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Bio-Ecologie De Triaenops Furculus (Hipposideridae

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Bio-Ecologie De Triaenops Furculus (Hipposideridae FACULTE DES SCIENCES Département de Biologie N° d’ordre : 002/2011 THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITE DE TOLIARA Biodiversité et Environnement Option : Biologie Animale Présentée et soutenue publiquement par TSIBARA Mbohoahy Le 31 mars 2011 BIO-ECOLOGIE DE TRIAENOPS FURCULUS (HIPPOSIDERIDAE) ET D’OTOMOPS MADAGASCARIENSIS (MOLOSSIDAE) DANS LA REGION DE SAINT AUGUSTIN ET DANS LE PARC NATIONAL TSINGY DE BEMARAHA Jury : Président du Jury : Monsieur Théodore RAZAKAMANANA, Professeur titulaire, Université de Toliara, Directeur de Thèse : Monsieur MARA Edouard REMANEVY, Professeur d’Enseignement Supérieur et des Recherches, Université de Toliara, Rapporteur interne : Madame REJO FIENENA Félicitée, Professeur d’Enseignement Supérieur et des Recherches, Université de Toliara Rapporteur externe : Monsieur Gérard LASSERRE, Professeur titulaire, Université de Montpellier, Examinateurs : Monsieur Steven M. GOODMAN, Professeur d’Enseignement Supérieur et des Recherches, Field Museum of Natural History de Chicago, Monsieur Richard K. B. JENKINS, Maître de conference, School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor & Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury. Année universitaire: 2009-2010 1 Je dédie cette thèse à toute ma famille, en particulier ma fille MBOHOAHY Adryanà Thésardine. Si vous pouvez imaginer, vous pouvez y arriver ; si vous pouvez rêvez, vous pouvez le devenir William Arthur Ward i REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail a pu être réalisé grâce à l’appui de près ou de loin de différentes personnes morales et ONGs. J’adresse mes remerciements d’abord à Dieu tout puissant qui m’a donné la force et la santé. Mes remerciements s’adressent sincèrement à tout le personnel universitaire et en particulier : Les membres du jury, présidé par le Professeur titulaire Théodore RAZAKAMANANA, qui ont bien voulu juger ce travail. Votre caution scientifique et votre participation à ce jury m’honorent. Le Directeur de thèse, Monsieur MARA Edouard REMANEVY, Professeur d’Enseignement Supérieur et des Recherches, Université de Toliara, qui accepté de diriger cette recherche, Les autorités universitaires (Président, Doyen, Chef du Département, Responsable de la Formation Doctorale, etc.) qui ont assuré la réalisation de cette recherche, et qui ont toute ma gratitude, Tous les enseignants de la Faculté des Sciences qui n’ont pas cessé de m’encourager à mener à terme ce travail. J’ai apprécié chaleureusement leur bonne volonté au transfert de connaissances, Mes remerciements vont aussi à toute l’équipe de Madagasikara Voakajy (MaVoa), dirigée par le Docteur Richard K. JENKINS et appuyée par le Professeur Paul RACEY. Elle m’a initié à la recherche des chauves-souris de Madagascar. Une partie de cette recherche a eu le financement de Conservation Internationale, « the Darwin Initiative » grâce à l’appui de MaVoa ; la ii collaboration avec leur personnel (étudiant et chercheur) m’a aidé beaucoup à maitriser les différentes manipulations du matériel de recherche. Je tiens aussi à remercier profondément l’équipe de l’Association Vahatra, en la personne du Professeur Steven M. GOODMAN et Monsieur Amyot F. KOFOKY, qui m’ont offert des documents récents permettant la mise à jour des données biologiques. Leur soutien moral m’a donné de la force. Mes vifs remerciements s’adressent aussi aux différents chercheurs nationaux et étrangers, cette collaboration nous a permis de publier ensemble des articles résultant de nos recherches. Que l’équipe de l’ONG Cultures et Conservation (C&C) et l’Association pour la Sauvegarde de l’Environnement (ASE), en la personne des Docteurs Robert HORWICH et Daniel RAMAMPIHERIKA ainsi que Messieurs Jocelyn RAKOTOMALALA et Mark FENN. Le consortium de ces deux organismes m’a offert un poste de Responsable Technique. Le financement de leurs activités m’a permis de continuer ma recherche dans la zone de Saint Augustin. Que les gens de la commune rurale de Saint Augustin, de Bekopaka et le personnel du programme Bemaraha, qui m’ont réservé un bon accueil et un guide sur le terrain, acceptent ma reconnaissance et mes remerciements. Que mes collègues et ma famille qui ne cessent pas de m’encourager et de m’offrir leur soutien moral soient honorés ici de l’expression de ma profonde reconnaissance. Misaotra betsaka an’Ilay Nahary nanome hery iii RESUMÉ Madagascar abrite 43 espèces de chauves-souris. Basé sur la capture par filet japonais, par piège harpe et sur les littératures, le Parc National Tsingy de Bemaraha et la région de Saint Augustin abritent 20 espèces dont 16 espèces sont répertoriées à Bemaraha et 15 à Saint Augustin. Cette diversité importante des deux