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1877 Beberapa Catatan Tentang Gelidium

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1877 Beberapa Catatan Tentang Gelidium sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Oseana, Volume XXIV, Nomor 3, 1999 : 1 - 10 ISSN 0216- 1877 BEBERAPA CATATAN TENTANG GELIDIUM (RHODOPHYTA) oleh Nurul D.M. Sjafrie 1) ABSTRACT SOME NOTES ON GELIDIUM (RHODOPHYTA). Gelidium is one the red algae belong to Rhodophyta. They have been known as the best agar produce. They are usually growing in clean sea water with high salinity and water current. Some species can grow on muddy bottom. The life cycle of this algae are triphasic, i.e. : tetrasporophytes, gametophytes and carposporophytes. This paper will discuss the biology and development prospects of this algae. PENDAHULUAN obat-obatan, tekstil, dan sebagainya. Salah satu rumput laut yang dapat menghasilkan Penggalian sumberdaya alam sudah agar-agar adalah marga Gelidium. dilakukan sejak dulu, terutama pada Kandungan agar-agar dalam thallus sumberdaya yang ada di daratan. Untuk Gelidum sangat bervariasi menurut jenis dan sumberdaya laut pun usaha penggalian terus lokasi tumbuh. G. pussilum yang tumbuh di dilaksanakan, bahkan saat ini, telah diketahui perairan Veraval, India mempunyai kandungan adanya senyawa bioaktif yang berasal dari agar 22% (MAIRTH & RAO, 1978). organisme laut, misalnya dari sponge, karang Selanjutnya, kandungan agar pada G. lunak, teripang, rumput laut dan sebagainya. pristoides yang tumbuh di Port Alferd, Afrika Senyawa bioaktif tersebut ada yang bersifat Selatan adalah sebesar 30-48% berat kering antikanker, antibakteri dan lain-lain, sehingga (CARTER & ANDERSON, 1986). Gelidiium penggalian terus ditingkatkan. latifolium yang tumbuh di Roscoff (sebelah Telah diketahui pula bahwa hasil utara Britain), memiliki kandungan agar 26 - ekstraksi dari beberapa jenis rumput laut 42% kering (MOURADI-GIVERNAUD, et al. menghasilkan senyawa-senyawa berupa 1992). Sementara itu Gelidium yang tumbuh alginat, furcelaran, caulerpin, carragenan atau di perairan Sulawesi mempunyai kandungan agar-agar (SOEGIARTO et al., 1978). agar mencapai 30% (KADI & ATMADJA. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut umumnya 1988). digunakan dalam industri, misalnya agar-agar Di Indonesia rumput laut marga banyak digunakan dalam industri makanan, Gelidium, mempunyai nama daerah yang 1) Balai Peneiitian Lingkungan Laut, Puslitbang Oseanologi-LIPI, Jakarta. 1 Oseana, Volume XXIV no. 3, 1999 sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id berbeda-beda. Di Jawa Barat disebut kades, bervariasi antara 1 mm - 30 cm. G. pussilum, atau intip kembang karang. Di Bali disebut memiliki panjang thallus antara 1 - 2 mm bulung ayam atau bulung merak, sedangkan sedangkan G. robustum panjang thallusnya di Ambon disebut sayur laut (ATMADJA & antara 15 - 30 cm (DAWES, 1981). Trhallus SULISTIJO, 1988). tumbuhan membentuk rumpun dengan tipe Saat ini pemanfaatan Gelidium sebagai percabangan dichotomous atau menyirip bahan baku agar-agar masih tergantung pada dengan batang utama yang tegak. Bentuk thal- sediaan alami. Usaha pengembangan ke arah lus pipih dan bersifat cartilagenous. Thallus budidaya di lapangan masih belum dilakukan, berwarna coklat, hijau-coklat atau pirang. Or- karena belum