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Denominational Symbols in Hungarian Civic and Communal Heraldry Деноминациски Симболи Во Унгарска

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Denominational Symbols in Hungarian Civic and Communal Heraldry Деноминациски Симболи Во Унгарска ДЕНОМИНАЦИСКИ DENOMINATIONAL СИМБОЛИ ВО SYMBOLS IN HUNGARIAN УНГАРСКАТА МЕСНА И CIVIC AND COMMUNAL ОПШТИНСКА ХЕРАЛДИКА HERALDRY Шимон Павлас Szymon Pawlas Оддел за унгарски студии Department of Hungarian Studies Варшавски универзитет University of Warsaw https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3405-8855 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3405-8855 УДК 929.6:2-526.6(439) UDC 929.6:2-526.6(439) АПСТРАКТ ABSTRACT Статијата разработува како конкретни The paper discusses how particular христијански деноминации се претставе- Christian denominations are represented ни во грбовите на унгарските градови и in the coats of arms of Hungarian towns села. Меѓу анализираните хералдички and villages. Among the heraldic charges достигнувања има многу претстави на analyzed there are many depictions of ac- вистински црковни згради (или стан- tual churches (or standardized ones), but дардизирани), но исто така се користат и also other, more abstract symbols are in други апстрактни симболи (иако со ма- use (although with material prototypes), теријални прототипови). На пример, ед- for example a simple Latin or two-barred ноставен латински или двоен крст (пред- cross (items usually ascribed to Roman мети обично припишувани на римокатолиците), Catholics), an Eastern Orthodox cross (used источен православен крст (главно користен од mostly by Greek Catholics) and an octagram гркокатолиците) и октаграм познат како „ѕвезда- known as the „Calvin star“ or the „Star of Beth- та на Калвин“ или „Витлеемска ѕвезда“ (еден од lehem“ (one of the symbols of the Hungarian ХЕРАЛДИКА • HERALDRY симболите на Унгарската реформирана црква). Reformed Church). However, all these assign- Сепак, сите овие укажувања не се ексклузивни; ments are not exclusive; only the Luther rose само Лутеровата роза уникатно ги идентифику- uniquely identifies Lutherans in all instances. ва лутераните во сите случаи. Особено интересен A particularly interesting aspect of some of the аспект на некои од дискутираните амблеми е упо- emblems discussed is the use of hybrid (dimidi- требата на хибридни (преполовени) амблеми, ко- ated) charges representing two different denom- ишто претставуваат две различни деноминации inations at once. одеднаш. Keywords: municipal heraldry, civic herald- Клучни зборови: општинска хералдика, ре- ry, religious symbols, denominational symbols, лигиозни симболи, деноминациски симболи, Hungary, Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic, Lu- Унгарија, римокатоличка, грчкокатоличка, лу- theran, Reformed, Eastern Orthodox теранска, реформирана, источна православна. MACEDONIAN HERALD 12 25 JULY • 2019 На пописот од 2011 (KSH 2014а,15), 27,16% од In the 2011 census (KSH 2014а,15), 27.16% населението на Унгарија одбило да даде одговор of the population of Hungary refused to answer на прашањето за верската определба, а 18,18% the question of religious affiliation, and 18.18% од населението се изјасниле како нерелигиозни, declared themselves irreligious. Roman Catho- додека: римокатолици (38,96%), реформирани lics (38.96%), Reformed Protestants (aka Cal- протестанти (односно калвинисти, 11,61%), луте- vinists, 11.61%), Lutherans (2.16%), and Greek рани (2,16%) и гркокатолици (1,80%) се појавиле Catholics (1.80%) were the four most numerous како четирите најбројни демноминации. Остана- religious groups. The remaining 1.94% of the тите 1,94% од населението припаѓале на други population belonged to other denominations, in- верски групи, вклучувајќи унитаријанци (0,07%), cluding Unitarians (0.07%), Jews (0.11%), and Евреи (0,11%) и различни национални јурисдик- different national jurisdictions of the Eastern Or- ции на Православната црква (0,14%). thodox Church (0.14%). Оваа верска разновидност е пресликана и во This religious diversity is reflected in some некои примери на унгарската месна хералди- examples of Hungarian territorial ка. 3083 од 3155 унгарски села (község или heraldry. Out of 3,155 Hungarian nagyközség) и градови (város) (KSH 2016) villages (község or nagyközség), (97, 72%) имаат грбови. Најстариот унгар- towns, or cities (város) 3,083 ски територијален грб потекнува од 13 век (97.72%) have a coat of arms (Bertényi 1983, 94), додека пак традицијата, (KSH 2016). The oldest Hun- унгарските села да користат печат со нивен garian civic arms come from the симбол, започнала во 14 век (Bertényi 1983, 13th century (Bertényi 1983, 94), ХЕРАЛДИКА • HERALDRY 100). Законот којшто бил донесен во 1990 го- while the practice of Hungarian дина (MK 1990,1637 – 1664) им дал можност villages using seals with their на телата на локалната самоуправа (урбани и own symbols started in the 14th рурални) да создаваат и да користат нивни сим- century (Bertényi 