sites de l’ouest est dictée principalement par la disponibilité de gîte. La bio-écologie de plusieurs espèces de chauves-souris de Madagascar est pauvrement connue. Endémiques de Madagascar, Triaenops furculus (Hipposideridae) et Otomops madagascariensis (Molossidae) peuvent constituer une communauté de chauves-souris avec d’autres espèces dans une grotte. Pour une communauté, T. furculus a une petite population et O. madagascariensis en forme une grande. Ces deux espèces ont un dimorphisme sexuel. Les femelles sont de plus grande taille et ont l’avant bras plus long que les mâles. Les individus de ces 2 espèces ont une taille plus grande au Parc National Tsingy de Bemaraha que ceux de la région de Saint Augustin. Cette différence est associée à la disponibilité quantitative de proies. Otomops madagascariensis préfère les coléoptères et les lépidoptères mais à Bemaraha, cette espèce consomme également une quantité importante de diptères durant la saison de reproduction. Triaenops furculus préfère principalement les lépidoptères mais elle chasse des coléoptères et des hémiptères durant la saison froide. Otomops madagascariensis, Molossidae, effectuant un mouvement local, qui a de longues ailes et une vitesse de vol rapide, chasse ses proies au dessus de la canopée et dans l’habitat ouvert et peut aller loin de son gîte. L’utilisation du « radio tracking » à Saint Augustin a montré que T. furculus chasse à moins d’un kilomètre de son gîte et qu’un individu occupe une surface de chasse alimentaire moyenne d’environ 50 ha. Elle fréquente différents types d’habitat pour la chasse des proies. Leur période de gestation se déroule durant la saison chaude pendant laquelle les proies abondent. L’accès suffisant aux aliments excite la physiologie et les activités reproductrices de toutes les glandes et organes de reproduction. Cette période débute avec un retard d’environ un mois dans la région sèche. Ces espèces mettent bas leur petit à partir du mois de janvier. Mots clés : Bio-écologie, Triaenops furculus, Otomops madagascariensis, Parc National Tsingy de Bemaraha, Saint Augustin ABSTRACT Madagascar has 43 species of bats. Based on trapping with mist nets, harp traps and the published literature, the Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park and Saint Augustin region have 20 bat species, 16 of which occur at Bemaraha and 15 at Saint Augustin. This important species richeness of bats is mainly due to the abundance of day roost sites. The bio-ecology of most of bats is poorly known. Triaenops furculus (Hipposideridae) and Otomops madagascariensis (Molossidae) forme with others bats families a community in the cave. For a community, T. furculus has small colonies and O. madagascariensis has notably larger colonies. These species are endemic to Madagascar. Triaenops furculus and Otomops madagascariensis demonstrate sexual dimorphism. Females have longer forearms than males. The individuals of both species at Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park are longer in size than those at Saint Augustin. This difference may be explained by differences on local food resources. Otomops madagascariensis prefers Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. It eats also an important quantity of Diptera during the breeding season in the Bemaraha National Park. Triaenops furculus prefers mainly Lepidoptera and hunts Coleoptera and Hemiptera during the cold season. Otomops madagascariensis have long wings and high flight speed. It hunts prey above the canopy and in the open habitats. This species can fly far from their day roost sites. Contrarily, T. furculus at Saint Augustin hunt their prey close to the roost sites and they have an home rang of about 50 ha. T. furculus use different habitats types for foraging. They have breeding period during the warm season, in which considerably more insects prey. Reproduction at Saint Augustin (driest region) starts one month later than at Bemaraha. Females of T. furculus and O. madagascariensis give birth in January. Key words: Bio-ecology, Triaenops furculus, Otomops madagascariensis, Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park, Saint Augustin iv TABLE DES MATIERES Acronymes .............................................................................................................................. xiv INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 Choix du sujet ........................................................................................................................ 2 Objectifs d’étude .................................................................................................................... 4 Hypothèses à vérifier et conditions de décision ..................................................................... 5 Chapitre I : PROBLEMATIQUES DE LA RECHERCHE SUR LES CHAUVES-SOURIS..
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