Ashvin Wickramasooriya(1) Analysis of land suitability for development activities in Eastern and Northern coasts of Sri Lanka using spatial technology
(1) Faculty of Applied Sciences, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Sammanthurai, Sri Lanka.
Abstract: Natural resources in North and Eastern experiencing coastal flooding. Also the Eastern and provinces of Sri Lanka were severely affected due to the Northern coasts of Sri Lanka were seriously affected by civil war. This was more significant along the coastal the tsunami which took place in December, 2004. This zone from Mannar to Batticaloa. It has been has created severe environmental and socio-economic establishing more economic development activities in impacts in the region. After this incident, a 100 meter Northern and Eastern provinces after the war. Arial coastal buffer zone has recommended by the Coast photography, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Conservation Department. However, it was not data and satellite images have proven their importance implemented due to various reasons. Set back limits are as additional tools in identifying prospective areas for also to be considered when identifying land suitability natural resources and also for locating suitable sites for for development activities in the coastal zone. establishing new development activities. In this study integrated approach of remote sensing techniques, The study area Arial photo interpretation and GIS techniques were applied to produce reliable information for The study area covers coastal zones (as defined in identification of most suitable locations for the the Coast Conservation Act No. 57 of 1981) of development activities in the Northern and Eastern Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka (Figure coastal zones of Sri Lanka. 1). This region is mainly affected by the Northeast monsoon from December to March. The Northern Keywords: coastal zone, land suitability index, province has an area of 8,880 km2 which is surrounded weightage by Bay of Bengal to the East, the and to the West, to the North, and the , and provinces to the South. The Northern Province is divided into 5 , 33 and 912 Introduction Grama Niladhari (GN) Divisions (villages). The Both Northern and Eastern provinces have been heavily affected by the civil war. The Northern province’s population was 1,311,776 in 2007. The majority of the population is Sri Lankan Tamils, with a minority Sri Lankan Moor and Sinhalese population. The Eastern province's population was 1,460,939 in 2007. The province is the most diverse in Sri Lanka, both ethnically and religiously. Majority of the people earn their livelihood as , fishers and in the civil and business sectors. Small scale industry such as chemical, light manufacturing and were present before the civil war. Part of the study area which is belonging to Eastern province has high demographic pressure compared to Northern Province and frequently Figure 1: The study area [1] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka province is divided into two distinct geographic areas: Data Analysis and the Vanni. Eastern province has an area of 9,996 km2. The Eastern Province is divided into 3 , 45 and There are six important factors or parameters 1,085 Grama Niladhari (GN) Divisions. considered in the preparation of land suitability map. Index maps produced for each factor based on their influence on land suitability for establishing future Materials and Methods development activities. Some of these factors show high influence on land suitability while some act The main objective of the research is to identify against it. For an example, road accessibility very and demarcate suitable locations for development useful when identifying land suitability for any activities within the study area. The research was development activity however, areas closer to forests basically based on secondary data which were collected and other natural resources including tanks can be from text books, publications, national atlas, project considered as less suitable areas. This implies that all reports, web sites etc. In some occasions, aerial factors or parameters which were concerned in the photographs and satellite imageries were used to preparation of land suitability map behaved in different identify the past and present status of the manner. Therefore, weightage values were introduced environmental and socio-economic conditions of the to identify the strengths and weaknesses of these study area. Available historical and recent data i.e. parameters on land suitability for future development different kinds of maps, statistical reports and other projects. One of the standard multi criteria decision relevant documents were used to correlate the analysis methods has been applied to calculate the variation of environmental and socio economical weightage values of each parameter. According to this conditions of the study area within last thirty years. method, each parameter compares with other Different types of thematic maps were introduced parameters and calculates values based on their using these data. Arc GIS (version 9), Arc View importance. When considering a single parameter, its (version 3.2) and ERDAS IMAGIN software were used influence on selecting land suitability varies with its to prepare these maps and for data analysis process. conditions. Therefore, index values were introduced for different conditions within the same parameter. Preparation of the base map and thematic maps Rivers and streams The base map was prepared using 1:50,000 Few main rivers of Sri Lanka and number of topographic maps of Survey Department of Sri Lanka other small rivers and streams flow through the study using Arc View 3.2(a) version. The base map falls area into the sea. During the rainy season, some parts within few Divisional Secretariat Divisions of Ampara, of the area especially closer to the main rivers Batticola, Trincomalee, Mullativu, Jaffna, Kilinochchi, experience floods. However, still there is no proper and Mannar districts. However, in some areas, the flood control system introduced for managing such coastline is not clearly defined in the 1:50,000 sheets floods within the study area. Major rivers in the study and therefore, satellite image data and aerial area are shown in the Figure 2. Buffer zones were photographs were also used to complete this task. The created for these rivers and streams. Thereafter, River attribute data were entered using Excel, Access, etc. and Stream Index (RSI) values were assigned based on and similar software having the facilities to create data the distance from rivers or stream to buffer zones. tables. GIS software which were used in this research have the capability to link external attribute data to the relational database. After creating the attribute data Forests tables, they were linked to a geo-referenced map. The The study area belongs to dry zone of Sri Lanka. data which were collected as raw data or tabulated data It is hard to find natural forests in this region. from various institutions were entered to attribute However, there are parts of large national park like Yala tables. Then they were linked to the base map to and few other national parks are belonging to the study produce thematic layers.
[2] Ashvin Wickramasooriya Analysis of land suitability for development activities in Eastern and Northern coasts of Sri Lanka using spatial technology area (Figure 3). Locations closer to these parks are Tanks and lagoons ideal places for establish tourist hotels. However, these forests can be affected after such projects will be There are number of tanks and lagoons exist in introduced. Hundred meter buffer zones were created the study area (Figure 4). Tanks have been using for for these forests and national parks. Thereafter, to irrigation, inland fisheries industry, etc. Also lagoons identify the land suitability for future projects, Forest have been utilizing for multidisciplinary tasks. After Buffer Index (FBI) values were introduced based on implementing new projects, tanks and lagoons can be the distance from these buffer zones. polluted. Therefore, tanks and lagoons in the study area are to be protected when introducing new development projects. Thus, buffer zones were created for both tanks and lagoons. After creating buffer zones, Tanks and Lagoon Index (TLI) values were assigned where locations far away from the buffers have the heist TLI values and are the most suitable areas for establishing new projects.
Figure 2: Rivers and streams of the study area
Figure 4: Tanks and lagoons in the study area
Road accessibility
Road accessibility is one of the main factors that have to be considered when planning new development projects. Transportation facilities in the study area are poorly developed and also many roads were destroyed during the war. The road network of the study area is shown in the Figure 5. Based on the road accessibility, Road Accessibility Indexes (RAI) were assigned. Locations closer to main roads have the highest RAI and areas far away from any kind of roads Figure 3 Forests in the study area have the least RAI value.
[3] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
Coastal erosion trends Flood risks
According to the Coastal Erosion Master Plan of Heavy rainfall from North-East monsoons is the Sri Lanka, some of the areas recorded as the highest principal cause of coastal floods in the study area. In costal erosion affected areas (Figure 6). The areas highly addition, the drainage, land use pattern and affected by coastal erosion are considered as the “key topography of the area are also significant factors that areas” and the “singular areas” in the Coastal Zone contribute for floods. It has been observed that coastal Management Plan. Based on the coastal erosion trends floods are frequently experience in the study is. in the study area, different Coastal Erosive Indexes Therefore flood risksFigure ( 7) in the study area have (CEI) were assigned based on coastal erosion sensitivity. to be considered for analyzing land suitability of the Low CEI were assigned for areas with high coastal area. Flood Risk Index (FRI) has been introduced erosion sensitive. These areas are the least suitable based on flood hazardous map. Highest flood risk locations for implementing development projects. areas are least suitable areas for development activities. Therefore, high flood risk areas have the least FRI values.
Figure 5: Road accessibility in the study area
Figure 7: Flood hazardous map (http://iri.columbia.edu/~mahaweli)
A simple equation has been introduced to calculate the Land Suitability Index (LSI) values. This equation combines the weightages and ranks / index values of all six parameters at any location along the study area.
LSI = W1*I1N1 + W2*I2N2 + W3*I3N3 + W4*I4N4 + W5*I5N5 + W6*I6N6
Figure 6: Key areas and singular areas defined in LSI – Land Suitability Index Value, the Coast Erosion Master Plan [4] Ashvin Wickramasooriya Analysis of land suitability for development activities in Eastern and Northern coasts of Sri Lanka using spatial technology
W1, W2, ..W6 are weightage values of the parameters number 6. However, this is a general classification and (obtained by the Principal Component Analysis) a detailed classification can be prepared based on facilities needed for each individual project and its I1 = River and Stream Index (RSI), activities. I2 = Forest Buffer Index (FBI), I3 = Tanks and Lagoon Index (TLI), Table 1: Reclassification of land suitability classes I4 = Road Accessibility Indexes (RAI), I = Coastal Erosive Indexes (CEI), 5 Range of Segment Land Suitability I6 = Flood Risk Index (FRI); are indexes of the LSI Number parameters < 2.00 1 Least Suitable N1, N2, ….., N6 are relevant rank number of the parameter 2.00 – 4.00 2 Less Suitable 4.00 – 5.00 3 Moderately Suitable Arc GIS and ERDAS IMAGINE software were 5.00 – 6.00 4 High Suitable used to overlay of six thematic maps (Figure 8). This process leads to assigning a Land Suitability Index 6.00 – 8.00 5 Very High Suitable value for any location within the entire study area. > 8.00 6 Highest Suitable These values indicate the probability of land suitability at any location. However, it was noted that there is wide range of LSI values scattered in the area. Therefore, LSI values were reclassified and introduce six land suitability classes (Table 1).
