Accessing Literature on the Baha'i Faith: Emerging Search Technologies

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Accessing Literature on the Baha'i Faith: Emerging Search Technologies Accessing Literature on the Baha'i Faith: Emerging Search Technologies GRAHAM HASSALL Abstract This article surveys some current search technologies that can be used to find documentation on the Baha'f religion. The capacity to search and retrieve docu­ ments has increased at a phenomenal pace in the past three decades. Search tech­ nologies have multiplied and become more both_ effective and more accessible. Emphasis has shifted from seeking information toward making the best use of the information found. Deeper access to information has expanded the range of research questions that we may dare to ask Resume eet article aborde des technologies de recherche courantes pouvant servir a trou­ ver de l'information sur la religion baha.'fe. Depuis trente ans, la capacite de chercher et d' extraire des documents a connu une croissance phenomenale. Les technologies de recherche se sont multipliees et sont maintenant plus efficaces et plus accessibles. L'accent est aujourd'hui mis sur l'exploitation efficiente de l'in­ formation recueillie plutot que sur la recherche de l'information comme telle. Un acces plus exhaustif a l'information a aussi permis d'elargir la gamme des ques­ tions de recherche qu'il est possible de poser. Resumen Este artfculo estudia algunas tecnologias actuales de busqueda que pueden ser utilizadas para encontrar documentaci6n acerca de la religi6n Baha'i. La capaci­ dad de buscar y recuperar documentos ha incrementado a un paso fenomenal en las ultimas tres decadas. Tecnologias de busqueda han muItiplicado y han llegado 35 36 The Journal qfBaha'i Studies 20. 1/4.2010 Accessing Literature on the Bah6.'i Faith 37 a ser mas efectivas y accesibles. El enfasis se ha desplazado de buscar informaci6n researchers to communicate back and forth. By combining these Sources a darle el mejor usc a la informaci6n encontrada. Un acceso mas profunda a infor­ the researcher may learn not only of such traditional sources of scholarly macion ha expandido el alcance de preguntas de investigaci6n que nos atrevemos information as books and academic papers, but also of such other Sources a hacer. as news services and newspaper articles. Judicial and other official records such as those ofthe United Nations Organization are also becoming avail­ able, as are booklists supplied by booksellers. Search at the online book­ Access to literature relating to the Baha'i religion and its emerging glob­ store Amazon.com, for example, yielded 264 "Baha'i" hits in March 1999, al community has expanded phenomenally with the advent of new com­ 304 the following October, 1,681 in April 2007, and 3,528 in January 2012. munications technologies. Scholarly literature is appearing in academic The REDEX CD-ROM from Newsbank titled Index to UN Documents presses, in Baha'i-sponsored Or affiliated presses, in the media, and on the searched in March 1999 yielded 209 references to "Baha'i," while more Internet.' Significant references to the Faith appear in the literature of recently, in July 2010, the United Nations Bibliographic Information religious studies and the social sciences generally, as well as in current System (unbisnet.org) contained 253 titles matching "Baha'i." A search in affairs literature. However, there is also is an increasing volume of schol­ the EBSCO database, in the World Magazine Bank file, yielded 107 refer­ arship published on the World Wide Web (WWW) only,' and systematic ences. It is clear from these sample searches that Baha'i content available posting of essays on the Web is now widely regarded as "publication." online is multiplying at an exponential rate. Consider, for instance, Moojan Momen's commentary ''A Change of Computer technology makes it possible to search a database such as Culture," published on H-Bahai on 15 February 2003.' Although merely FirstSearch and learn that author D. C. Lewis referred to the Baha'is of posted to a scholarly discussion group, such articles are a contribution to Tartarstan in an article that appeared in the journal Central Asian Survey knowledge and are more than passing discussion. in 1997: or to find in America: History and Lifo a reference to an article in There are also innovative uses of technology by which collaborative or the Armenian Review quoting "newly discovered English-Language mate­ collective authorship takes precedence over individual authorship. These rials" of Dr. Reuben Darbinian of Boston, which "fpJresents the conclud­ sites are known as "wikis," which have come to be called "crowd-sourced" ing extract from the daily journals of Dr. Reuben Darbinian, the editor­ sites because they use the efforts, and aggregate the intelligence, of large in-chief of the Harenik publications of Boston; the entries from November groups of people. The Wikipedia (the "free encyclopedia") at http:/ / en. 1931 through April 1932 cover daily life and thoughts on Baha'i and for­ wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page has an expanding number of Baha'i arti­ eign relations."5 cles, and the Bahaikipedia, which commenced in March 2007 (http:/ / This search capacity is quite extraordinary, even if already taken for bahaikipedia.org/Main_Page), is similarly expanding in content and num­ granted by a younger generation of scholars. In an earlier period, "publi­ ber of participants. Collins suggests the terms "fluid," "collaborative," or cation" referred to the physical printing of "hard-copy" books, newspa­ "social-networked" to distinguish this type of knowledge from the more pers, pamphlets, magazines, theses, official reports, and academic jour­ traditional and carefully crafted "expert" knowledge. nals. This printed literature was accessed by browsing through collec­ The rapid emergence of electronic information services is revolutioniz­ tions in libraries and bookstores, card catalogs, printed indexes, and ing access to information on the Baha'i Faith. Electronic sources range archives. Information deemed useful by a researcher was then either from websites that are freely accessible, to journal databases and full-text copied out by hand or photocopied page by page. In some cases, access to books available only by subscription, to discussion groups that allow such institutions was limited by membership, such as being a student or 38 The Journal ifBaha'i Studies 20. 1/4. 2010 Accessing Literature on the Baha'i Faith 39 faculty member of a university, or by being recognized as a legitimate will not be identified by search engines. Note, for instance, Frank Lewis's researcher by an institutional archive. The most open form of search and study of Rumi, Andy Knight's studies on the United Nations system and retrieval in this phase was through purchase of materials for one's per­ international order, Danesh Sarooshi's works on international law, Bill sonal collection, or through visiting a public library.' Of course, in the Huitt's encyclopedia entry on "moral education," and so on.' context of such limited access, researchers had minimal access to official records of governments or other agencies. Search projects from this peri­ SEARCH - od include E. G. Browne's Materials for the Study rif the BaM Religion and Momen's survey of contemporary Western accounts of th~ Babi and It is now possible to keep track of references in print media through e­ Baha'i religions. The premier bibliography of the period is Collins's Tracker, Lexis-Nexis, Westlaw, and so on, and in discussion groups (for Bibliography rifEnglish-Language Works on the BaM and Baha'i Faiths. example, through Dejanews). Full-text retrieval of articles is available In a second phase of access, catalogs were computerized and made avail­ through such subscription services as Expanded Academic and such elec­ able at site-specific locations, particularly institutional and academic tronic libraries as Questia. It is possible to monitor closely the activities of libraries. Access to full-text documents shifted from such technologies as the Baha'i International Community in the various agencies of the United microfiche to digitized images. The rapid emergence of general access to Nations Organization, and it is possible to track the work of Baha'i insti­ the Internet then made possible not only the online interrogation of com­ tutions, whether schools and institutes, individual scholars, scholarship puterized catalogs, but also the retrieval of full-text articles whether in portals (for example, Baha'i Faith Index, Baha'i Library), or Associations "read-only" or Optical Character Recognition (OCR) format. The signifi­ for Baha'i Studies. In sum, the search capacities currently unfolding pres­ cance of OCR technology is that a researcher can now bypass manually ent exciting opportunities for bringing together extremely diverse and constructed catalogs and indexes, and seek any string (that is, sequence of seemingly esoteric but potentially crucial and invaluable information in letters and symbols) imaginable, across a range of platforms (that is, soft­ the service of scholarship. ware programs that provide an interface between digital text and the Electronic sources are being expanded and supplemented both forwards reader-such as HTML, Adobe's PDF, or Microsoft Word). and backwards in time (see, for instance, the JSTOR [Journal Storage] The practical effect of this technological advance is that the researcher project. This means that older publications are gradually becoming may now find obscure (or not so obscure) references of interest that have indexed. Commonly used web browsers remain Internet Explorer and evaded previous detection (at this stage we are setting aside the issue of Firefox; however, regardless of choice of browser, the researcher should "quality" in search results; a discussion of quality versus quantity of search customize with add-ons, commencing with the Google toolbar, and if results will follow). A large number of "Baha'i" references are in one sense using Firefox, selected journal search add-ons available at http:! I small and inconsequential.' Yet even the smallest inclusion of a reference mycroft.mozdev.orgl download.html.
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