DOCSLIB.ORG

Papua New Guinea Vision 2050

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Papua New Guinea Vision 2050 i THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA PAPUA NEW GUINEA VISION 2050 National Strategic Plan Taskforce “WE LEADERS AND PEOPLE MUST KNOW WHERE WE WANT TO GO BEFORE WE CAN DECIDE HOW WE SHOULD GET THERE. BEFORE A DRIVER STARTS A MOTOR CAR, HE SHOULD FIRST DECIDE ON HIS DESTINATION. OTHERWISE HIS DRIVING WILL BE WITHOUT PURPOSE, AND HE WILL ACHIEVE NOTHING. WE PAPUA NEW GUINEANS ARE NOW IN THE DRIVING SEAT. THE ROAD WHICH WE SHOULD FOLLOW OUGHT TO BE MARKED OUT SO THAT ALL WILL KNOW THE WAY AHEAD.” (Constitutional Planning Committee (CPC) Report, 1974, Chapter 2, Section 4) ii ii CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... v THE NEXT GENERATION OF NATION BUILDERS ......................................................................................... x VISION 2050: OUR PEOPLE’S VISION ....................................................................................................... xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... xiv DIRECTIONAL AND ENABLING STATEMENTS ............................................................................................. 1 Directional Statement ........................................................................................................................... 1 Pillars for the Vision .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.17 Human Development, Gender, Youth and People Empowerment .............................................. 5 1.18 Public Investment Budget Strategy.......................................................................................... 11 Enabling Statement: Ensuring a Systemic Change ............................................................................... 12 1.19 Leadership .............................................................................................................................. 12 1.20 Human Resources ................................................................................................................... 12 1.21 Legislation .............................................................................................................................. 12 1.22 Finance ................................................................................................................................... 13 1.23 Infrastructure ......................................................................................................................... 13 1.24 Service Delivery Mechanism ................................................................................................... 13 1.25 Citizen Participation ................................................................................................................ 14 1.26 Monitoring and Accountability ................................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER ONE: WHY A 40-YEAR VISION 2050? ........................................................................................ 15 Brief Facts about Papua New Guinea ................................................................................................... 15 A Brief History of Development Planning ............................................................................................. 15 Socioeconomic Development Experience ............................................................................................ 16 22. Summary ................................................................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER TWO: CURRENT SCENE AND FUTURE SCENARIOS .................................................................... 20 3. Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 29 CHAPTER THREE: VISION 2050 ................................................................................................................ 30 4 Our Vision and Mission................................................................................................................ 30 5. Our Mission Statement ............................................................................................................... 31 22. Summary ................................................................................................................................ 54 iii CHAPTER FOUR: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR VISION 2050 ........................................................... 55 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 55 2. National Ownership and Commitment ........................................................................................ 55 3. Partnership ................................................................................................................................. 55 4. Operational Strategy ................................................................................................................... 56 5. Information and Communication Strategy ................................................................................... 56 6. Monitoring Evaluation and Review .............................................................................................. 56 7. Summary .................................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER FIVE: THE FUTURE .................................................................................................................... 58 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 58 7. Summary .................................................................................................................................... 59 References .............................................................................................................................................. 60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 63 iv Boxes, Figures, and Tables Box 1.1 Papua New Guinea in Brie ..................................................................................................... 15 Figure 2.1 Real GDP Growth Scenarios, 2010-2020 ............................................................................. 27 Table 2.1 Four-Pronged Projected Economic Scenario, 2010-2050 ..................................................... 28 Table 2.2 Strategic Target Goals for Vision, 2050 ............................................................................... 