Figure 8: Thematic map overlay
Finally, Northern and Eastern coastal zone of Sri Results and Discussion Lanka was classified into six different land suitability The main objective of this research is to initiate a classes based on the above LSI values (Figure 9). The preliminary coastal management plan for the Northern locations demarcated as segment number 1 have to be and Eastern coastal zone of Sri Lanka using spatial protected and are the least suitable areas for future technology. There are many issues to be discussed in a projects. Most suitable areas or locations for future coastal zone management plan. This is more significant development activities are demarcated as segment when introducing new development projects in the
[5] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka coastal zone. Therefore, in this study, Northern and resources, tourism and some other industries were Eastern coastal zone of Sri Lanka have been totally destroyed during the war period. Geographical categorized into several land suitability classes based setting of the area and existing resources can be on environmental and socioeconomic conditions. The utilized to establish development activities such as most suitable classes are ideal locations for establishing tourist hotels, fisheries harbors, etc. The government of regional development activities whereas the places with Sri Lanka identified the importance of reestablishment least suitable classes have to be protected without of new development activities within the Northern and establishing development activities. However, by Eastern coastal sector and planed to initiate new implementing proper solutions and techniques, least projects within this region. However when suitable and less suitable areas can be improved as implementing such activities, When implementing moderate to high suitable areas. such activities, present socio-economic and
Figure 9 Land suitability of the study area
Conclusion environmental conditions can be modified. Both natural environmental conditions as well as human Northern and Eastern coastal sectors of Sri Lanka interferences may involve in the modification of the play an important role in socio-economic development existing coastal environment. With the incensement of of the country. regional development activities, some of the negative environmental impacts can be accelerated. Some of the main income of the country such as Incensement of coastal erosion, pollution of the fisheries, tourism and many other industries exist groundwater, surface water and near shore water, within these regions. It has been observed that during destroy the natural coastal and marine ecosystems, 1983 to 2008, socio-economic development activities land degradation, etc are some of these impacts. in the study area were dramatically decreased or could Therefore, it is very important to introduce a proper not get the total benefit of them. Some of the natural coastal zone management plan for the study area and
[6] Ashvin Wickramasooriya Analysis of land suitability for development activities in Eastern and Northern coasts of Sri Lanka using spatial technology it has to be implemented when introducing new References regional development activities. This matter was mainly focused in this study and tried to introduce Central Environmental Authority, Sri Lanka and spatial technology i.e. GIS and remote sensing to Arcadis Euroconsult, Netherlands, (1998). The introduce initial coastal management plane for wetland conservation project report, pp 2-11 Northern and Eastern coastal zone of Sri Lanka. Few main factors i.e coastal erosion trends in the area, Coast Conservation Department. (1983). Sri Lanka available natural resources, effect of floods, land use Coast Conservation Act No. 57 of 1981 pattern, road accessibility, etc were considered and their strengths of contribution for the preparation of Cooray, P. G. (1984). Geology of Sri Lanka (Ceylon), the initial coastal management plan were analyzed. pp 77-80, 154-158, 221-226, 255-257 One of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques i.e. overlay analysis method was applied to Coast Conservation Department (1990). Coastal zone identify the most and least suitable locations for management plan of Sri Lanka. Coastal resources establishing and implementing new regional management project of the Rhode Island and development activities. These regions were classified Coast Conservation Department. Colombo. pp 81 from very low to very high coastal environmental sensitive areas. The combination of statistical and GIS Cooray, P. G. and Katupotha, J. (1991). Geological methods provide a greater flexibility and new trends in evolution of the coastal zone of Sri Lanka, decision making activities. These techniques perform Seminar on causes of coastal erosion in Sri producing initial coastal management plan much Lanka, 09–11, Feb.,1991, Colombo, pp1– 4 easier and faster than manual methods. Department of Census and Statistics, Ministry of Finance and Planning (2001), Census of Recommendations: population and housing 2001, Population by Province , Districts and DS Divisions q Environmental sensitivity of the region must be (provisional), pp 5-17 concerned when establishing future development activities. Alternative places should be identified Dickson, N. D. (1993). The role of planning, when planning such activities within extremely coordination and corporation in coastal zone high and very high environmental sensitive areas. management in Sri Lanka. In: White, A. T. and Wijeratne, M. S. (Eds.). Are Coastal Zone q Extremely high and very high coastal Management and Economic Development environmental sensitive areas can be improved as Complementary in Sri Lanka?. Proceedings of the moderate to low sensitive areas by introducing seminar on Coastal Zone Management and proper coast management methods. Economic Development, coast Conservation Department and Coastal Resources Management q Setback limits should be modified considering Project. Colombo, Sri Lanka. pp 23-28 the coastal erosions sensitivity and few other environmental conditions at individual locations. Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) Setback limits to be introduced for singular (1993). Arc View Spatial Analyst user’s guide. pp locations but same setback limits should not be 8-24, 39-50 applied for the entire coastal zone of Sri Lanka.
IUCN Sri Lanka (1998), National level Institutional q An extensive study is needed for the preparation arrangement those who engage in coastal and of a better coastal environmental management marine activities, Vision of blue environment. pp plan for the study area. 2-10, 17-23
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Kahawita, B. S. (1993). History of coastal zone United Nations, (1995). Planning guidelines on coastal management in Sri Lanka, Are coastal zone environmental management, New York.1– 4, 7– management and economic development 13 complementary in Sri Lanka. pp 5 – 11 White, A. T. (1989). Two community based marine reserves lessons for coastal management. Madduma Bandara, C. M. (1989). A survey of Coastal ICLARM conference proceedings, 1989 Zone in Sri Lanka. CCD / CRMP Sri Lanka. pp 116 Wickramagamage, P and Maddumabandara, C. M. (1995), Application of mapping and GIS in Madduma Bandara, C. M. and Wickramagamage, P. coastal zone management, NETTLAP and Wilson, W. N. (1987). Coastal changes of publication No. 13, 1995, pp 71-73 Negambo lagoon outfall and the Kaluganga estuary. CCD/CRMP Sri Lanka. pp 61 Wijeratne, M. S. (1991).Trends in coastal uses and their environmental impacts, Seminar on causes of Madduma Bandara, C. M. (1991).Case study of coastal erosion in Sri Lanka, 09–11, Feb.,1991, shoreline trends, Seminar on causes of coastal Colombo. XVIII – 1-5 erosion in Sri Lanka, 09–11, Feb.,1991, Colombo. pp XVI -1-9 http://reference.findtarget.com/search/Northern%20Pr ovince,%20Sri%20Lanka/ NARA. (2005a). Damage to sandy beaches caused by the tsunami 26 December 2004. , (June 12 2007) http://iri.columbia.edu/~lareef/wcsl/SriLankaMay2003 Weather.html/ NARA. (2005b). Damage to coral reef and fish community caused by the tsunami on 26 http://iri.columbia.edu/~lareef/wcsl/SriLankaMay2003 December 2004. source:, (June 12 2007) Weather.html/
National Atlas of Sri Lanka. (1981). pp 27-29, 44-45, http://forest.wisc.edu/facstaff/bowe/Bowe_Smith.pdf 113-115, 137-139 http://www.nara.ac.lk/RAP/
[8] M.A.M. Isthikar(1) Biogeography: Historical Development and Recent Scenario
(1) Department of Geography, University of Peradeniya. Sri Lanka.
Abstract: Geography is the study of relations between science, but a study of intimately mixed phenomena. society and the natural environment and constitutes There are a number of sub-fields in Geography1.The the disciplines of geography, space, place and time that main fields of study in Physical Geography focus are very crucial concepts. The objective of this paper is around the core fields of Biogeography, to explore the historical development and recent Geomorphology, Climatology, Hydrology, Soil scenario of Biogeography as a sub field of Physical Geography etc. While the main fields of study in Geography, which is one of the two major subfields of Human Geography focus on the core fields of Geography that deals with the study of processes and Economic Geography, Development Geography, patterns in the natural environment in the atmosphere, Settlement Geography, Population Geography, Political hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. These spatial Geography etc. (Strahler and Strahler, 2005). organization and changes that take place both in short and long time perspectives. Species interaction with Biogeography, the sub field of Physical space over time and the influences of geographical Geography is the study of the geographical distribution factors in species functions is the core of biogeography. of plants, animals and micro organisms over the Research method: as an analytical model, this paper is surface of the Earth in both space and time (Tivy, 1979; divided in to five sections according to the historical Robinson, 1972; Huggett, 1998). Strahler and Strahler time frame to obtain set objective. Secondary data were (2005, p.270) states that, “we can think of employed to explore historical events and the Biogeography as encompassing two major themes. contributions of the experts to the field of five eras. Ecological biogeography is concerned on how the Since 2000 the highly use of models, theories, distribution patterns of organisms are affected by the conservation strategies as well as computers, GIS and environment. Historical biogeography focuses on how remote sensing techniques in biogeography has grown spatial distribution patterns of organisms arise over considerably. time and space”. It focuses on the spatial organization, which is important to understand species interaction with space and the influences of geographical factors Introduction and background to in species function. It is a dynamic and growing field the field that seeks to understand the role of historical factors (spatial and temporal) in determining biodiversity and Geography provides the broad basis for diverse to expand significantly analytical capacities of kinds of exploration in to natural and social sciences. measuring how biodiversity will respond to drastically The subject of geography is the fundamental altering world through natural and anthropogenic interpretation of the earth’s ‘spatial diversity’. According factors. to (Hartshone, 2005) it is neither a natural nor social
1 Strahler, A. and Strahler, A., 2005: Introducing Physical Geography, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc. USA. Chapter 01, p. 06..
[9] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
Early stage of the field Alexander von Humboldt’s (1769-1859) quantitative work on botanical geography laid the The appearance of thoughts concerning to the foundation for the field of biogeography. According to subject ‘Biogeography’ has a long history. Aristotle Huggett (1998) and Lomolino & Heaney (2004), (384 BC – 322 BC) first classified living species into Humboldt further explained the climatic influences on plant and animal Kingdoms. He called 'animals with vegetation zones. He also explored the biogeographical blood' and 'animals without blood'. Animals with phases of biota and contributed a lot to develop the blood (vertebrates) were divided into live-bearing field biogeography. He has been considered the Father (humans and mammals), and egg-bearing (birds and of ‘modern plant geography’. Another most crucial fish). Invertebrates ('animals without blood') are contribution was made by Augustine P. de Candolle in insects, crustacea (divided into non-shelled – 1820. He coined the term ‘taxonomy’ and contributed 2 cephalopods – and shelled) and testacea (molluscs) to the development of plant taxonomy through his According to (Szafer, 1975; Starr and Taggart, 2004) in book on ‘Geographical Botany’ (Huggett, 1998). between 371 and 287 BC, Theophrastus classified plants as trees, shrubs and herbs and is considered the From 1855 to 1866 a number of books were 3 founder of ‘Plant Geography’ and father of botany . published on climatic impact on the distribution Further, he expressed the interrelationships between pattern of vegetation. Alphonse de Candolle (1855) 4 biotic and abiotic environments . wrote a book on ‘Plant Geography’ and in 1864, George Perkins Marsh’s (1801-1882) wrote a book Development of the field in 18th ‘Man and Nature or Physical Geography as Modified and 19th Centuries by Human Action’ (Robinson 1972). In 1866, A. Grisebach wrote a book on ‘Vegetation of the Earth’. Swedish scientists Carl Von Linnaeus (1707- These books have emphasized very much the 1778) made remarkable contributions to biology as influences of geographical factors on species well as biogeography5. In 1735, he introduced the distribution patterns and function. Thus, these currently used methods of plant classification. publications have played a donated significant role in Linnaeus introduced ‘binomial classification system’ developing biogeography as a distinctive branch of for plants and animals in 1753 and is considered the geography. In 1858, P.L. Sclater made a tremendous ‘father of plant taxonomy’ (Starr and Taggart, 2004; contribution to biogeography. He introduced Raven, et al., 2008). Comte de Buffon work on natural ‘Biogeographic Regions’ of the Earth (Huggett, 1998). history of animals in 1761 contributed the Then, J.D. Hooker (1866) studied the development and biogeographic notion. He explored the distribution interrelations of floras of the globe. According to and, patterns, adaptation and migration of wildlife. 2010) this study focused on the biogeography of flora. According to Huggett (1998) this has been considered His involvement in biogeography should be admired. an early contribution to biogeography. According to The most important figure and in the th19 century and Myers and Giller (1988) the origin of biogeography is prominent ecologist Earnst Haeckle’s immense attributed to Buffon, who perceived the biogeographic contribution to ‘Biogeography’, ‘Biology’ and ‘Ecology’ diversity of the earth6. must be admired. According to (Raven, et al., 2008) in
2 Wikipedia., 2013. [online] Available at:
[10] M.A.M. Isthikar Biogeography: Historical Development and Recent Scenario
1866 he introduced the Kingdom of Protista, with developed by Clinton Hart Merriam in 1889 as a Plantae, and Animalia. The greatest contribution of means of describing areas with similar plant and Earnst Haeckle was that in 1869 he pioneered the term animal communities11. In 1894, C.H. Merriam ‘ecology’ and biogeography deviated with ecological proposed the ‘Life Zone’ model. This was comparative thoughts7. Five years later, according to (Huggett, model of vegetation cover, climatic factors and 1998) in 1871 J.A. Allen introduced eight geographical zones and a pure biogeographical model ‘Ecogeographic Realms’ of the earth based on mean which made significant contribution to biogeography annual asotherms, and thus pioneered ‘Allen’s Rule’ of at this stage. biogeography or ‘proportional rule’8. In the latter part of the 19th century, according to (Huggett, 1998) two Americans Roscoe Pound and The next event made a noteworthy contribution Frederic Edward Clements (1898) introduced ‘Plant to biogeography. A biologically rich geographical area Succession’ and in the same year, A.F.W. Schimper has been declared as a national park to conserve based on field study on ‘geographical distribution of biological diversity in the US. In 1872, US President the plants in relation to physical environmental factors’ Grant signed an Act on National Parks, and thus the introduced the term ‘Tropical Rainforest’ (Whitemore, Yellow Stone area was declared the first National park 1990). in the world9. Developments of the field in the Again in 1876, the most prominent 20th Century biogeographer, Alfred Russel Wallace contributed much to delineate biogeographical region. He Along with the developments of the field of conceptualized ‘Zoogeographical Realms’ based on biogeography in the 20th century, remarkable Darwinian Theory in his book; ‘The Geographical contributions were made by number of prominent Distribution of Animals’. He is considered the ‘father experts. In1911, British Ecologist Sir Arthur George of zoogeography’ (Huggett, 1998). Since, the realms Tansley wrote on ‘Vegetation Types in British’ which called as Wallace’s realms. The realms are; Palaearctic, was directed international plant geography symposium Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, Nearctic, and in 1911 and, 2010). Neotropical Starr and Taggart (2004, p.894). In this stage, Alexander Supan’s (1879) ‘timberline’ view10 has Space, Place and Time are core factors in contributed very much to strengthen the development geography, in this sense, Alfred Wegener’s continental of the field of biogeography. drift theory in 1915, influenced to study the species distribution pattern in different continents over time In 1887, Stephen Alfred Forbes used the term (Taylor, 1984). These studies have contributed much to ‘ecosystem’ in his essay on ‘the Lake as Microcosm’ but the development of the field biogeography in 20th at this stage the term ecosystem had not yet been century. The next development in field was American conceptualized. S.A. Forbes is a founder of aquatic plant ecologist, Frederic Edward Clements’s (1916) two ecosystem science and a dominant figure in the growth concepts on ‘Plant Succession’ and ‘Climax Vegetation’ of American ecology. The life zone concept was (Robinson, 1972; Huggett, 1998).
