India, but it soon spread to other nomads invaded the country. countries as well. Merchants and teachers The collapse of the government and from India brought Buddhism to China dur- the beginning of the civil war frightened ing the A.D. 100s. At first, only a few many Chinese. They felt unsafe. Buddhist merchants and scholars were interested ideas helped people cope with their stress in the new religion. In time, however, and fears. Even the followers of other reli- Buddhism became very popular. This was gions found Buddhism attractive. Followers due in part to the collapse of the Han dynasty. of Confucius and Daoists admired Buddhist The Han emperors after Wudi were concepts. By the 400s, Buddhism had weak and foolish. As a result, the central become popular in China. government lost respect and power. At the Identify What groups in same time, as you read earlier, the aristocrats China were the first to adopt Buddhism?

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What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. Why did Qin Shihuangdi have 5. How did Qin the Great Wall built? Shihuangdi make China’s soci- Review the ety more stable? CA HR3. • The short-lived Qin dynasty 2. What was the purpose of the helped to unify China. civil service examinations? 6. Expository Writing Pretend Critical Thinking you are Zhang Qian and have • During the Han dynasty, people visited modern-day America. began taking tests for govern- 3. Geography Skills What geo- Write a letter to the emperor ment jobs. New inventions, graphic features made using describing the United States. such as the waterwheel and the Silk Road difficult? CA 6WS1.0 paper, were created. CA CS3. 7. Economic • The Silk Road was an important 4. Cause and Effect Draw a dia- Analysis Merchants on the trade route that linked China to gram to show the causes of the Silk Road had to pay high taxes the West. Han dynasty’s fall. CA 6WS1.3 and pay for protection. Explain • As the Han dynasty lost power, why they used the Silk Road if many Chinese became followers Han the costs were so high. How of Buddhism. Dynasty did they overcome the high Falls costs? CA HI6.

CHAPTER 5 • Early China 303 WH6.6.3 Know about the life of Confucius and the fundamental teachings of Confucianism and Daoism.

Chinese Ideas About Leadership

In ancient China, emperors and local rulers wielded enormous Chinese power. As you have learned, the Chinese had many different ideas emperor about leadership. For some, leadership was about power and fame. Liu Bang For others, a strong leader needed to be wise and of good character. Read the following passages on pages 304 and 305, and study the picture and caption below.

Reader’s Dictionary

magnificence (mag•NIH•fuh•suhns): excessive (ihk•SEH•sihv): extreme wonderful appearance courteous (KUHR•tee•uhs): polite Traveling Companions

This set of bronze figures comes from the tomb of a Chinese official buried in the A.D. 100s. The entire procession included 17 soldiers, 28 attendants, 39 horses, and 14 carriages.

304 CHAPTER 5 • Early China Han Gaozu’s Palace Confucius on Leadership

The Chinese historian lived during Confucius believed that leaders had to be good the Han Dynasty. Qian recorded the following people to govern well. conversation between Gaozu, the first Han ruler, “If you showed a sincere desire to be good, and Gaozu’s chief minister, to illustrate why the your people would likewise be good. The emperor built large palaces. virtue of the prince is like the wind; the virtue Chief Minister was in charge of the of the people is like grass. It is the nature of construction of the Eternal Palace. . . . When grass to bend when the wind blows upon it.” Gaozu arrived and saw the magnificence of the buildings, he was outraged. “Warfare has —Confucius, as quoted in Simple Confucianism kept the empire in turmoil for years, and vic- “If leaders are courteous, their people will tory is not yet assured. What is the idea of not dare to be disrespectful. If leaders are just, building palaces on such an excessive scale?” people will not dare to be [ungovernable]. If “It is precisely because the fate of the leaders are trustworthy, people will not dare to empire is not yet settled,” Xiao He responded, be dishonest.” “that we need to build palaces and halls like —Confucius, Analeets these. The true Son of Heaven treats the four quarters as his family estate. If he does not dwell in magnificent quarters, he will have no Laozi’s Ideal Leader way to display his authority, nor will he estab- lish the foundation for his heirs to build on.” he Daoist philosopher Laozi also believed that a On hearing this, Gauzo’s anger turned into T leader had specific qualities. delight. The best of all rulers is but a shadowy presence —Patricia Buckley Ebrey, The Cambridge Illustrated to his subjects. History of China ...... Hesitant, he does not utter words lightly. When his task is accomplished and his work done The people all say, “It happened to us natu- rally.”

—Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching, D.C. Lau, trans.

