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Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds : with Reference to Some Pacific and Caribbean Species

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Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds : with Reference to Some Pacific and Caribbean Species TAXONOMY OF ECONOMIC SEAWEEDS With reference to some Pacific and Caribbean species lsabella A. Abbott and James N. Norris, Editors A Publication of the California Sea Grant College Program Report No. T-CSGCP-011 Preface James J. Sullivan ............................................................................................................................. Introduction lsabella A. Abbott .................................................................................................................................. ix Participants ........................................................................................................................................ xiii Abstract of Contents ................................................................................................................... xv Section I. Sargassum subgenus Bactroph ycus East Asiatic Species of Sargassum subgenus Bactrophycus J. Agardh (Sargassaceae, Fucales), with Keys to the Sections and Species C. K. Tseng, Tadao Yoshida, and Young Meng Chiang ..................................................... Sargassum sect. Ph yllocystae sect. nov., A New Section of Sargassum subgenus Bactroph ycus C. K Tseng ............................................................................................................................................ Section II. Pacific Gelidiales Pacific Species of Gelidium Lamouroux and Other Gelidiales (Rhodophyta), with Keys and Descriptions to the Common or Economically Important Species Bernabe' Santelices and Joan G. Stewart ................................................................................. Gelidium rex sp. nov. (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) from Central Chile Bernabe' Santelices and lsabella A. Abbott .......................................................................... Section Ill. Commercial Species of Eucheuma Eucheuma alvarezii sp. nov. (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) from Malaysia Maxwell S. Doty ..................................................................................................................................... Eucheuma Species (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) That Are Major Sources of Carrageenan Maxwell S. Doty and James N. Norris ......................................................................................... Observations on Eucheuma J. Agardh (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Gulf of California, Mexico James N. Norris ................ ..... ........................................................................................................ Section IV. Gracilaria Part 1. Keys, Lists and Distributions of the Common Economically lmportant Species The Red Alga Gracilaria Greville (Gracilariaceae, Gigartinales): Introduction lsabella A. Abbott, Young Meng Chiang, Suzanne Fredericq, James N. Nonis, Roy T. Tsuda, Xia Bangmei, and Hirotoshi Yamamoto ..................................................... Gracilaria Species from Both China and Japan: Key, List and Distribution of Common and Economically Important Species Xia Bangmei and Hirotoshi Yamamoto ....................................................................................... Gracilaria from China: Key, List and Distribution of the Species Xia Ban gmei ............................................................................................................................................ Gracilaria from Japan: Vegetative and Reproductive Keys and List of the Species Hirotoshi Yamamoto ............................................................................................................................ Gracilaria from Taiwan: Key, List and Distribution of the Species Young Meng Chiang ............................................................................................................................ Gracilaria from Hawaii: Key, List and Distribution of the Species lsabella A. Abbott ..................... ..................................................................................................... Gracilaria from the Philippines: List and Distribution of the Species lsabella A. Abbott .................................................................................................................................. Gracilaria from Micronesia: Key, List and Distribution of the Species Roy T. Tsuda ....................... .......................................................................................................... Gracilaria from the Gulf of California: Key, List and Distribution of the Common Species James N. Norris ................................................................................................................................... Gracilaria from California: Key, List and Distribution of the Species lsabella A. Abbott ................... ... ............................................. .. ................................................... Gracilaria and Polycavernosa from the Caribbean and Florida: Key and List of the Species of Economic Potential James N. Norris ..................................................................................................................................... Part 2: Taxonomic and Morphological Studies New Species of Gracilaria Grev. (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) from California and Hawaii lsabella A. Abbott ....................... .. ................................................................................................. Studies on Gracilaria Grev. (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Gulf of California, Mexico JamesN.Norris .................................................................................................................................. 123 Morphological Studies on Some Tropical Species of Gracilaria Grev. (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta): Taxonomic Concepts Based on Reproductive Morphology Suzanne Fredericq and James N. Norris .............................................................................. 137 Section V. The Red Algal Genus Polycavernosa The Genus Polycavernosa Chang et Xia (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta): A Comparison with Gracilaria Grev., and A Key to the Species Xia Bangmei and lsabella A Abbott ........................................................................................... 157 Section VI. Taxonomic Index ......................................................................................................... 163 James J. Sullivan Program Manager, California Sea Grant College Program Eight years ago the best known commercial seaweed in California, and perhaps in the United States, was the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. I like to think that the National Sea Grant College Program, and especially the California program, has made many more species of economically important seaweeds well known. However, the Sea Grant programs of the different coastal states have tended to specialize in species that abound in their territorial waters; few opportunities have arisen in which specialists could work together on common regional, let alone international, problems. When Roy Tsuda of the University of Guam suggested to me that the taxonomy of economically important tropical and subtropical algae was the single greatest obstacle in the progress of seaweed aquaculture and marine natural products chemistry in the Pacific, I asked lsabella Abbott of the University of Hawaii if she would convene a workshop on that subject. She and Roy strongly recommended that an international group of experts on a number of current commercial species meet in Guam. Taxonomy is the hidden, but important, foundation of the superstructure of aquaculture and mariculture, whether of mollusks, crustaceans, fish, or seaweeds-all groups of organisms on which California Sea Grant has supported research. The taxonomy of those animal species that are important to aquaculture is, with few exceptions, well known. But the species of seaweeds that are of commercial interest are not as well known, and the names attached to many of them are frequently so uncertain that the algae cannot be sold readily. For example, when sole is offered for sale, everyone expects to get a flat, bottom-dwelling fish; but when Gracilaria, a seaweed with much potential as an agar source, is offered for sale, the buyer doesn't know the species name or the quality of the colloid he is buying. This can be important. For example, of two Hawaiian species of Gracilaria, one provides three to four times better gel strength in the agar than does the other species. When I arrived in Guam to observe the workshop, I was amazed to find the participants working night and day in efforts to resolve specific problems in taxonomy. They were enthusiastic and voluble in their thanks for the opportunity to share their systematics problems and knowledge with others equally interested. They demonstrated that a workshop divided into four or five working groups of specialists had many pluses in its favor over a symposium or seminar format. In this particular meeting, it was heartwarming to see the concentration and intellectual exchanges among those whose first languages were English, Mandarin, Japanese, Spanish, and Belgian-and the results in this volume show the great headway they made. This kind of basic research can be easily shared with large numbers of persons who have had neither the training nor years of dedication that it takes to become a specialist. I feel certain that this volume will be one of the most heavily used of all of our publications. As program manager of the California Sea Grant College Program, I join the directors of Sea Grant programs in
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