7 Raven, P., et al., 2008: Biology, 8th edition, M.C .Grow – Hill, New York. 8 Huggett, R.J., 1998: Fundamentals of Biogeography, Routledge, New York, p.17. 9 National Park Service., 2013. [online] Available at:
[11] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
August Thienemann of Germany promoted the study of the main complex causal relationships concept of ‘Tropic Levels’ in ecosystem in 1920. Thus, between the life communities and their environment hard ecological ideas enhanced biogeography (Taylor, in a given section of a landscape or geographical area15. 1984). In 1925, Alfred Lotka initiated the use of quantitative methods in biology. In addition Lotka In 1947, L.R. Holdridge16 introduced vegetation elaborated that living and non-living environment of zones of the world. He used ‘Bio Temperature Index’ – the earth as an ecosphere (Huggett, 1998). BTI based on evaporation, precipitation, humidity, altitude and latitude‘. Holdridge’s remarkable British ecologist Charles Sutherland Elton’s books contributions to biogeography must be admired. An had a tremendous impact on biogeography. Elton incredible development of the 1950s was American wrote ‘Animal Ecology’ in 1927 and ‘Animal Ecology biologist Eugene Pleasants Odum (1913 – 2002) and Evolution’ in 1930 that examined the geographical introduced the ‘energy flow approach’ to ecology and distribution of animals from an ecological view-point ecological biogeography in 1953 through his book on (Taylor, 1984). In addition to that he expressed food the ‘Fundamentals of Ecology’ ( Huggett, 1998; Cox webs and conceptualized the ‘Ecological Niches’ and and , 2010). In 1959, another important contribution ‘Ecological Pyramids’ (‘Elton’s Pyramids’ / ‘Eltonian was made by ecologist Robert .H. Whittaker. He Pyramids’) (Huggett, 1998). The next development in proposed Fungi as spate kingdom of the kingdoms of biogeography was Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky’s12 species Starr and Taggart (2004, pp.405-409). Since contribution. Vernadsky coined the term ‘biosphere’, Rachel Carson’s ‘Silent Spring’, in the 1960s ideas on which are still the terms used very much in fields such environmental concerns had enriched the field as biogeography, ecology and biology (Myers and biogeography and contributed a lot to ‘Environmental Giller, 1988; Huggett, 1998). Geography’. According to (Saxena, 2004), in 1960s environmental movements were highly stressed and Again in 1935, English ecologist A.G. Tansley focused on human activities against the environment. introduced13 the word ‘Eco-system’. In 1938 Herbert Copeland14 encouraged Prokaryotes as a separate The years 1967, 1969 and 1970 were significant kingdom instead of Kingdom Monera, which included for biogeography, as three considerable views emerged all types of bacteria. The two publications published in during these years. An enthusiastic work made by 1936 and 1947 was by Marion Newbegin’s (1936) ‘Plant ecologist Robert .H. Mac Arthur and an American and Animal Geography’ and Ronald Good’s (1947) biologist, researcher (sociobiology, biodiversity), ‘Geography of flowering plants’ (Lomolino and theorist, naturalist and author. Edward Osborne "E. O." Heaney, 2004). These were considered as most Wilson together, attempted to apply the theory of successive developments in the field of biogeography species equilibrium to the contained environment of by the end of the first half of the 20th century. small islands. In 1967, they wrote a book on ‘the Theory of Island Biogeography’ (Huggett, 1998; According to Taylor (1984) in 1939, the German Lomolino and Heaney, 2004). Since then, many studies geographer ‘Carl Troll’ (1899 - 1975) coined the term have been made on this theory, particularly on its ‘Landscape Ecology’ and in 1968 he defined it as the simplicity, applicability and practicability to the design
12 Russian mineralogist. 13 S.A. Forbes (1887) used the term ‘ecosystem’ 14 US Scientist. 15 Taylor (1984) ‘Biogeography: recent advances and Future directions’, Barnes and Noble Books, USA, p.8. 16 GeoNetwork., n.d.. [online] Available at:
[12] M.A.M. Isthikar Biogeography: Historical Development and Recent Scenario
and study of national parks, man and biosphere Hypothesis’. Next, the Journal of Biogeography was reserves, biological corridors etc. introduced in 1974. It covers aspects of spatial, Two years later, in 1969, James Lovelock ecological, and historical biogeography. In 1975, introduced ‘Gaia Hypothesis’. It was a very important Miklos D.F. Udavardy introduced ‘eight biogeographic contribution as it helped perceive the Earth’s biotic and realms’22 on a classification of biogeographical abiotic systems as a whole. Then in 1970, Richard provinces of the world. Again E.O. Wilson in 1978 Levins introduced ‘the ‘Theory of Metapopulation’’17 published an outstanding book on ‘Human Nature’ (a population of populations) which consists of a group which methodically examined the scientific arguments of spatially divided groups of population of similar surrounding the role of biology in the evolution of species which interact at various levels, as a result of human culture (Jeffries, 1997). habitat fragmentation. All these views provided an incredible development to biogeography. Again According to (Wilson, 1992) the term another most crucial contribution was made by Robert ‘Biodiversity’ had been conceptualized in 198023. .H. Mac Arthur in 1972. He wrote a book on Walter Rosen of the National Academy of Science, ‘Geographical Ecology’ which made remarkable USA, coined the word ‘biodiversity’ from the two contribution to enrich the field biogeography18. words “biological-diversity Two important biogeography text books appeared in this era; The two In early 1971, UNESCO proposed the Man and documents which were published in 1980s, were the Biosphere19 (MAB) Programme. It is an directed to originate the concept of biodiversity, one by Intergovernmental Scientific Programme focused on the Council of Environmental Equality (1980) and the interdisciplinary research schema and capacity other by Norse & McManus (1980). He used this building that aim the ecological, social and economic terminology ‘biodiversity’ to describe a concept that scopes of biodiversity loss and conservation. In the incorporated both ecological and genetic diversity24. same year, the international convention on wetland20 (Ramsar convention) was held in Iran. This convention In 1984, James A. Taylor wrote a book on directed to maintain, conserve and sustainable use of ‘Biogeography: Recent Advances and Future wetlands. And also it emphasized its role, ecological Directions’ (Huggett, 1998). Taylor made a great importance, functions and their scientific, economic, contribution to biogeography by this book. In 1987, cultural, and recreational value. The declaration of Our Common Future and the Brundtland Report these geographical areas conserves biodiversity and published by the WCED influenced biogeography enriches the field biogeography. which expanded to address the conservation of biodiversity including genetic diversity at local, The term and idea of ‘Deep Ecology’ were national and global levels. At this stage the thought on introduced by the Norwegian philosopher Arne Naass sustaining biodiversity was highly emphasized in in 197321. This was directly rooted in the ‘Gaia biogeography.
17 Amrita., 2013. [online] Available at:
The most significant figure in the second half of in its different stages must be appreciated. In the last the 20th century was biogeographer and ecologist decade of the 20th century, Michael Jeffries’s views on E.O.Wilson. Besides his contribution to develop the ‘biodiversity’ in his book on ‘biodiversity and theory of island biogeography with R. H. Mac Arthur, conservation’ in 1997 should be highlighted. Since he wrote a book in1992 and used the term25 1997, Jeffries’s thought on the conservation of ‘biodiversity’ in his publication. His great contribution biodiversity in a sustainable manner after agenda 21, to ‘Biogeography’, ‘Biology’ as well as ‘Ecology’ should highly influenced biogeography. be admired. The concept of ‘Biodiversity Hotspots’ was introduced by Norman Myers26 in 1988. He Recent scenario of the field introduced a biogeographic region in his articles on In the recent scenario: the International “The Environmentalist” (1988). A biodiversity hotspot Biogeography Society28, founded in 2001 and the is a biogeographic region with the most significant, inaugural meeting was held for biogeographers biologically richest and most endangered (human worldwide in 2003. The society hosts conferences, pressure) global pool of biodiversity. In the 1980s, the publishes, supports an online facebook community, conservation of biodiversity and related issues became delivers news on the blog, and fosters interaction very prominent at global, national and local levels among members. In 2013, 6th International Conference (Jeffries, 1997). of the International Biogeography Society was held in Miami, Florida (USA). In this scenario, another In 1990, Carl Woese divided the kingdom important contribution was made by Lomolino and Monera organisms in to two kingdoms; Archaebacteria Heaney in 2004. They wrote a book entitled ‘Frontiers and Eubacteria (Starr and Taggart, 2004; Raven, et al., of Biogeography: New Directions in the Geography of 2008). In 1991, Hanski and Gilpin further explained Nature that book focuses on advances in historical certain additional characteristics on the theory of biogeography and island biogeography. Metapopulation27. ‘Biodiversity’ and related issues were discussed as a one of the main themes at the United Among the event of biogeographic importance of Nation’s Rio Conference which was held in 1992. As the recent scenario, in 2006, Al Gore’s film29 on result of the 1992 Rio Conference conservation of Climate Change and Global Warming (‘An biodiversity was included in the international agenda Inconvenient Truth’-2006) highly focused trend of and it has been understood and that the conservation species migration due to Global climatic change. His of biodiversity must deal with geographical perspective immense contribution to ‘Biogeography’ and at global, national and local levels. ‘Environmental Geography’ should be respected. It gave a new direction to conserve biodiversity at global, According to (Jeffries, 1997) in 1992, Wilson national and local level. The next work was by and wrote a book entitled ‘The Diversity of Life’. Again two (2007) on . This book has given much attention to years later in 1994, he wrote another book known as ecological aspects of biogeography. Besides it has given ‘Naturalist’. Wilson is known for his scientific career, emphasis to species isolation, species extinction, his role as ‘the father of sociobiology’. As a theorists hotspots and biodiversity conservation. It gave a new and a sociobiologist, his contributions to biogeography thought to ecology via biogeography.