1983, 100). A law passed in боли (önkormányzati jelképek), а друг закон (MK 1990 (MK 1990, 1637–1664) entitled local gov- 2011, 41084 – 41094), донесен во 2011, ги обврзал ernment bodies (both urban and rural) to create да се консултираат за нов грб (или промени на по- and use their symbols (önkormányzati jelképek), стоечките) со Националниот хералдички комитет and another law, passed in 2011 (MK 2011, (Nemzeti Címer Bizottság), што бил основан 5 годи- 41084–41094), obliged them to consult on new ни подоцна, во 2016 (MK 2016, 6308). coats of arms (or alternations to existing ones) Сите унгарски месни грбови се прикажани на with the National Heraldic Committee (Nemze- интернет-страницата www.magyarcimerek.hu со ti Címer Bizottság), which was established only графички приказ и текстуален опис. Во голем број five years later (MK 2016, 6308). случаи, „блазоните“ се придружени со објасну- All Hungarian local coats of arms are shown вања коишто ги разгледуваат значењата на одре- on the website www.magyarcimerek.hu as both дени елементи и слично. Релативно често станува graphic files and verbal descriptions. In many збор за објаснувања што се однесуваат за верски- cases, the “blazons” are accompanied by expla- от состав на одреденото место. Понекогаш тие nations discussing the meanings of particular се јасно анахрони, но ги земаме предвид таквите charges, etc. These explanations often refer to интерпретации бидејќи претпоставуваме дека таа the denominational composition of a particular симболика никогаш не е зададена еднаш и за се- locality. Sometimes they are clearly anachronis- когаш и дека наследните генерации може да ги tic, but I do take such over-interpretations into протолкуваат нивните симболи на начин којшто е consideration because I assume that symbolism значаен за нив. is never given once and for all and that succes- Во случај кога нема споменување на која било sive generations may reinterpret their symbols in верска симболика во објаснувањето, но дадениот a way that is meaningful to them. грб вклучува симболи коишто вообичаено се сме- In cases when there is no mention of any de- МАКЕДОНСКИ ХЕРАЛД 12 26 ЈУЛИ • 2019 таат за верски, се осврнуваме кон проценување nominational symbolism in the explanation but на нивното можно значење со помош на статис- a coat of arms includes symbols that are usual- тичките податоци во однос на верскиот состав на ly considered denominational, when evaluating дадениот град или село (OGyK, n.d.) и информа- their possible meaning I resort to the statistical циите за светите објекти што се издигнати таму data concerning religious composition of a given (Gyömrő-Molnár 1996 – 2019). town or village (OGyK, n.d.) and to the infor- Собраните материјали се анализирани во mation about the sacral buildings erected there поглавја што се совпаѓаат со верска група, а (Gyömrő-Molnár 1996–2019). поглавјата се поделени на секции, коишто се пос- The collected material is analyzed in chapters ветени на одредени симболи што се вообичаено corresponding to particular denominations, and поврзани со овие деноминации. На крајот на се- the chapters are divided into sections devoted која секција, исто така споменуваме вообичаени to particular symbols that are usually associated употреби на овие симболи, бидејќи во голем број with these denominations. I also mention unusu- случаи, на истиот симбол може да му се зададат al uses of particular symbols, for in many cases различни значења на различни грбови. Во крајно- the same symbol may have different meanings in то поглавје опишуваме грбови каде што единстве- different coats of arms. In the last chapter, I de- ната деноминациска информација што е достапна scribe the coats of arms where the only denomi- е за сите верски групи, присутни во даденото ме- national information provided concerns the mere сто или каде еден хералдички елемент (крст, ѕвез- number of religious groups present in a given да, црква, итн.) е опишан дека ги претставува сите locality, or where one charge (a cross, a star, a (наброени) деноминации унитаријанци коишто се church, etc.) is described as standing for all the активи во регионот. (enumerated) denominations active in the area. Ги земаме предвид сите релевантни симболи, I take into account all relevant symbols, re- без разлика дали тие се поставени внатре или над- gardless of whether they are placed inside or out- вор од штитот. side the shield. 1. РИМОКАТОЛИЧКА ЦРКВА 1. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH Најголемата верска група којашто е активна The largest religious group active in Hungary во Унгарија е претставена на неколку стотици is represented on several hundred coats of arms, грбови, но поради голем број причини, тешко е but due to many reasons it is hard to unequiv- ХЕРАЛДИКА • HERALDRY недвосмислено да се посочи нивниот број. Во ocally specify their number. In many cases a голем број случаи, „католички“ елемент (крст, “Catholic” charge (a cross, a crosier, a mitre, жезло, митра,
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