28 Figure 3.1 The Seven Strategic Focus Areas of Vision 2050 ................................................................. 27 Table 3.1 Strategies for Strategic Focus Area One: Human Capital Development, Gender, Youth and People Empowerment. ................................................................................................................................. 36 Table 3.2 Strategies for Strategic Focus Area Two: Wealth Creation .................................... 37 Table 3.3 Strategies for Strategic Focus Area Three: Institutional Development and Service Delivery . 39 Table 3.4 Strategies for Strategic Focus Area Four: Security and International Relations ..................... 40 Table 3.5 Strategies for Strategic Focus Area Five: Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change . 42 Table 3.6 Strategies for Strategic Focus Area Six: Spiritual, Cultural, and Community Development .... 43 Table 3.7 Strategies for Strategic Focus Area Seven: Strategic Planning, Integration, and Control ..... 44 Figure 4.1 PNG Vision 2050 Review. 48 v ABBREVIATIONS APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations BOP Balance of Payment BPNG Bank of Papua New Guinea CACC Central Agencies Coordinating Committee CPC Constitutional Planning Committee CPO Central Planning Office DSIP District Services Improvement Program DTIP District Transport Improvement Program EEF Education Endowment Fund EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone GDI Gross Domestic Income GDP Gross Domestic Product GER Gross Enrolment Rate GoPNG Government of Papua New Guinea HC Human Capital HDI Human Development Index HIV/AIDS Human Infected Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HSIP Health Sector Improvement Program ICT Information Communication Technology IMF International Monetary Fund ITDI Industrial Technology Development Institute KRA Key Result Areas LLG Local-level Government LNG Liquefied Natural Gas LTDS Long-Term Development Strategy MDGs Millennium Development Goals MTDS Medium Term Development Strategy NACS National Aids Council Secretariat NADP National Agriculture Development Plan NCAMA National Curriculum Assessment and Monitoring Authority NDOH National Department of Health NEC National Executive Council NEFC National Economic and Fiscal Commission NGDP National Goals and Directive Principles NGOs Non-Government Organization NPC National Planning Committee NPEP National Public Expenditure Plan NRI National Research Institute NSA Non-State Actor NSO National Statistical Office OBE Outcome Based Education OECD Organization
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pacific Leadership and Governance Precinct Booklet
    FOREWORD The Pacific Leadership and Governance Precinct will forge a new generation of Papua New Guinean leaders. Its partner institutions will hone the talents of public and private sector executives, and those with the ability to take on senior roles, giving them the ethical, practical and intellectual framework they need to usher in a new era of development for Papua New Guinea’s people. Together, the University of The PNG Institute of Public The Precinct will encourage Papua New Guinea’s School Administration – once known the formation of professional of Business and Public as the Administrative College networks that transcend Policy and the Papua New and home to the famous provincial boundaries and Guinea Institute of Public Bully Beef Club – is being traditional gender roles. It Administration have formed transformed into PNG’s will form linkages with other the Pacific Leadership School of Government. New institutions, professional and Governance Precinct. classrooms and a refurbished associations and the private The Precinct will promote library will complement sector. values-based decision- renewed course offerings. This PNG-led, Australian- making among leaders, Both institutions will supported initiative will drive engendering a culture of provide education and cultural change across Papua accountability and integrity, training to improve public New Guinea’s public and and encouraging the highest policy development and its private sectors. The Precinct standards of professional implementation, promote will - in time - become a truly conduct. national development and regional initiative through the The School of Business and strengthen a culture of participation of students from Public Policy will be housed integrity in the PNG public neighbouring countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Lepani I
    Innovations for Successful Societies Innovations for Successful Societies AN INITIATIVE OF THE WOODROW WILSON SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AND THE BOBST CENTER FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE Innovations for Successful Societies Innovations for Successful Societies Series: Governance Traps Interview no.: P2 Innovations for Successful Societies Innovations for Successful Societies Interviewee: Charles Lepani Interviewer: Matthew Devlin Date of Interview: 15 March 2009 Location: Canberra, Australia Innovations for Successful Societies Innovations for Successful Societies Innovations for Successful Societies, Bobst Center for Peace and Justice Princeton University, 83 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA www.princeton.edu/successfulsocieties Use of this transcript is governed by ISS Terms of Use, available at www.princeton.edu/successfulsocieties DEVLIN: Today is March 15th, 2010. We’re in Canberra, Australia, with His Excellency Charles Lepani, Papua New Guinea’s high commissioner to Australia. The high commissioner was one of Papua New Guinea’s top public servants during the years we’ll be discussing today and has a rather unique insight into both the political dynamics that shaped those events and the administrative aspects of the implementation of Papua New Guinea’s decentralization. Mr. High Commissioner, thank you for joining us. LEPANI: Thank you. DEVLIN: If you don’t mind, I’d like to begin by first asking you how you came to enter the public service, and what positions you held over the years of your governmental career. LEPANI: I started off as a trained trade unionist. After high school in Queensland, Australia, I spent two years at the University of Papua New Guinea in 1967-68.