25 Time Toast., n.d. [online] Available at:
[14] M.A.M. Isthikar Biogeography: Historical Development and Recent Scenario
The year 2010 was a milestone for biogeography. References: The United Nations declared 2010 as the International Year of Biodiversity30 (IYB). IYB is a unique Cox, C.B. & Moore, P.O., 2010: Biogeography: th opportunity to enhance understanding of the crucial Ecological and Evolutionary Approach, 8 edition, role that biodiversity plays in sustaining life on Earth. John Wiley & Sons: Oxford. It was meant to help raise awareness of the importance Gabler, R.E., et al., 2007: Essentials of Physical of biodiversity through activities and events in many Geography, Thompson, USA. countries. Conservation of biodiversity is vital for current and future human wellbeing. By the end of first Huggett, R.J., 1998: Fundamentals of Biogeography, decade of the 21th century, , ’s book on was published Routledge, New York. as the 7th edition. This book series created quite a ripple in the field of biogeography. Again in 2010 the Jefferies, M.J., 1997: The Creation of Biodiversity. in: Convention on Biological Diversity was held in Biodiversity and Conservation,: Routledge, Nagoya, Japan and the Nagoya Protocol31 was adopted. London &New York. The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biological Mac Arthur, R.H., and Wilson, E.O., 1967: The Theory diversity from the potential risks posed by living of Island Biogeography. Priceton University press, modified organisms resulting from modern Princeton, New Jersey. biotechnology, which was adopted in January 2000. On 22 December 2010, the UN declared the period from Meffee, K.G. &. Carroll, R.C., 1994: Principles of 2011 to 2020 as the UN-Decade on Biodiversity. They, Conservation Biology, 2nd edition, Sinauer hence, followed a recommendation of the CBD Associaters Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts. signatories during COP10 at Nagoya in October 2010. Odum. E.P., 1959: Fundamentals of Ecology. Saunders, Philadelphia,USA. The field Biogeography is historically mostly descriptive with theories, models, hypotheses and Raven, P., et al., 2008: Biology, 8th edition, M.C .Grow equations. But after quantitative revolution (1960s), – Hill, New York. and with rapidly developing technologies including GIS and remote sensing technique, together with the Robinson, 1972: Biogeography, Macdonald & Evans availability of complicated data (including e data) and Ltd., London. increasingly sophisticated analytical tools, the field is Saxena, H.M., 2004: Environmental Geography,: Prem incorporated with new technology. Specially rawat for rawat Publications, Jawahar nagar paleontology, bioinformatics, global change biology, Jaipur India. conservation biodiversity, and invasion biology, as well as genetically modified techniques, genetically Strahler, A. & Strahler, A., 2005: Introducing Physical modified food system, sustainable food systems and Geography, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc. ecosystem services. In the recent scenario, the highly USA. use of computers, GIS and remote sensing techniques in biogeography has grown considerably since 2000.
30 IUCN., 2011. [online] Available at:
[15] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
Taylor, B.R., D. Parkinson, D. & Parkinson, W.F.J., 1989: Nitrogen and lignin as predictors of litter decay rates: A microcosm test. Ecology 70:97 – 104-.
Tilman, D., 1988: Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Function of Plant Communities. Princeton University Press, Princeton,NJ.
Tivy, J., 1979: Biogeography: A Study of Plants in the Ecosphere, Oliver & Boydcroythom house, Edinburgh.
Whitmore, T.C., 1990: An Introduction to Tropical Rain Forests, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Whittaker, R.H., 1975: Communities and Ecosystems. Macmillan, New York.
[16] Ibra lebbe Mohamed Zahir(1) Rainfall Variability on Climate Changes in Eastern Province in Sri Lanka
(1) CC & CRMD, Divisional Secretariat, Addalaichchenai, Sri Lanka.
Abstract: Rainfall extremes have adverse impacts on before it melts and runs off. Even with identical the society and environment of Sri Lanka. The amounts, the climate can be very different if the objective of this paper is to seek evidence spatio- frequency and intensity of rainfall differ, highlight the temporal trends for rainfall variability on climate fact to the characteristics of rainfall are just as vital as change in Eastern Province of Sri Lanka by analyzing the amount, in terms of the effects on the soil moisture long-term monthly data of rainfall received during the and stream flow. four rainy seasons - i.e. the Northeast monsoon, the first inter-monsoon and the second inter-monsoon Rainfall is of primary importance to the both during the period 1980-2010, from meteorological physical and cultural landscape of any region. Of all stations of the Department of Meteorology. Five the standard climatic parameters, rainfall is the most stations of Eastern Province have observed either variable parameter in time and space. Rainfall received flooding in rapid sequence in recent years. Some across Sri Lanka varies dramatically from year to year, studies attribute such extreme events to rainfall ranging from dry periods that can persist for months, variability on climate changed induced by global to periods of intense downpours, storms and flooding. warming. However, there is a dearth of climatological The temporal and spatial diversities associated with studies addressing the spatio-temporal trends in rainfall have provided the basis for dividing the climate rainfall over Sri Lanka in support of such attribution. year in Sri Lanka into four seasons: two Monsoon Using daily rainfall data collected at the 5 stations from periods and two Inter-Monsoon periods. The Eastern Province of the Department of Meteorology, It Southwest Monsoon (Summer Monsoon) prevails interprets rainfall trends using different GIS from May to September while the Northeast Monsoon techniques, so that the practical implications of rainfall (winter Monsoon) lasts from December to February. variability on climate change in recent decades are In between these two monsoon periods, two Inter- clearly identifiable. The study finds that the number of Monsoon periods exist: March to April - first Inter- rainy days has declined at all the rainfall stations except Monsoon period and October and November - second for the Trincomalee station. Inter-Monsoon (National Atlas of Sri Lanka, 1988). Westerly winds prevail during the Southwest Monsoon Keywords: Climatology and Spatio-temporal and North-easterly winds prevail during the Northeast Monsoon. The seasonal variations of wind direction Introduction and rainfall have a marked influence on human activities. Precipitation varies from year to year and over decades, and changes in amount, intensity, frequency, Climate change has become a major concern to and type (e.g. snow vs. rain) affect the environment human society because of its potentially deleterious and society. Steady moderate rains soak into the soil impact worldwide. It poses especially significant and benefit plants, while the same amounts of rainfall threats to sustainable development in developing in a short period of time may cause local flooding and countries, which have fewer resources and are more runoff, leaving soils much drier at the end of the day. vulnerable (Munasinghe, 2001). Impacts on developing Snow may remain on the ground for some months countries remain poorly understood because few
[17] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
studies have successfully measured the effects of Objectives climate on developing country economies. Nonetheless, it is likely that a developing country will The goal of this study is to obtain evidence of be more vulnerable because a greater fraction of its rainfall variability on climate change in Eastern economy is in climate sensitive sectors (for example, Province in Sri Lanka over the last three decades. agriculture), it is already in a hot climatic zone, and the Although there are several climatic variables that could economy relies on labor-intensive technologies with be included in a study of climate change, only rainfall fewer adaptation opportunities (Mendelsohn et al., has been selected for the current analysis from the 5 2001). stations in Eastern Province in Sri Lanka. The study has the following specific objectives:
Rainfall is a key determinant of the growing q To observe trends in annual rainfall in seasons and the types of agriculture practised. Rainfall Eastern Province. plays an important role in agriculture as any shortages q or excesses of rainfall gives way to a reduction in To observe trends in the number of rainy yields. For instance, rice is the main crop in Sri Lanka days. and is highly susceptible to rainfall variability. Other q To observe trends in the number of rainy crops such as the plantation crops of tea and rubber are days by rainy seasons also dependant on the amount of rainfall received.
The number of rainy days in a season is of Materials and Method particular importance for tea and rubber crops. Yield This study is utterly based on secondary data decreases can be attributed to an increase in the available from the Department of Meteorology. Daily frequency of droughts and reduction of the number of rainfall data were collected for the period from 1980 to rainy days. Therefore, examining trends in the 2010 for 5 rainfall stations from Eastern Province variability of the number of rainy days is vital as it is a climate in Sri Lanka the minimum 30-year period decisive factor in agriculture. The number of rainy days required for climatological analyses. The 5 rainfall is also important for industrial activities such as salt stations are well distributed over the entire Province by production. elevation and climatic regions, the stations under study, their elevations and the period. Given the importance of agriculture the number of rainy days affects growing patterns and yields. Statistical analysis such as linear regression and Therefore, it is important to investigate the factors time series analyses were utilized to examine periodic determining the variability of rainfall. There is a dearth rainfall changes in both annual and seasonal contexts. of studies on rainfall variability in Sri Lanka. Such GIS spatial analysis techniques such as Surface studies are essential to evaluate the impact of climate Interpolation, zonal statistics were utilized. change on agriculture.
Since late-1980s, there appear to have been Results and Discussions changes in weather patterns in Sri Lanka with an apparent reduction in rainfall received and more The result of trends in the number of rainy days, intense dry spells. This study aims to assess the the annual number of rainy days was obtained from magnitude and significance of rainfall variability and the original daily rainfall record at each station. change over time using statistical analysis techniques Regression analysis was performed on the number of and spatial analysis techniques in Geographical rainy days at each station (Table 01) for results. Information Systems (GIS).