Traveling Companions Laozi’s Ideal Leader 1. How important do you think an official who 4. What kind of leader is Laozi’s ideal leader? traveled with such a procession was? Explain. Read to Write Han Gaozu’s Palace 5. Imagine that you have been appointed a 2. Why did Gaozu at first object to the building regional governor during the Han dynasty. of the palaces? Do you agree with Xiao He’s Write a letter to your local officials explaining reasons for building the palace? Explain. your ideas of how a leader should act. Base your arguments on these sources. Explain why Confucius on Leadership and Religion you disagree with some sources and agree 3. Rewrite Confucius’s sayings in your own with others. CA HR4. CA 6WA2.5 words.

CHAPTER 5 • Early China 305 Standard WH6.6

Review Content Vocabulary 16. How did developments during the Han Match the words with the definitions below. dynasty affect the Chinese people? ___ 1. dynasty 17. What was the purpose of the Silk Road? ___ 2. aristocrat 18. What event helped to spread Buddhism? ___ 3. bureaucracy ___ 4. mandate Critical Thinking ___ 5. social class 19. Contrast How is the ancient Chinese ___ 6. filial piety writing system different from cuneiform ___ 7. acupuncture and hieroglyphic writing? CA 6RC2.2 ___ 8. Daoism 20. Describe How did Shang artisans create ___ 9. Confucianism bronze urns? CA 6RC2.0 a. right to command 21. Analyze How is Daoism the opposite of Confucianism in some ways? CA 6RC2.3 b. line of rulers in the same family c. upper class whose wealth is based on land Geography Skills d. The ideas of ___ included a duty to Study the map below and answer the follow- participate in government. ing questions. e. appointed government officials 22. Human/Environment Interaction Which dynasty controlled more land? CA CS3. f. head of family honored by other members g. treatment using thin needles 23. Location In what direction did the Qin dynasty expand farther? CA CS3. h. people with a similar position in society 24. Analyze How do you think the East i. The teachings of Laozi are the basis of ___. China Sea affected expansion? CA CS3. Review the Section 1 • China’s First Civilizations 10. What geographical features shaped China’s civilizations? Zhou & Qin Empires 11. Why did the Shang rulers become 0 400 mi. 0 400 mi. powerful? 0 400 km 0 400 km Lambert Azimuthal Lambert Azimuthal °N Equal-Area projection Equal-Area projection 40 12. Under which empire did the Mandate of 40°N Heaven begin? Anyang Section 2 • Life in Ancient China Anyang N Luoyang 13. What were the three main classes in Luoyang W E Chinese society? S 14. Identify three Chinese philosophies and N 120°E the reason they emerged. 120°E W E Section 3 • The Qin and Han Dynasties East 20°N S China 15. What methods did Qin Shihuangdi use to Sea defend China? KEY Zhou empire Qin empire 306 CHAPTER 5 • Early China Self-Check Quiz To help prepare for the Read to Write Chapter Test, visit ca.hss.glencoe.com 25. Narrative Writing Write a short story describing life in China during the Han dynasty. Describe how new poli- 31. Monitoring Read the para- cies and leaders changed the way people graph below. Make a list of the words to lived. CA 6WA2.1 help you understand Legalism. CA 6RW1.4 26. Using Your Choose one person [Hanfeizi] believed that the government that you included in your foldable. Write a needed to issue harsh laws and stiff pun- list of 10 questions that you would ask that ishments to force [people] to do their person in an interview. Exchange lists with duty. His followers believed that a strong a partner and play the role of the person ruler was needed to maintain order in being interviewed. CA HR1. society. Many aristocrats liked Legalism Using Academic Vocabulary because it favored force and power, and did not require rulers to show kindness or 27. Separate the words below into three cate- understanding. Its ideas lead to cruel laws gories: Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives. Keep and punishments for Chinese farmers. in mind that some of the words can be —from page 291 placed in more than one column. recover promote interpret currency link civil item found convince secure Select the best answer for each Linking Past and Present of the following questions. 28. Comparing The Chinese built the Great 32 A follower of Confucianism Wall to protect themselves. Research ways would that countries today protect themselves from enemies. What is similar and differ- A give up all concerns about the ent about today’s defenses? CA 6WA2.3 world. B live in harmony with nature. Building Citizenship C agree that humans are naturally 29. Plan a Debate With your class, plan and evil. participate in a three-way debate. Divide D put the needs of family and into three teams. One team will represent community first. the Legalists, one will represent followers of Confucius, and one will represent 33 In order to strengthen the Han Daoists. Begin the debate by asking the government, Han Wudi used question “Which philosophy is best for a ______to select the most tal- democratic society?” CA 6WA2.5 ented people for government Reviewing Skills jobs. A civil service exams 30. Using Time Lines Review B physical labor the material from this chapter. Create a time C private schools line of the dynasties in early China. Under each time line entry, list the important lead- D wealthy families ers and achievements. CA CS2.

CHAPTER 5 • Early China 307