    [Show full text]
  • Opportunities Await Japanese Investors
    第３種郵便物認可 (3) THE JAPAN TIMES FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 16, 2011 5 Papua New Guinea independence day Opportunities await Japanese investors Looking forward to even friendlier relations with PNG Katsuo Yamashita relations between our two countries ever since CHAIRMAN, JAPAN-PAPUA NEW GUINEA ASSOCIATION Papua New Guinea’s independence 36 years Dennis T. Bebego natural resources ranging from ago. All of us in Japan wish a quick recovery CHARGE D’AFFAIRES A.I. OF PAPUA fisheries and forestry in the re- On behalf of the Japan-Papua New Guinea of Sir Michael Somare’s health and it is our NEW GUINEA newables sector to minerals as Association, I would like to express my sincere earnest hope that, in the near future, he will play well as oil and gas deposits both congratulations to the government and people his role to maintain and strengthen our close On Sept. 16, 1975, Papua New on land and on the seabed. Vast of Papua New Guinea, who relationships. Guinea became an independent arable land with year-round celebrate their 36th Independence I take this opportunity to express my deep state, with the transition to na- tropical weather presents op- Day today, Sept. 16. appreciation to the government and people of tionhood be- portunities for agricultural de- I am happy to note that Papua New Guinea for extending the sympathy ing smooth. To velopment. Tropical rain forests bilateral relations between our and a large amount of donations to the victims date, Papua New teeming with flora and fauna, two countries are getting closer from the March 11 Great East Japan Earthquake Guinea remains steep mountains and gorges and closer in recent years.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    PNG Rural Communications ESMF E2429 &217(176 Acronyms.......................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 1: Introduction........................................................................................................ 5 1.1 General Context of the Report.................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. 6 1.2.1 General Summary ................................................................................................................. 6 Public Disclosure Authorized 1.2.2 Field Report Summary............................................................................................................ 7 Chapter 2. Environmental and Social Management Framework ................................................. 9 2.1 Background to ESMF ................................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Objectives of the ESMF............................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Background to PNG Information and Communication Sector ...................................................... 10 2.4 PNG’s Current Rural Communication Project Description ........................................................... 14 2.5 Project Location.....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • FIRST DAY 3 August 2012 DRAFT HANSARD Subject; Page
    FIRST DAY 3 August 2012 DRAFT HANSARD Subject; Page No. PRAYERS 1 COMMISSION TO ADMINISTER DECLARATIONS - CHIEF JUSTICE 2 RETURNS OF WRITS 2 DECLARATION OF OFFICE AND OF LOYALTY 7 ELECTION OF THE SPEAKER 7 DECLARATION OF OFFICE AND OF LOYALTY - COMMISSION 9 ELECTION OF THE PRIME MINISTER 10 PRESENTATION OF PRIME MINISTER-ELECT TO THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL 12 SPECIAL ADJOURNMENT 26 ADJOURNMENT 26 PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES CORRECTIONS TO DAILY DRAFT HANSARD The Draft Hansard is uncorrected. It is also privileged. Members have one week from the date of this issue of Draft Hansard in which to mate'coirectioiis to their speeches. Until the expiration of this one week period, Draft Hansard must not be quoted as a final and accurate report of the debates of the National Parliament Cnrrectirmg maybe marked on a photocopy of the Daily Draft Hansard and lodged at the Office of the Principal Parliamentary Reporter, Al-23 (next to the Security Control Room). Corrections should be authorised by signature and contain-liieitame, office and telephone number of the person Iransmitting/making the corrections. Amendments -cannot-be accepted over the phone. Corrections should relate only to inaccuracies. New matter may not be introduced. Sanrfa M. Haro PrinciDal Parliamentarv Reoorter FIRST DAY Friday 3 August, 2012 The National Parliament met at 10.00 a.m., pursuant to the Notice of His Excellency the Governor-General, Sir Michael Ogio, which was published in the National Gazette. The Clerk read the Notice. PRAYERS Rev Qogi Zonggereng, Papua District President of the Evangelical Lutheran of Papua New Guinea representing the Council of Churches to say Prayers: 'This is the day that the Lord has made, a reading from Psalm 1.
