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United States-Brazilian Naval Relations, 1893-1930 Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2017 Naval Diplomacy and the Making of an Unwritten Alliance: United States-Brazilian Naval Relations, 1893-1930 Karina Faria Garcia Esposito Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Esposito, Karina Faria Garcia, "Naval Diplomacy and the Making of an Unwritten Alliance: United States- Brazilian Naval Relations, 1893-1930" (2017). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 5552. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/5552 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Naval Diplomacy and the Making of an Unwritten Alliance: United States-Brazilian Naval Relations, 1893-1930 Karina Faria Garcia Esposito Dissertation submitted to the College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History James Siekmeier, Ph.D., Chair Melissa Bingmann, Ph.D. Joel Christenson, Ph.D. Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, Ph.D. Jason Phillips, Ph.D. Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia University 2017 Keywords: Brazil, Navy Revolt 1893-94, Navy Mission, Navy Commission, WWI, U.S. Navy Diplomacy Copyright 2017, Karina Faria Garcia Esposito Abstract Naval Diplomacy and the Making of an Unwritten Alliance: United States-Brazilian Naval Relations, 1893-1930 Karina Faria Garcia Esposito This dissertation explores U.S.-Brazilian relations through the prism of naval diplomacy between 1893 and 1930. Broadly, this dissertation explains the growth of U.S. naval involvement in Brazil, emphasizing the motives of Brazilian and American policymakers, and the role of naval officers in strengthening bilateral relations. This study begins by examining the Brazilian Navy Revolt of 1893-94, contextualizing it within the formative years of the Brazilian Republic, while discussing U.S. naval intervention in the conflict. It then explores U.S.-Brazilian naval relations in the early twentieth century, explaining the growing association between the two countries’ navies after the turn of the century. That collaboration culminated in cooperation during World War I, and with the establishment of an American Navy Commission to teach at the Brazilian Naval War College. Finally, this dissertation explores the dynamics of the U.S. Navy Mission in Brazil during the first formative years after its establishment in 1922. Introducing naval diplomacy to the historiography of U.S.-South American relations illuminates the origins of American influence in Brazil, including the crucial role of Brazilians in pursuing closer ties, as well as the development of a U.S. policy focused on reducing European influence, promoting regional security, and increasing U.S. commercial power in the region. Acknowledgments Writing a dissertation requires an enormous amount of discipline, but most importantly, it requires support from academic advisors, friends, and family. I started my doctoral journey in 2011, and looking back to all the challenges and accomplishments, I could not have endured six years of writing, teaching, researching, without the help of some amazing people I met along the way. I would like to thank Dr. James Siekmeier, the Chair of my Dissertation Committee. Dr. Siekmeier offered insightful comments on my writing throughout the entire process, while constantly sending me reading suggestions, and encouraging messages. I am very grateful to have had such a wonderful advisor. I would also like to thank Dr. Melissa Bingmann for her encouragement and involvement in my Public History field. Dr. Bingmann always kept us posted on conferences, job announcements, and useful workshops, which enhanced my experience and knowledge of the field. Dr. Elizabeth Fones-Wolf was consistently supportive for eleven years, and I want to express my gratitude to her as well. I met Dr. Fones-Wolf when I was starting my history journey, as a prospective Masters student. My undergraduate degree was in Biology, and Dr. Fones-Wolf’s supervision was critical in guiding my transition to history. Her History 153 course was also among the best courses I took at WVU, and I will be forever grateful for her patience, as I got accustomed to the demands of a graduate degree in history. Dr. Jason Phillips offered insightful comments and advice, and asked probing questions that were crucial to the completion of my dissertation. Reflecting on his query during the ensuring six years helped me focus on the task at hand, and kept my work grounded when iii the demands of going through hundreds of documents in both English and Portuguese, threatened to become overwhelming. I would also like to thank Dr. Joel Christenson. I met Joel and his wonderful wife Emily at WVU, and their friendship, and Joel’s professional guidance were central to the completion of this project. Joel was always available, and consistently provided subject matter expertise on naval history. I am grateful for his support, and Emily’s friendship. My gratitude also goes to Dr. Joseph Hodge, the Chair of the History Department, Dr. Jack Hammersmith, Dr. Kate Staples, Dr. Ken Fones-Wolf, Dr. Steve Zdatny, Dr. Shannon Frystak, Dr. Brian Luskey and Jenny Boulware. They have always been very encouraging throughout my years at WVU, offering professional support and helping me become a better teacher. I was also fortunate to receive encouragement and financial support from the Navy History and Heritage Command, WVU, and the WVU History Department. I am grateful for their generosity, and would like to express my appreciation for their support to this project. The foundations of historical research are the documents and materials located in archival collections, and I would like to express my gratitude to the archivists at the Navy Archive in Brazil who provided patient guidance in helping me locate the materials used in this study, as well as the archivists at the National Archives I in Washington, D.C., and National Archives II in College Park, Maryland. A special thank you to Mr. Mark Mollan (navy records) at the National Archives I. I would like to recognize and thank Martha May and Becky Warnke, who ensure that the WVU history office operates smoothly every day. Martha and Becky were iv tireless and unfailing in helping with administrative issues related to teaching, course work, travel, and program requirements for all eleven years I was at WVU. I will always fondly remember my graduate life at WVU. My friends Susan and Mark Lusk, Shannon and Bob Tinnell, Joe Rizzo, Richard Hulver, Trevor Wolf, Billy Feeney, Jinny Turman, David Goldberg, Emily Umble, Jen Miller, and Adam Zucconi. Since our move to Miami, we are blessed to have gotten to know Tim Schultz and Isadora Cipolletta. Each one of my friends helped me through this process in their own way, offering professional support, entertainment, and encouragement throughout the years. I am very lucky to have such wonderful friends and amazing scholars in my life. I would like to thank my sister Patricia, and my brothers Anderson and Zach. For many years, they have been a source of strength and encouragement for their little sister. Their own endurance has been an inspiration to me over the years. My brother-in-law Adam’s knowledge of political issues has always made for some great conversations when I visited my family. To my niece, Julia and my nephew Collin. I am such a proud aunt. They offered much-needed distraction and laughs when I visited them in Arizona and Chicago over the years. My brother-in-law, Michael has always been very supportive of my career and caring, and I am very thankful for his friendship over the years. My in-laws, Doug and Deb Esposito have always been so supportive. They never hesitated to tell me how proud they were of me. Their encouragement went a long way when I did not believe I would ever finish my dissertation. My sisters-in-law Shannan and Whitney are wonderful people, who always treated me with love and respect. I am v also thankful for Patricia Brachman, for her cheer and reassurance. I am grateful to be a part of such a beautiful, supportive family. My stepfather Rick offered me support and encouragement over the years. When I moved to the U.S. in 1998, with limited knowledge of English and the demands of College life, Rick was always patient, and drove me to school every day. I will always remember the ice cream runs and the baseball games he took me to, which provided much needed distraction. My deepest gratitude goes to my mom, Dulce Rittner. What my mom has done to support my dreams and education cannot be put into words. She worked and continues to work so hard to provide a bright and successful future to her kids and grandchildren, always so selflessly. I could not have pursued the path of a graduate education if it was not for my mom. Finally, to my brilliant, amazing husband, the best person I know. Josh has been my rock in so many ways. His own dedication to the history profession and discipline has been an inspiration to me. After working long hours, he would always patiently answer my questions about research and writing, and offer unconditional support throughout the entire process.
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