ditemukan metoda yang cocok gan reproduksi berukuran mikroskopis (KADI untuk membudidayakan rumput laut tersebut. & ATMADJA, 1988), sistokarp biokular Bila pengambilan di alam dibiarkan terus (EDYVANE, 1991). sementara usaha ke arah budidaya tidak dilakukan, maka dikhawatirkan suatu saat SIFAT-SIFAT HIDUP keberadaan Gelidium di Indonesia akan mengalami kepunahan. Seperti tumbuhan hijau lainnya, untuk Informasi mengenai Gelidium dari tumbuh dan berkembang Gelidium berbagai aspek telah banyak dipublikasi oleh membutuhkan cahaya, dan nutrisi. Faktor- pakar asing, namun di Indonesia tulisan faktor lingkungan lain yang ikut menunjang tentang Gelidium masih terbatas pada tumbuh-kembangnya algae ini adalah suhu, sebarannya (ATMADJA & SULISTIJO, 1988) salinitas, substrat serta pergerakan air. Selain dan daur hidupnya (SJAFRIE, 1993). Dalam itu faktor biotik seperti kompetisi juga turut tulisan ini akan dikemukakan tentang sifat-sifat menentukan keberadaannya. hidup, daur hidup serta prospek pengembangan rumput laut marga Gelidium. Diharapkan A. Cahaya tulisan ini akan menambah wawasan kita untuk Cahaya merupakan salah satu faktor pengembangan serta pengelolaan rumput laut yang membatasi sebaran dari Gelidium. tersebut di masa mendatang. Beberapa pakar melaporkan bahwa Gelidium banyak didapati di daerah yang agak terlindung MORFOLOGI atau di daerah yang berintensitas cahaya rendah. Hal ini didukung oleh hasil dalam Gelidium termasuk salah satu anggota penelitian di dalam laboratorium memper- ordo Gelidiales, divisio Rhodophyta (algae lihatkan bahwa pertumbuhan Gelidium akan merah). Dalam Taksonomi, klasifikasi lebih baik di tempat yang berintensitas cahaya Gelidium menurut DAWES (1981) adalah rendah. Kecepatan fotosintesis dari G. sebagai berikut: caulacantheum lebih cepat pada intensitas cahaya 800 lilin daripada intensitas cahaya Divisio : Rhodophyta 2000 lilin. Sementara itu G. amansii akan Kelas : Floridophyceae mengalami kejenuhan pada intensitas cahaya Ordo : Gelidiales dibawah 5000 lux. (SANTELICES, 1988). Suku : Gelidiaceae Cahaya akan mempengaruhi warna dan Marga : Gelidium morfologi thallus Gelidium. Bleacing Geledium hidup di daerah intertidal dan (pemutihan) akan terjadi apabila tumbuhan subtidal, melekat pada substrat padat seperti berada pada intensitas cahaya yang tinggi. Di kayu, batu, karang mati. Panjang thallus daerah substropis bleacing umumnya terjadi 2 Oseana, Volume XXIV no. 3, 1999 sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id pada musim panas (AKATSUKA, 1986; laboratorium pada Photon Flux Density (PFD) SATELICES 1988). Diketahui bahwa proses 20 µmol/m2 detik masing-masing adalah perubahan warna pada thallus Gelidium antara sebesar 6.84 dan 0.369 mg/berat basah. lain disebabkan oleh berkurangny a kandungan Kemudian PFD dinaikkan menjadi 300 µmol/ phycobilin (phycocianin dan phycoerythrin). m2 detik, maka kandungan phycoerythrin dan Hal ini dibuktikan oleh hasil penelitian yang phycocianin menjadi 1.78 dan 0.086 mg/ berat telah dilakukan FREDRICKSEN & basah. Keadaan ini dapat diperbaiki dengan RUENESS (1989). Hasil penelitian mereka penambahan Nitrogen (AKATSUKA, 1986; menunjukkan bahwa kandungan pigmen FREDDRICSEN & RUENESS, 1989). Pada phycoerytrin dan phycocianin Gelidium gambar la dan lb. diperlihatkan kandungan latifolium yang diperlihara di dalam