[18] Ibra lebbe Mohamed Zahir Rainfall Variability on Climate Changes in Eastern Province in Sri Lanka
Table 1: Figure 1: Number of Rainy Days period Stations with significant negative trends in from 1980 to 2010 the number of rainy days
Station Slope (m) Intercept R2 SagamamSagamam TTaTankank y = -0.475x + 1041. Batticaloa -0.020 128.2 0.000 R R = 0.102
Kantalai Tank -0.054 202.6 0.001
Trincomalee -0.166 425.7 0.013 Ampara Tank -0.238 576.0 0.028 Sagamam Tank -0.475 1041 0.102
It is observable that all the stations have a decreasing number of rainy days. It is shown that three stations have had a marked negative trend and it is AAmparampara TTaTankank y = -0.238x + 576.0 more pronounced in the Eastern Province Sagamam R R = 0.028
Tank and Potuvil have recorded as having the notable decreasing trend while Trincomalee and Amparar
Tank in the Eastern Province have shown a moderate decline in the number of rainy days received during the study period. Observations like Kantalai Tank and Batticaloa have slightly less decreasing trends. There is no station with the positive trends in the number of rainy days. These aspects can be clearly displayed in graphical form. (a)
In the Eastern Province, the highest decline is TrincomaleeTTrrincomalee recorded in Sagamam Tank at -0.474. The lowest y = -0.166x + 425.7 R R = 0.013 decline is recorded in Batticaloa and Kantalai Tank as
-0.000 and -0.001 respectively. Figure 01 to 03 demonstrates the decrease in the number of rainy days in Ampara Tank and Trincomalee, situated in the eastern part of the island, records a low decline of - 0.013 and 0.0.28 respectively in number of rainy days. In both station, there has been a steady decline apart from few deviations between certain years. In both stations, the number of rainy days has not exceeded (b) 140 days since the 1980s. Figure 2: Stations with moderate negative trends in the number of rainy days (a) & (b):
[19] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
Table 2: Batticalaloaoa y = -0.020x + 128.2 Simple regression ‐ Annual rainfall RR = 0.000 Station Slope (m) Intercept R2
Batticaloa 18.22 - 34761 0.122
Ampara Tank 12.49 - 23292 0.088 Trincomalee 12.07 - 22617 0.075 Kantalai Tank 19.82 - 38030 0.298 Sagamam Tank -2.778 6802 0.003 Figure 3: Stations with low negative trends in the SSagamamagamam Taanankk number of rainy days
Trends Analysis in the number of
rainy days by NEMS
With regard to the number of rainy days received in each season, the Northeast Monsoon Season (NEMS) has witnessed a negative trend in all the meteorological stations under study. Potuvil has Figure 4: depicted a remarkable decline in all seasons except in Annual Rainfall Negative Trends Analysis the Second Inter Monsoon Season (SIMS). In the NEMS the decline has been more pronounced in the Central to Eastern parts of the country. Out of the KantalaiKantalai Tanaankk NEMS Inter-monsoon seasons, the FIMS has a comparatively higher rate of decline in the number of
rainy days. In the NEMS the same phenomenon has
correlated between the amount of rainfall and the frequency of the rainfall except in the station Sagamam
Tank. All stations under study have negative trends in the amount of rainfall that received during a particular season. Despite the reduction in the number of rainy days at all stations during the NEMS, the total rainfall (a) received at Batticaloa and Kantalai Tank has increased.
The annual rainfall of the eastern province is Batticalaloaoa predictably considered as ranging between 1000mm to
5000mm. There is a marked spatial pattern associated with the mean annual rainfall over particular station
in eastern part of Sri Lanka. Seasonally greatly varying
distribution of rainfall throughout the year can be derived for the entire island. Monthly rainfall at each meteorological station was used to compute annual rainfall totals. (b)
[20] Ibra lebbe Mohamed Zahir Rainfall Variability on Climate Changes in Eastern Province in Sri Lanka
Conclusion Ampararaa Tanaankk The study finds that although the number of
rainy days has decreased except rainfall station
included in the analysis. The total annual rainfall has not decreased in the all stations. This could indicate
that the intensity of rainfall events may have increased
together with increased durations of dry spells. The apparent increased incidence of flooding and droughts in the recent past could probably be attributed to such (c) changes in the temporal pattern of rainfall distribution. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between the number of rainy days and Trincomaleerincomalee total rainfall within a season. These studies should also establish the relationship between local rainfall and
global drivers of climate variability and change. Such studies could provide invaluable guidance to decision
making in agriculture and water resources
management. References: (d) Chandrapala, L. (1966) Long term trends of Rainfall and Temperature in Sri Lanka, Co. Ltd, Ceylon. Figure 5: Annual Rainfall Positive Trends Analysis De Silva, S.F. (1954) The rainfall of Ceylon, Regional (a), (b), (c) & (d) Geography of Ceylon, The Colombo Apothecaries Company Ltd, Colombo. The above graphical format clearly shows that almost all the stations under study have recorded Mendelsohn, R.,A.Dinar, and A. Sanghi (2001), ‘The positive trends in annual rainfall over time. Only effect of development on the climate sensitivity of Sagamam Tank has shown a negative trend but it is not agriculture’, Environment and Development a significant relationship as the 2R record for about Economics 6: 85–101. 0.003. The positive trend is more remarkable in stations such as Ampara Tank, Batticaloa, Trincomalee Munasinghe, M. (2001), ‘Sustainable development and and Kantalai Tank. It is seen that both Batticaloa and climate change: applying the sustainomics Kantalai Tank have demonstrated remarkable positive transdisciplinarymeta-framework’, International trends in the annual rainfall pattern just as in the Journal of Global Environmental Issues 1: 13–55. number of rainy days (Figure 05). From these results it Thambaiyapillay, G. (1954) ‘Ceylon and the World can be concluded that both these stations have Climatic Mosaic, University of Ceylon Review’, experienced a boost in the amount of annual rainfall Volume XIII (Jan.) Ceylon. received. It is notable that Ampara Tank and Trincomalee have a moderate enhance in the number Thambyapillay, G. (1954) Rainfall Rhythm in Ceylon, of rainy days but when it comes to the annual rainfall The Colombo Apothecaries Co. Ltd, Ceylon both stations are having remarkable enhance.
[21] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
Yoshino, Masatoshi M.; Suppiah, Ramasamy. (1984) ‘Rainfall and Paddy Production in Sri Lanka’, page 9-20. http://rms1.agsearch.agropedia.affrc.go.jp/contents/JAS I/pdf/society/29-1789.pdf. November 27, 2008. 11.20a.m (Oct 25, 2008,10.35a.m.)www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?R eportId=77549 (April 1, 2008, 11.37 a.m.)
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(1) rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsH> Gtpapay; jpizf;fsk;> fiy fyhrhu gPlk;> njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
Abstract: Coastal erosion is an earth process common epue;jukhf moptjid my;yJ Fiwtjidf; Fwpj;J epw;fpwJ. in the coastal region of Sri Lanka. The research area comprises from Panama to Maruthamunai coastal ,j;jpd;dw;nraw;ghL fiuNahu area. The research area is coming under lowland type vy;iyapYs;s jhtuq;fis Nehf;fp guTtjid and 115 km of coastal belt with less than 15 m flat mtjhdpf;fyhk;. flw;fiuahdJ flw;fiur; lands. Sea bed comprises mainly sandy type. Bays and #oYld; njhlu;ghd mk;rq;fSs; sea upland coast types are concentrated along this Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. mjpfkhd kdpjf; FbapUg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu region. The prime objective of this research is to eltbf;iffs; flw;fiug; gpuNjrq;fspNyNa identify the causes of coastal erosion. The primary and ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. fiuNahuj; jpd;dyhdJ secondary data were used to achieve the objective. r%fj;jpw;Fk;> mgptpUj;jpw;Fk; ghupa ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;JtJld;> mr;RWj;jyhfTk; The coastal erosion in the research area were subjected cs;;sJ. ,e;epiy fiuNahuq;fSf;fhd gpujhd to physical as well as anthropogenic activities lead to Kfhikj;Jtg; gpur;rpidahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. destruct the coastal environment such as; sea water NeH kiwg;ghq;fhd fiuNahu tiffshd intrusion, destruction of biodiversity, etc. A better Fd;Wfs;> $k;Gfs;> jLg;Gfs;> flw; ghiwfs;> coastal conservation management plan has to be cyH rJg;G epyq;fs;> ePubg; ghijfs; Nghd;w formulated in order to protect and conserve the coastal resources of southeastern coast of Ampara District.
Keywords: Coastal Erosion, Coast, Coastal Region.
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[23] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka fiuNahug; gFjpahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Ma;T Kiwapay; flw;fiuNahu mikg;G> flw;fiu ghiwapd; jd;ik> fly; ePH mirTWk; jd;ik> tw;Wg; Ma;Tf;fhd juTfs; msTrhu;> gz;Grhu; ngUf;F vd;gtw;Wld; flw;Gwr; rha;T> ePupd; Kiwfspy; ngwg;gl;L vOkhw;W> gFg;gha;T Mok;> vd;gtw;wpidg; nghWj;Jk; xt;tnthU Kiwfspidf; nfhz;L njhFj;jwp Kiwiag; gpuNjrj;jpd; jpd;dw; nraw;ghl;bd; msT gpujhdkhfTk;> ca;j;jwp Kiwiaj; NtWgLfpd;wJ. mopf;Fk; miyfNs JizahfTk; nfhz;L KbTfs; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; jpd;dy; nraw;ghl;bw;F gpujhd ngwg;gl;Ls;sd. ,q;F jfty;fs; ,U Kiwapy; fhuzpahfpd;wJ. Nrfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. Kjyhk; epiyj; juTfs;;;: Ma;Tg; gpuNjrk; q Ma;Tg;gpuNjrkhd kUjKid njhlf;fk; fpof;fpyq;ifapy; mk;ghiw khtl;lkhdJ ghzk tiuAs;s gFjpapy; tl mfyf; NfhL 70 25’ 24” njhlf;fk; 70 njhupTnra;ag;gl;l 200 NgUf;F tpdhf; 27’25” fpilapYk; fpof;F neLq;NfhL 810 45’ 31” njhlf;fk; 810 50’ 32” w;Fk; ,ilapy; nfhj;Jf;fs; toq;fp mjd; %yk; juTfs; mike;Js;sJ. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; ngsjPf Nrfupf;fg;gl;ld. mikg;Gk; fhyepiyAk;> cyH gpuNjr Fz q fiuNahuj;jpy; thOk; kf;fspilNa mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; 20 vOkhw;W mbg;gilapy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l nrayhsH gpuptpDs; 11 gpuNjr nrayhsH gpupT 50 NgupdpilNa Neu;fzhy; %yk; juTfs; flw;fiuNahu ikaj;jpDs; mike;Js;sJ. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;G 4> 431 rJu Nrfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fpNyhkPw;wuhFk;. ,jpy; 1>804 rJu fpNyhkPw;wH q fiuNahuj;ij Ma;thsdhf ,Ue;J gug;gsT flw;fiuNahu tyaj;jpDs; Neubahf fsj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W Neub cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jpy; cs;ehl;L ed;dPH mtjhdpg;ig Nkw;nfhz;ljD}lhf gug;gsT 62.9 rJu fpNyh kPw;wuhfTk; jfty;fs; ngwg;gl;ld. fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mk;ghiw khtl;lk; 115 fpNyh kPw;wH 2. ,uz;lhk; epiyj; juTfs;;: ePskhd flw;fiug; gpuNjrj;jpidf; ,t;tha;Tf;fhf ,uz;lhk; epiyj; nfhz;Ls;sJ. tlf;Fj; njw;Fj; jpirapy; juTfshf Gs;sptpguq;fs;> Mtzq;fs;> nry;Yk; Neuhd fiuNahuf; Nfhl;by; tupg;glq;fs;> ml;ltizfs;> E}y;fs;> mike;js;sJ. flw;fiuf;Fr; rkPgkhf rha;T rQ;rpiffs;> mur> mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; tpfpjk; 10 kPw;wH rkTauf; NfhL tiu RkhH mwpf;iffs; Nghd;wd Jizahff; 1:50 MFk;. mjw;F mg;ghy; flybapd; rha;T nfhs;sg;gl;ld. tpfpjk; 1:100 Kjy; 1:150 tiu NtWgLfpd;wJ.