    [Show full text]
  • I2I Text Paste Up
    PART 3: THE LIMITS OF INDEPENDENCE Chapter 12 Independence and its Discontents apua New Guineans handled the transition to independence with flair, despite their Plimited experience, the speed with which they had to act and the explosive agenda that they inherited. With great skill and some luck, they brought their country united to independence with new institutions, a new public service, a guaranteed income and a home-made constitution. A Failing State? The coalition that achieved these feats tottered in 1978 when Julius Chan took the PPP into opposition, and collapsed in March 1980 when the Leader of the Opposition, Iambakey Okuk, won a no-confidence motion, naming Chan as preferred Prime Minister. Chan had quit the coalition over the attempt to buttress the Leadership Code (Chapter 9) and disagreement on relations between private business and public office. Somare returned to office after the 1982 election but once again he was ousted in mid- term by a vote of no confidence, yielding to the ambitious young Western Highlander Paias Wingti. The pattern was now set, whereby coalitions are formed after an election but no government survives the fixed five-year parliamentary term. Votes of no confi- dence are the mechanism for replacing one opportunist coalition with another. By this device, Wingti was replaced by Rabbie Namaliu, who yielded to Wingti again, who was replaced by Chan, whose coalition collapsed in the wake of a bungled attempt to employ mercenaries (see below). After the 1997 election, Bill Skate — a gregarious accountant from Gulf Province, Governor of Port Moresby and cheerful opportunist — held a Cabinet together for nearly two years.
    [Show full text]
  • Does MP Funding Work (Politically) in PNG?
    Published on September 6, 2021 Part of a mural at PNG Parliament House (Marc Tarlock/Flickr) Does MP funding work (politically) in PNG? By Maholopa Laveil and Michael Kabuni In Papua New Guinea, District Services Improvement Program (DSIP) funding, given to 89 MPs representing open seats, is often talked of as a tool used to maintain government coalitions and increase an MP’s chances of being re-elected. In this post we investigate whether the funds really do help hold together governing coalitions and assist MPs in their quest for re-election. Link: https://devpolicy.org/does-mp-funding-work-politically-in-png-20210906/ Page 1 of 4 Date downloaded: October 2, 2021 Published on September 6, 2021 It has been argued that DSIP funds were introduced as a tool for holding together political coalitions. Their popularity among MPs is thought to stem from their utility as a means of rewarding and expanding an MP’s support base. As DSIP data is now available, it is possible to test if these beliefs are actually correct. Is there a relationship between DSIP funds and government tenure? And between DSIP funds and the overall election rate of open MPs? The following charts show these relationships. At first glance, the first chart appears to show a positive correlation between DSIP volumes (the sum of real DSIP funds disbursed in each year they were PM) and prime ministers’ tenures. Governments have lasted longer on average when real (inflation-adjusted) DSIP volumes have been higher. However, this relationship is driven entirely by two outliers: Sir Michael Somare’s tenure from Link: https://devpolicy.org/does-mp-funding-work-politically-in-png-20210906/ Page 2 of 4 Date downloaded: October 2, 2021 Published on September 6, 2021 2002 to 2011, and Peter O’Neill’s tenure from 2011 to 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • State, Society and Governance in Melanesia