phycobilin dan chlorofil a pada keadaan yang cukup dan kekurangan Nitrogen. Gambar la. Total phycobiliprotein pada keadaan yang cukup dan kekurangan hidrogen Gambar lb. Phycoeritrin dan phycocanin pada keadaan yang cukup dan kekurangan nitrogen 3 Oseana, Volume XXIV no. 3, 1999 sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Hasil penelitian D'ANTONIO & fotosintesis akan terus meningkat sampai suhu GIBOR (1985) tentang pengaruh PFD 30 °C dan akan turun secara drastis pada suhu terhadap morfologi G. robustum yang berasal diatas 35 °C. Selanjutnya G. coulterii dari Santa Cruz, California menunjukkan mempunyai suhu optimum antara 25 °C dan bahwa tanaman yang diberi perlakuan PFD 35 °C, namun proses fotosintesis akan terjadi tinggi akan membentuk percabangan yang sangat lambat pada suhu antara 33 - 42 °C banyak namun ukuran thallusnya pendek- (SANTELICES, 1988). pendek. Sebaliknya, tanaman yang diberi Hasil penelitian MACLER & WEST perlakuan PFD rendah mempunyai ukuran (1987) memperlihatkan bahwa G. coulteri yang thallus yang panjang serta percabangan yang ada di Baja California dapat hidup pada kisaran relatif sedikit. Hasil lain yang diperoleh suhu antara 8 - 17 °C. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa tanaman yang diperlihara laboratorium menunjukkan bahwa jenis dengan periode penyinaran 16.8 terang:gelap tersebut tumbuh optimal pada kisaran suhu akan memiliki percabangan dan perakaran antara 20 - 27 °C. yang lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan tanaman yang diberi periode penyinaran 12 : C. Salinitas 12 terang:gelap. Kemampuan adaptasi Gelidium terhadap salinitas cukup bervariasi, tergantung B. Suhu dari masing-masing jenis. Misalnya G. Setiap makhluk hidup memiliki pussilum memiliki kisaran salinitas antara 26,3 toleransi yang berbeda terhadap suhu. - 31.36 permil. G. corneum dari Texas, dapat Umumnya suhu akan berpengaruh terhadap hidup pada salinitas minimum 13 permil proses-proses metabolisma tubuh. Pada dan salinitas maksimum 37 permil Gelidium, faktor suhu akan berpengaruh (SANTELICES, 1988). terhadap sebaran vertikal dari rumput laut ini. Di Indonesia Gelidium cenderung G. cartilageneum dan G. nudiform yang hidup hidup di daerah yang bersalinitas tinggi, pada kedalaman 13-14 meter dapat bertahan misalnya di Bali 33 permil, di Cilurah Banten hidup pada suhu di bawah 30 - 32°C, 34 permil dan di Seram Timur 34 permil sedangkan G. pussilum yang hidup di daerah (ATMADJA & SULISTIJO, 1988) dan belum upper intertidal tumbuh baik (optimal) pada pernah ada publikasi yang menyatakan bahwa suhu 20 °C. Selanjutnya G. rex yang hidup di ada Gelidium yang hidup pada salinitas rendah. daerah sub tidal tumbuh optimal pada suhu 15 °C (SANTELICES, 1988). D. Substrat Menurut CARTER (1985) suhu opti- Untuk hidup, masing-masing jenis mum bagi G. pristodes yang tumbuh di Port Gelidium membutuhkan substrat yang paling Alfred, Afrika Selatan adalah 15-23 °C. la cocok. Umumnya rumput laut ini lebih juga mengatakan bahwa pada suhu dibawah menyukai substrat yang berupa batu-batuan. 5 °C aktivitas fotosintesis akan terhambat, Namun kekecualian yang terjadi pada G. sementara itu untuk jenis-jenis Gelidium yang pussilum yang tumbuh di Australia Selatan hidup di perairan hangat, aktivitas fotosintesis
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