juT gFg;gha;T: Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; vspa ,t;tha;thdJ gpd;tUk; Nehf;fq;fis Gs;sptpgutpay; Kiwahd SPSS ,id miltjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. gad;gLj;jpAk; Gtpapay; jfty; njhFjpapd; (GIS) Arc GIS vd;w fzdp nkd;nghUSk; 1. fiuNahuj; jpd;dypdhy; vt;thwhd gpuNahfpj;J gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;L Ma;tpd; jhf;fq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;gjidf; KbTfs; ngwg;gl;ljD}lhf ,t;tha;tpd; fz;lwpjy; Nehf;fq;fis mila Kbe;Js;sJ. 2. fiuNahuj; jpd;dw; nraw;ghl;bidj; J}z;Lk; fhuzpfis milahsg;gLj;jy;. mk;ghiw khtl;l njd;fiuNahu jpd;dy; 3. fiuNahuj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iffis mk;ghiw khtl;lf; fiuNahug; Kd;itj;jy;. gFjpfshdJ fz;ly; jhtuk;> fopKfg; gFjp gtsg; ghiwfs;> fly; ghupfs; vd;gd Nghd;w
[24] fyhepjp vk;.I.vk;. fyPy; flw;fiuNahu jpd;dyhy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;; - mk;ghiw khtl;l njd;fiuNahuj;ij ikag;gLj;jpa fs Ma;T
tsq;fspid epiwthff; nfhz;l gpuNjrkhFk;. tYtile;jJ. ,itfs; jtpu Rje;jpuj;jpw;F flw;fiuNahu rJg;G epyq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fSk; fiuNahuj;jpy; khdpl fz;ly; epyj; jhtu R+oy; njhFjp ,tw;Ws; eltbf;iffis mjpfj;jJ. Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,it ctH rJg;G epyf; fhLfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. 01. 1950 fspy; ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fy; ,j;jhtuq;fs; nghJthf ,aw;ifapd; rPw;wj;jpidj; jLf;fpd;w XH mupa tskhFk;. 02. 1960 fspy; cy;yhrg; gaz tpupthf;fk; fz;ly; epyj; jhtuq;fspd; NtHj; njhFjpfs; 03. 1970 fspy; jpwe;j nghUshjhuk; fiuNahu kz;iz ,Wfpg; gw;wpg; gpbg;gjdhy; Nghd;wd R+oy; gpur;rpidfisj; flyiyapd; jhf;fj;jpypUe;J fiuNahuj;ijg; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sd. ghJfhf;fpd;wJ. mk;ghiw khtl;lj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu gtsg; ghiwfSk; fiuNahuj;jpidg; fiuNahur; R+oy; gpur;rpidfs; jpl;lkplg;glhj Ngh\pf;Fk; xU tskhFk;. ,it flyupg;G khdpl eltbf;iffspdhYk;> Kiwaw;w tsg; Vw;glhJ R+oy; njhFjpiag; ghJfhg;gNjhL gad;ghl;bdhYk; Vw;gLtjhf njupa te;Js;sJ. Gjpa jiug;gFjpfis Mf;fTk;> caH jho; ,jdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; gw;wp rpe;jpg;gJ mq;fpfspd; GfyuzhfTk; nraw;gLfpd;wJ. FiwT> ,jdbg;gilapy; jpd;dy; rhH ,t;thwhd fly; R+oy; tsq;fshdJ ,d;W tpisTfs; Kiwaw;w FbapUg;GfSk; mJrhH ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; mUfpf; nfhz;L tUtjdhy; gy tpisTfs; epyr; rPuopT> ePH ctHj;jd;ik fiuNahug; gpur;rpidfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ. miljy; vd;w mbg;gilapy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfisAk; Nehf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. fiuNahug; gpur;rpidfspd; Njhw;Wthia tuyhw;W uPjpahf Nehf;fpd; fhyzpj;Jtf; kdpjdpd; rpy eilKiwfs; ,aw;ifahf fhyj;jpw;F Kd; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; vt;tpjkhd eilngWk; fiuNahu ];jPuj;jd;ik mw;Wg; jhf;fj;jpidAk; Rl;bf; fhl;l tpy;iy. ,jdhy; Nghfpd;wJ. ,d;Dk; rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; fiuf;F ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J tUk; gilnaLg;gpdhy; ,aw;ifahf fpilf;f Ntz;ba gjhHj;jq;fshd Kjy; mbthq;Fk; jskhf ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kzy; KUiff; fw;fs; Nghd;wit NtW ,Ue;jhYk; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj mk;ghiw eltbf;iffSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; khtl;lk; tHj;jfj;jpw;F> tpahghuj;jpw;Fk; fiuf;F fpilf;Fk; gjhHj;jq;fspd; msT rpwg;ghd ,lkhff; fzpf;fg;gl;lJ. (Asian Fiwfpd;wJ. mNjNghd;W ghupa miyfspd; Development Bank, 2001). rf;jpia cWQ;rpf; nfhs;Sk; ,aw;ifahfNt mike;Js;s KUiff;fw;ghiww Nghd;w Muk;g fhyj;jpy; fiuNahur; R+oy; ghJfhg;G Ntypfis Nrjkhf;Ftjdhy; gpur;rpidfs; ngsjPf fhuzpfshNyNa Njhw;wk; fiuNahuKk;> fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fSk; ngw;wJ. njd; Nkw;Fg; gUt fhyj;jpd; NghJ> mopfpd;wd. njw;F> Nkw;Fg; gpuNjrq;fSk;> tlfPo; gUt fhyj;jpd; NghJ tlf;F> fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fSk; jhf;fq;fis mDgtpj;jJ. ,jdhy; nghUshjhu fiuNahuj; jpd;dYf;fhd uPjpahd ghjpg;Gf;fisAk;> capH ghJfhg;GfisAk; ngsjPf uPjpahd fhuzpfSk; tpisTfSk; ghjpg;GfisAk; mDgtpj;J te;Js;sJ. fiuNahuj; jpd;dYf;Fg; gpujhd ,uz;L ,Ue;jhYk; ,aw;if fhuzpfNs kPz;Lk; fhuzpfs; Jiz Gupfpd;wd. rPuikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ikiag; ngw;wpUe;JJ. ,jid “,aq;fpay; mikg;G my;yJ ,aq;fpay; 1. ,aw;iff; fhuzpfs; njhFjp (Dynamic Systams) vdf; $wKbAk;. w miy w fhw;W me;epaH Ml;rpapd; NghNj w ePNuhl;lKk; fhw;Wk; fhyzpj;Jtthjpfspdhy; fiuNahuj;jpd; w ,aw;if mdu;j;jk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; czug;gl;lJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; w ghiwapd; jd;ik fiuNahu tyaq;fs; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;ld. kf;fs; mq;F jdJ FbNaw;wq;fis mikf;f 2. khdplf; fhuzpfs; Muk;gpj;jdH. Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;G w kzy; mfo;T fiuNahuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l ftHr;rpapdhy; w KUiff;fy; mfo;T ifj;njhopy;> tHj;jfk;> tpahghuk;> kPd;gpb> w jhtug; Nghu;itfs; ePf;fg;gly; Nghd;w eltbf;iffs; fiuNahuj;jpy; NkYk; w Kiwaw;w kPd;gpb
[25] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
w mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; ngaHfpd;wJ. Mw;W thapd; w mZthapj cw;gj;jp miktpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk; NghJ> R+oTs;s flypd; fiuNahur; nraw;ghLfSk; JiwKfk; mikj;jy; w khw;wkilfpd;wd. ,jdhy; fiu epiyaw;w w Kiwaw;wfl;blk; mikj;jy; jd;ikapid ngWtNjhL cf;fpukhd fly; w ifj;njhopy; fopTfs; mupg;gpw;Fk; cs;shfpd;wJ. w N`hl;ly; fopTfs; w cy;yhrg; gaztpUj;jp q fhyepiy khw;wk; w fly; kl;lk; caHjy; ePz;l fhy fhyepiy khw;wKk; jpd;diyj; fle;j E}w;whz;Lf;Fs; jiuAld; J}z;Lfpd;wJ. fhyepiy khw;wj;jpdhy; kio> xg;gpLifapy; fly; kl;lk; Fwpg;gpl;lstpy; fhw;W> Nghd;witfspd; mjpfupg;gpdhy; caHe;jpUg;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ntg;gepiy miyfspd; njhopw;ghL tpj;jpahrg;gLfpd;wJ. caHe;jpUg;gJk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ntg;gepiy ,jdhy; fiuNahur; nraw;ghLfs; mjpupg;gpdhy; gdpf;fl;b cUfp fly; ePH kl;lk; khw;wkiltNjhL flyupg;Gk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. caHtilfpd;wJ. ,J jho;e;j fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspid ntFthfg; ghjpg;gNjhL NkYk; Mw;W Kfj;Jthuq;fs; ,lk; jiuahdJ flw;gug;gpDs; cs;thq;Fk; epiyAk; ngaHjy;> flybapy; G+fk;gk;> epy eLf;fk; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. xYtpy;> Vw;gLjy;> Rdhkp Nghd;wdTk; NkYk; ,jid fy;Kid Nghd;w fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfshf Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; ,jw;F cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. gpd;duhd mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fshf JiwKf mgptpUj;jp> kPs; fl;ll epHkhzk; vd;gtw;NwhL fiuapypUe;J mjpfsT kzy; mfo;jy;> q R+whtspAk;> Gay; fhw;Wk; MWfspypUe;J mjpfsT kzy; mfo;jy;> R+whtspAk;> Gay; fhw;Wk; jpd;diyj; KUiff;fw;ghiwfs; mfo;T> fiuNahuj;jpid J}z;Lk; fhuzpfspy; xd;whFk;. GayhdJ mz;ba gFjpapy; Gtpapay; NtWghLfis flNyhug; gpuNjrj;ij ClWj;J jiuia khw;Wjy;> fiuia mz;ba gpuNjrq;fspy; Nehf;fp tPRk; NghJ> miyNahL tUk; ePH jiu kw;Wk; fiuNahuf; flypy; jpl;lkplg;glhj fl;ll vy;iyapNy Nkhjp gy fpNyhkPw;wH J}uk; tiu epHzkhdk;> Kiwahf jpl;lkplg;glhj NknyOk;Gfpd;wJ. ,r;R+whtsp Gay; fhw;wpdhy; fiuNahug; ghJfhg;G Nghd;w khdpl Vw;gLk; mjpf kiotPo;r;rp ePUk; kPz;Lk; fliy eltbf;iffSk; jpd;dy; fhuzpfshf cs;sd. Nehf;fpg; gha;e;NjhLfpd;wJ. ,J fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpypUe;Jk; fiuia mz;ba nghJthf flw;fiuNahu jpd;dy; fiuapypUe;Jk; ngUksT gjhHj;jq;fis eltbf;iffspy; ngsjPf> khdpl fhuzpfs; vd Mo;flYf;F vLj;Jr; nry;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,Utiff; fhuzpfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; jiuapYk;> fiuapYk; ngUksT gjhHj;jq;fs; jw;fhyj;jpy; mjpfupj;j rdj;njhifg; ngUf;fk; FiwwtJld; tpfhukile;j flybahy; fhuzkhf flw;fiuAld; njhlu;ghd kdpjj; fiuNahur; nraw;ghLfSk; khw;wkilfpd;wd. NjitfSk; mjpfupj;jd. mjd; fhuzkhf flw;fiuNahug; gFjpfs; kdpjdhy; jpl;lkplg;glhj xd;wpizf;fg;glhj q nts;sk; kw;Wk; mjpf kio tPo;r;rpAk; eltbf;iffSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L flw;fiuNahu mupj;jYf;F ngsjPf fhuzpfis tpl khdpl nts;sk; kw;Wk; mjpf kio tPo;r;rpAk; $l fhuzpfs; ,d;W mjpfstpy; nry;thf;Fr; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; jpd;dy; fhuzpfshf nrYj;jp tUfpd;wd. nraw;gLfpd;wd. mjpf kiotPo;r;rpahy; fiuNahuj;ij Nehf;fpg; ghAk; ePupd; msT mjpfkhdjhFk;. ,J fiuapd; epiyahd jd;ikf;Nf ghjfkhdJ. ,tw;wpy; mupg;gpw;F cl;gLk; fiuahdJ> ,aw;if epiyf;F tUtNj ,y;iy. ,jdhy; rpy ,lq;fs; mjpfkhf mupg;Gf;Fs;shfpd;wJ. nts;sg; ngUf;fpd; NghJ MWfspypUe;J tUk; kzy; Mw;W tha;fSf;F mz;ikapy; Mokw;w flypy; gbfpd;wd. ,tw;why; Mw;W tha;fSf;F jilahf kzy; gbtjhy; Mw;W tha; NtnwhU
[26] fyhepjp vk;.I.vk;. fyPy; flw;fiuNahu jpd;dyhy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;; - mk;ghiw khtl;l njd;fiuNahuj;ij ikag;gLj;jpa fs Ma;T
vy;yhf; fiuf;Nfhl;L mk;rq;fSk; Mo; flypypUe;J tUk; ghupa miyfnsy;yhk; fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g khw;wq;fisr; nra;af;$baJ. jkJ KOr; rf;jpiaAk; fiuapy; ePu;> miyfs; vd;gd xU ,lj;jpypUe;J nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,d;Ndhu; ,lj;jpw;F nghUl;fis vLj;Jr; nrd;W fiuNahuj;jpy; gbjy; nra;tjd; %yk; ifj;njhopw;rhiyfs;> nghJ kf;fspd; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. FWfpa fhyj;jpy; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;G Kiwfs; vd;gtw;why; ,k;khw;wq;fs;> fhw;W> miyfs;> ePNuhl;lq;fs;> ngUksT fopTfs; ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wd. khdplr; nrad; Kiwfs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fpdq;f mtw;wpdhy; KUiff; fw;ghiwfs; $ba jpd;dy; nra;Kiwfisj; Jupjg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. nfjpapy; mope;J tUfpd;wd.