    State, Society and Governance in Melanesia THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies State, Society and Governance in Melanesia DISCUSSION PAPER Discussion Paper 2003/3 DISORDERLY DEMOCRACY: POLITICAL TURBULENCE AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA1 R.J. May Papua New Guinea is one of the few post-colonial states that has managed to maintain an unbroken record of democratic government. Parliamentary elections have been held regularly on schedule (the latest in June 2002), and although no government has lasted a full parliamentary term, every change of government has followed constitutional procedures. All changes of government (most of them by parliamentary votes of no confidence against the prime minister) have been accepted by both defeated members of parliament (MPs) and the general public. The judiciary has maintained its independence. Notwithstanding occasional tensions in relations between successive governments and elements within the Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF), Papua New Guinea has not experienced a military coup. The Freedom House index ranks Papua New Guinea as ‘free’.2 Yet despite this, both within Papua New Guinea and outside, commentators tend to portray Papua New Guinea as a country marked by political instability, if not chaos, with a state on the verge of collapse. In 1999, for example, Papua New Guinea’s first prime minister, in the context of debate about electoral reform, referred to the country’s National Parliament (of which he is still a member – and in 2002 again prime minister) as a house full of ‘rejects’, lacking a mandate to govern3, and on the eve of the 2002 national elections, the then prime minister, Sir Mekere Morauta, suggested that Papua New Guinea was ‘on the verge of 4 collapse’.
    [Show full text]
  • Treasures in Trusted Hands
    Van Beurden Van TREASURES IN TRUSTED HANDS This pioneering study charts the one-way traffic of cultural “A monumental work of and historical objects during five centuries of European high quality.” colonialism. It presents abundant examples of disappeared Dr. Guido Gryseels colonial objects and systematises these into war booty, (Director-General of the Royal confiscations by missionaries and contestable acquisitions Museum for Central Africa in by private persons and other categories. Former colonies Tervuren) consider this as a historical injustice that has not been undone. Former colonial powers have kept most of the objects in their custody. In the 1970s the Netherlands and Belgium “This is a very com- HANDS TRUSTED IN TREASURES returned objects to their former colonies Indonesia and mendable treatise which DR Congo; but their number was considerably smaller than has painstakingly and what had been asked for. Nigeria’s requests for the return of with detachment ex- plored the emotive issue some Benin objects, confiscated by British soldiers in 1897, of the return of cultural are rejected. objects removed in colo- nial times to the me- As there is no consensus on how to deal with colonial objects, tropolis. He has looked disputes about other categories of contestable objects are at the issues from every analysed. For Nazi-looted art-works, the 1998 Washington continent with clarity Conference Principles have been widely accepted. Although and perspicuity.” non-binding, they promote fair and just solutions and help people to reclaim art works that they lost involuntarily. Prof. Folarin Shyllon (University of Ibadan) To promote solutions for colonial objects, Principles for Dealing with Colonial Cultural and Historical Objects are presented, based on the 1998 Washington Conference Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art.