fiuia mz;ba Kiwaw;w epHkhzq;fSk; fly; jpd;diyj; J}z;Lk; fhuzpfshFk;. fiuNahhu epHkhzq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; rpW rpW gpur;rpidfis jPHg;gjw;fhfNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;epHkhzq;fs; tPjp> flw;nwhopy;> fly; ePiug; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;> JiwKf epHkhzk; Nghd;w eltbf;iffSf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;gpl;l epHkhzq;fspdhy; fiuNahur; nraw;ghLfSk; fiuf;F Vw;glf; $ba ghjpg;Gfs; gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy; ,e;j epHkhzq;fs; %yk; fiuNahu nraw;ghLfspNy khw;wk; Vw;gl;L fiuNahu Xl;lj;jhy; nfhz;L tug;gLk; kzy; Njitaw;w ,lq;fspy; NrHfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; gf;fj;J fiuf;F fpilf;f Ntz;ba kzy; fpilf;fhky; Nghfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,f;fiufs; mupg;gpw;Fs;shfpd;wd. nghUj;jkw;w ,lj;jpy; kz; mo;tpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ fiuNahuKk; mjw;fhd njd;fpof;fpy; mikf;fg;gLk; Kfhikj;Jt jpl;lq;fSk; KOikahfg; JiwfKfkhdJ fiuNahu vy;iyapNyNa ghjpf;fg; gLfpd;wJ. ,J kl;Lkd;wp kz;zfo;T mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;Fs;s ,aw;ifahd fiuf;Nfhl;bidg; ghjpg;gilar; nra;J eq;$ukpLk; juq;fis tpUj;jp nra;J fiuNahuj;ijg; gpd;thq;fr; nra;fpd;wJ. ,j;JiwKfk; epHkhzpf;fgl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fhf ,g;gpuNjrf; fl;blf; ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; gpw epHkhzpfg;gl;Ls;s mizf;fl;L kw;Wk; ePHjLg;G eltbf;iffSf;fhf kzy; ngUk;ghYk; mizf;fl;Lf;fshy; R+oTs;s gpuNjrq;fspy; fiuNahuj;ij mz;ba gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Nj fiuNahu nraw;ghLfs; khw;wkile;Js;sd. vLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fiuapypUe;J kzy; mfo;tjhy; GaYf;F jhf;Fg; gpbf;ff; $ba mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpidg; nghWj;jtiu kzypd; msT Fiwtilfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; fiu fiuNahuj; jpd;dy; rw;W NtWghlhd eyptilfpd;wJ. MWfspypUe;J kzy; KiwfspyNa Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;khtl;lk; mfog;gLtjhy; fiuf;F fpilf;Fk; gjhHj;jq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; tptrhaj; nrad;Kiwfisf; fpilf;fhky; Nghfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; fiuNahug; nfhz;lJ. ,k;khtl;lj;jpYs;s RkhH 15 tb gpuNjrj;jpy; mupg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ. epyq;fSk; MWfSk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; tprhykhd fiuNahuj;jpid KUiff; fw;ghiwfis cilg;gjdhYk; mikg;gjw;F Njitahd kzy; fpilg;gJ ntbg; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp kPd; FiwT. kWGwk; kz;zfo;T> FbapUg;G gpbg;gjpdhYk; capUs;s> capuw;w KUiff; vd;gdTk; ,j;jpd;dy; nraw;ghl;bidj; fw;ghiwfs; Nrjkilfpd;wd. KUiff; J}z;Lfpd;wJ. fw;ghiwfis cilf;Fk; NghJ Njhd;WK; Fopfis epug;g fiuapy; cs;s gjhHj;jq;fs; ,k;khtl;lj;jpidg; nghWj;jtiu ,Ogl;Lr; nry;fpd;wd. mf;Fopfis epug;g fhyhfhyk; jpd;dy; nraw;ghLfs; ,lk; gjhHj;jq;fs; ,Ogl;Lr; nry;tjhy; fiuf;F ngw;whYk; gbjy; epfo;TfSk; ,lk; ngWtij fpilf;Fk; kzypd; msT Fiwfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; Rl;bf; fhl;lhky; ,Uf;f KbahJ. fiu eyptile;J gyk; tha;e;j Fd;W Nghy ,jdbg;gilapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpy ghjpg;Gf;fs; cUthfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL ,tw;iw mopg;gjdhy; Vw;gl;Ls;sij czu Kbfpd;wJ.
[27] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
fiuNahu epy cUtkhdJ – Kd;itg;Gf;fs; ,t;;;tha;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpw;F ghjpf;fg;gLtJld; epyKk; cs;thq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; fiuNahug; Ngzy; mk;ghiw khtl;lf; fiuNahuq;fspy; ,d;W Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wd. fiuNahu tsj;jpid ghiwfspidg; nghWj;J nkd;ikahd gFjpAk;> Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;J mjid EfHjiy td;ikahd gFjpAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fiuNahug; Ngzy; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; NghJ ,k;nkd;ikahd gFjpNa ,j;jpd;dy; ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk; ehk; ,d;W fl;Lg;gLj;j nraw;ghl;lhy; ghjpg;giltJld; epyg;gug;igAk; Ntz;;ba Njit ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Mf;fpukpf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; td;ikahd gFjp Kd;Ndhf;fpAk; nkd;ikahd gFjpapy; Ma;T gpuNjrj;jpy; jpd;dy; nraw;ghl;bid cs;Nehf;fpAk; fiuNahuk; khw;wkilfpd;wJ. J}z;Lk; fhuzpfshd kzy; mfo;jy;> KUiff; kl;Lkd;wp fiuNahuj;jpd; gug;Gk; Fiwfpd;wJ. fy; mfo;jy;> fl;bl epHkhzk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; rpy Ntis ,j;jpd;dy; gpuNjrj;jpy; nghUshjhu Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,r;nraw;ghLfis epWj;Jtjw;Fk;> uPjpahd ,og;Gf;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; fiuNahu Kfhikj;Jtk; cjhuzkhff; fy;Kid flw;fiug; mtrpak; Njitg;gl;l xU tplakhf cs;sJ. gpuNjrkhdJ ,d;W ,t;thW khw;wkile;Js;sJ. ,g;ghjfkhd eltbf;iffis epWj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if vLf;Fk; NghJ njhopy; gpur;rpidAk; 1984 ,y; fiuNahug; ghJfhg;G mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffSf;F mtrpakhd jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; Gj;jsk; njhlf;fk; rq;fkd; tsj;jl;Lg;ghLk; Vw;glf; $ba tha;g;G ,Uf;Fk;. fe;ij tiuahd fiuNaug;gFjpapy; vdNt khw;Wj; njhopy; tsq;fSf;F toptFf;f Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpd; NghJ mq;fpUe;j ntz;baNjhL mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; tsq;fis kz;zfo;T tPjk; 1991 Mk; Mz;L 20 tPjj;jhy; tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;ba flg;ghL cs;sJ. mjpfu;jpUe;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,t;thwhd fhuzpfs; #oYf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; vdNt fly; jpd;diyf; fl;Lgg;gLj;jp ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd. fiuNahuj;jpidg; NgZtjw;F mJ gw;wpa me;jtifapy;> Gupe;JzHit nghJ kf;fsplk; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,jdhy; vjpHfhyj;jpy; jpd;dy; p fl;blq;fSk;>FbapUg;Gf;fSk; mkpo;e;J nraw;ghl;bid ,t;tha;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpy; Fiwf;f Nghjy;. KbAk;. p epyk; mkpo;jy; p Rw;Wyhj;njhopy;ghjpg;giljy; fiuNahu mupg;gpidf; p kPd;gpb ghjpg;giljy; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ghJfhg;G p Nghf;Ftuj;J tPjpfs; ghjpg;giljy; eltbf;iffs; p tuyhw;W Kf;fpj;Jt kpf;f ,lq;fs; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gFjpia ,aw;if mdHj;jk; kw;Wk; kdpj nraw;ghl;bypUe;J mope;J Nghjy; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; 1920 Mk; p flw;fiuNahu tsq;fs; mope;J Nghjy; Mz;bypUe;J Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. 1963 Mk; p ,aw;if tdg;G ghjpf;fg; gLjy; Mz;L fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gg; gupT cUthf;fg;gl;L fiuNahuj;ij Kfhikj;Jtk; vdg; gy tpisTfis vjpu; Nehf;f nra;tjd; %yk; fiuNahuk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. Ntz;btUk;. 1981 Mk; Mz;L ghuhskd;wj;jpy; 57 Mk; gpuptpd; fPo; fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lk; 1983 Mk; mz;L KbTiu mKYf;F te;jJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; fiuNahug; ghJfhg;G jpizf;fsk; Ma;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpy; ngsjPf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ (Lgnacimuthu,1998). nraw;ghLfspdhYk;> khdpl ,j;jpizf;fsk; nfhs;if cUthf;fk;> nraw;ghLfspdhYk; fly; jpd;dy; mjpfkhf jpl;lkply;> Muha;r;rpfisr; nra;jy; ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. ,J fiuNahur; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yKk; fiuNahug; gFjpapd; R+oypid ntFthfg; ghjpj;J tUfpd;wJ. mgptpUj;jp nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;F mDkjp ,jdhy; fiuNahuk; cs;thq;fg;gLjy;> capupd nfhLf;Fk; nraw;ghLfis Kfhikj;Jtk; mopT Nghd;w ,d;Dk; gy ghjpg;Gfs; nra;tjd; %yKk; fiuNahug; ghJfhg;G Vw;gl;Ls;sd. ,jw;fhd rpwe;j Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;ifia Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yjy; %yKk;
[28] fyhepjp vk;.I.vk;. fyPy; flw;fiuNahu jpd;dyhy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;; - mk;ghiw khtl;l njd;fiuNahuj;ij ikag;gLj;jpa fs Ma;T