    [Show full text]
  • New Cabinet Appointed
    LAE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE INC. WEEKLY NEWS UPDATE 10 August 2012 VOLUME: 30 - 12 FROM THE PRESIDENTS DESK LAE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE INC. NEW CABINET APPOINTED Room 5, the Profession- als Building, 5th Street The list of Cabinet Ministers appeared in the daily newspapers today, which is summarized in P O Box 265, Lae 411 the table below. Morobe has scored 3 Ministers (highlighted in red) which when added to the Morobe Province election of Theo Zurenuoc the Member for Finschhafen as Speaker, means that the Province Papua New Guinea has fared reasonably well. Tel: (675) 472 2340 NAME PARTY MINISTRY SEAT Fax: (675) 472 6038 Peter O’Neill (PNC) Prime Minister Ialibu-Pangia Open E-mail: Leo Dion (THE) Deputy PM & Inter Govt Relations East New Britain Provincial [email protected] Don Polye (THE) Treasury Kandep Open [email protected] Dr Puka Temu (ODP) Public Service Abau Open William Duma (URP) Petroleum & Energy Mt Hagen Open Patrick Pruaitch (NA) Forest & Climate Change Aitape-Lumi Open Website: www.lcci.org.pg Charles Abel (PNC) National Planning Alotau Open James Marape (PNC) Finance Tari Open John Pundari (PP) Environment & Conservation Kompiam-Ambum Open Index In this Issue Mao Zemming (PNC) Fisheries & Marine Resources Tewai-Siassi Open From the Ben Micah (PPP) Public Enterprise & State Inv Kavieng Open Rimbink Pato (UP) Foreign Affairs & Immigration Wapenamanda Open President’s Desk Byron Chan (PPP) Mining Namatanai Open Jimmy Miringtoro (PNC) Communication & Inf. Technology South Bougainville Open Cabinet Members Francis Awesa (PNC)
    [Show full text]
  • Papua New Guinea Country Report BTI 2014
    BTI 2014 | Papua New Guinea Country Report Status Index 1-10 5.56 # 69 of 129 Political Transformation 1-10 5.95 # 62 of 129 Economic Transformation 1-10 5.18 # 75 of 129 Management Index 1-10 4.74 # 73 of 129 scale score rank trend This report is part of the Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI) 2014. It covers the period from 31 January 2011 to 31 January 2013. The BTI assesses the transformation toward democracy and a market economy as well as the quality of political management in 129 countries. More on the BTI at http://www.bti-project.org. Please cite as follows: Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2014 — Papua New Guinea Country Report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2014. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. BTI 2014 | Papua New Guinea 2 Key Indicators Population M 7.2 HDI 0.466 GDP p.c. $ 2898.1 Pop. growth1 % p.a. 2.2 HDI rank of 187 156 Gini Index - Life expectancy years 62.2 UN Education Index 0.318 Poverty3 % - Urban population % 12.6 Gender inequality2 0.617 Aid per capita $ 82.1 Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2013 | UNDP, Human Development Report 2013. Footnotes: (1) Average annual growth rate. (2) Gender Inequality Index (GII). (3) Percentage of population living on less than $2 a day. Executive Summary During the period under review, Papua New Guinea (PNG) made slight progress toward providing its citizens with greater freedom of choice by improving the state of democracy and its market- based economy.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical Review of Papua New Guinea's Organic Law on the Integrity of Political Parties and Candidates: 2001–2010
    A Critical Review of Papua New Guinea’s Organic Law on the Integrity of Political Parties and Candidates: 2001–2010 HENRY TADAP OKOLE SSGM DISCUSSION PAPER 2012/5 Introduction Bill Skate became the fifth prime minister of success (e.g. see Sepoe 2005). Some pointed out Papua New Guinea after the 1997 national elec- that in a Westminster parliamentary democracy tions. A two-term parliamentarian by then, much such laws may prevent the removal of unpopular had already been written about his less-fortunate governments (e.g. see Fraenkel et al. 2008).1 upbringing in the slums of Port Moresby as well as Generally, the implementation of the OLIPPAC his reputation as an astute political strategist noto- since 2001 has been poor. Parliamentarians have rious for his single-mindedness. Skate’s elevation to behaved as they did before the OLIPPAC was the top post in the country perhaps barely raised adopted (Sepoe 2005; May 2008). Government eyebrows among those who knew how the game agencies, in particular the Ombudsman was played in Waigani, but it certainly dismayed Commission, appeared to lack commitment to many ordinary observers. It was widely believed apply the OLIPPAC against those who infringed it. that a number of members of parliament (MPs) The OLIPPAC was ambitious, given the deep were bought off to form the Skate government. fragmentation of the country — a population of His term in office, from mid-1997 to mid-1999, approximately 6.2 million people speaking more was marred by political instability and poor govern- than 800 languages. The island of New Guinea, ance on such a scale that a sense of urgency emerged divided between Papua New Guinea to the east and to avert a further slide into despair; ‘something’ had Indonesia to the west, is among the most rugged in to be done (see Standish 2001:295).
    [Show full text]