,yq;ifapd; fiuNahuj;ij ghJfhj;J ePh;j;jLg;G mizf;fl;L epHkhzpf;fg;gLtjhy; tUfpd;wJ. fiuNahu Xl;lj;jpd; %yk; nfhz;L tug;gLk; kzypd; xU gFjp fl;bd; xU gf;fk; Ma;Tg; gpuNjrkhdJ kpfTk; jho;e;j Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; fl;bd; xU gf;fk; gpuNjrkhf ,Ug;gjdhy; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpid mupg;gpypUe;J ghJfhg;G ngWfpd;wJ. (Coastal jpd;dy; nraw;ghl;bypUe;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba ZoneManagement Plan, 2003) Njitg;ghL cs;sJ. vdNt ,g;gpuNjr jpd;dy; nraw;ghl;bid gpd;tUk; ghJfhg;G 3. Vida FWfpa fhyj; jPHTfs; eltbf;iffspd; %yk; Fiwf;f KbAk;. Ma;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpy; mtru flyupg;Gg; 1. nkd;ikahd ghJfhg;G Kiwfs; gpuNjrq;fspy; ghupa fw;fisg; gug;GtJ xU fiuNahu mtru ghJfhg;G epHkhzkhFk;. flyupg;gpw;F gpujhd fhuzk; tiyg; ngl;b mbj;jy;> kzy; rhf;Fg; NghLjy; fiuNahuj;jpid Ngh\pf;fj; Njitahd vd;gdTk; FWfpa fhy ghJfhg;G KiwfshFk;. gjhHj;jq;fspd; msT FiwtjhFk;. ,jdhy; rpwe;j ghJfhg;G KiwahdJ vt;tpj Fiwthf cs;s gjhHj;jq;fis fiuf;F ghJfhg;gpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; toq;Ftjd; %yk; fiuapy; epue;juj; jd;ikia epHkhzpg;Gf;fs; fiuapd; NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; Vw;gLj;jyhk;. ,jid nraw;if kzy; flyupg;Gg; gpur;rpidia Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; Ngh\iz vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,k;kziy fiuNahuj;jpid Rje;jpukhf ,aq;f ,lkspf;f Mo;flypy; gbe;js;s ghiwfspdhy; my;yJ Ntz;Lk;. fiuNahuj;ij mz;ba fldPNuupahy; my;yJ NtW ,lnkhd;wpypUe;J ngw KbAk;. Ma;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpy; ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; fiuNahuj;ij mz;bf; FbapUg;Nghiu fiuNahuj;jpid mz;b tho;e;J tUtNjhL flyupg;Gg; gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J mfw;wp ngUk;ghyhd mbg;gil trjpfs; fiuNahuj;jpd; ,aw;ifahd elj;ijf;F fiuNahuj;jpyNa tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;;sd. ,lkspg;gJk; nkd;ikahd jPHT kiwfspy; ,t;tplq;fs; Vw;fdNt Kd;Ndw;wk; xd;whFk;. fiuNahuj; jhtuq;fis nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhy; fiuNahuj;jpw;F Rje;jpukhf fiuNahuj;ij mz;ba gpuNjrq;fspy; ,aq;f ,lkspg;gJ rpukkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jdhy; ehl;Ltjd; %yKk; fiuNahuj; jpd;diyf; rpy Ntisfspy; vJ tpj ghJfhg;Gk; nra;ahJ Fiwf;f KbAk;. ,Uf;Fk; rpwe;j Kiwiaf; iftpl Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. 2. fLikahd fiuNahug; ghJfhg;G Kiwfs; fiuNahug; Ngzy; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; fly; fLikahf ,Uf;Fk; Ma;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fhyj;jpy; jiuapd; ePz;l gpuNjrj;jpw;F fiuNahu epHkhzq;fs; R+oiy Kf;fpakhf ngUe;njUf;fSf;F mr;RWj;jy; khw;wpaikf;fpd;wd. jiuapy; fiu tiyiag; Vw;gLk; Ntisfspy; fiuNahu mUfpYk; ‘gf;f gad;gLj;Jjy;> tiyia cyHj;Jjy; kw;Wk; mizf;fl;L’ eppHkhzpf;Fk; Njit Vw;gLk;. Njhdpfis fiuapy; ,Oj;jy; Nghd;w fy;NtypfSf;fpilapYs;s ,ilntspf;$lhf flw;nwhopy; eltbf;iffSf;F ,e;ePHj; jLg;ig epyj;jpd; kzy; my;yJ kz; mbj;Jr; mikg;gjpdhy; ,ilQ;ry;fs; vw;glf; $ba nry;tij jLg;gjw;F fl;Lf;Fk; jiuf;Fk; rhj;jpag;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt ,ilapy; tiyg;gpd;dy; mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; ed;ikahd tplaq;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;w ghupa fw;fs; miyapd; Ntfj;ij Fiwg;gNjhL NghjpYk; rpy jPikahd tplaq;fSk; ,lk; mjw;F fPNo mupjl;L ,ioapd; %yk; ngwj;jhd; nra;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; ghjfkhd gjhHj;jq;fs; mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; vLj;Jr; tpisTfisj; juhj topKiwfis nry;yg;gLtijj; jLf;fpd;wJ. eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy; rpwg;ghdjhFk;.
fiuNahuj; jpd;diyf; Fiwg;gjw;F ,f;fiuNahuj; jpd;dy; nraw;ghl;bid kw;WnkhU fLikahd fiuNahu ghJfhg;G Fiwg;gjw;F mur rl;lq;fspd; cjtpAld; Kiwfspy; xd;W ‘gdf;fhl;L’ (ePHj;jLg;G eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ NkYk; gy ed;ikfs; mizf;fl;L) mikg;gjhFk;. ,J jiuf;Fr; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpw;F fpilf;f tha;g;ghf nrq;Fj;jhf epHkhzpf;fg;gLk;. ,j;jifa jLg;Gf; mikfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy; gpd;tUk; fl;lhy; fiuNahu Xl;lk; jLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jpl;lq;fis eilKiwf;F nfhz;L tuyhk;.
[29] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
01. xOq;FgLj;jy; p fiuNahu thoplq;fs; kw;Wk; %ytsq;fspd; Kfhkpg;gpw;F vdTk; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l J}uj;jpw;F NgZjYf;nfdTkhd mg;ghy; fl;blq;fis mikg;gjw;Fk;> mgptpUj;jp nghWg;gpidAila gy epWtdq;fis eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; fUj;jpw;F vLf;ifapy; ,j;jifa mikg;gjw;Fk;> mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffis nraw;ghLfis nraw;wpwd; kpf;f Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; fiuNahu vy;iyiaj; xOq;Nfw;ghnlhd;wpd;> fiuNahu jPHkhdpj;jy;> vy;iyfspd; msitj; jpUj;jk; thoplq;fspd; Kfhkpg;G gaDs;sjhf nra;jy;> fl;blq;fis mikg;gjw;fhd miktjw;FNjitg;gLfpd;wJ mDkjpfis toq;Fjy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; jpd;dy; p fiuNahu thopl %y tsq;fisg; ghjpg;gpid Fiwf;f KbAk; ghJfhg;gjw;F 1996 ,d; 2 Mk; ,yf;f kPd;gpb ePupay; tsq;fs; rl;lk;> 1937 ,d; 02. Neubahd mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs;: 2Mk; ,yf;f tpyq;fpd jhtu ,d ghJfhg;Gf; fl;lisr; rl;lk;> Fwpg;ghf murhq;fk; Neubahf fiuNahu mgptpUj;jp mjidaLj;J te;J 1993 ,d; 43 Mk; nraw;ghl;L eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; ,yf;f jpUj;jr; rl;lk; Nghd;w fly; %yk; fiuNahuj;jpidg; ghJfhf;fyhk;. ,dq;fspd; Vw;Wkjpia kl;Lg;gLj;Jk; gy rl;lq;fSk; Kf;fpakhf 03. Muha;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;: Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
KUiff; fy; mfo;jy;> kzy; mfo;jy; mj;Jld; gy mur epWtdq;fs;> mur vd;git r%f uPjpahfTk;> nghUshjhu rhHgw;w epWtdq;fs;> kf;fspd; $l;L Kaw;rp uPjpahfTk; ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jkh? vd vd;gdtw;wpd; %yKk; ,j;jpd;dy; Muha;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;. mj;Jld; nraw;ghLfisf; Fiwf;f cjt KbAk;. vjpH mt;thwhd ,lq;fspy; kzy; vLg;gjw;F fhyj;jpy; rpy Kf;fpakhd gFjpfis cj;juT nfhLf;fyhk;. vj;jifa fy;tpia Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;F jpl;lq;fisAk; kf;fSf;F toq;fyhk; vd;git njhlHghf nfhs;iffisAk; cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; Ma;Tg; Muha;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; jpd;dy; gpuNjr fiuNahu tsq;fspid ghJfhg;gJld; nraw;ghlhdJ Fiwf;fg;gLk;. flw;fiuj; jpd;diyAk; Fiwf;f KbAk;.
04. fy;tpA+l;lYk;> tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;jYk; crhj;Jiz: kf;fSf;F R+oy; njhlHghd tpopg;GzHr;rpapid Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; 01. Dr. Lgnacimuthu S. (1998) Environmental fiuNahug; ghJfhg;gpid eilKiwg;gLj;jyhk;. Awareness and Protection, Agnes Corea, Rom Johnstone, Jayasinhe Jayasinhe, Santhiago 05. jpl;lkply; nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fjy; Ekaratne, and KamburapolaJayawardene, (1998): Ma;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpy; kpfTk; gpur;rpidf;Fupa Self-Pollution: A Major Threat to the Prawn fiuNahug; gFjpapy; Gjpa jpl;lq;fis Farming Industry in Sri Lanka. cUthf;Ftjd; %ykhf jpd;dy; nraw;ghl;bidf; Fiwf;f KbAk;. 02. Coast Conservation Department, Ministry of Fisheries and Ocean Resources, Coastal p fuNahu tyaj;jpy; nraw;gLk; ZoneManagement Plan, Sri Lanka (2003). mgptpUj;jp rhu;e;j mjpf tpNrlj;Jtk; ngw;w Vida Kftu;epiyaq;fSs; ,yq;if Rw;Wyhr;rigahdJ khR 03. Regional Technical Assistance for Coastal and fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kPjhd topfhl;ly;fis Marine Resources Management and Poverty cs;slf;Fk; gpujhd jpl;lnkhd;wpid Reduction in South Asia (ADB RETA 5974),A N`hl;ly;mgptpUj;jpahsUf;Fvd Socio Economic Assessment Of The Puttalam jahupj;Js;sJ. Lagoon Area, IUCN-the world conservation
[30] fyhepjp vk;.I.vk;. fyPy; flw;fiuNahu jpd;dyhy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;; - mk;ghiw khtl;l njd;fiuNahuj;ij ikag;gLj;jpa fs Ma;T
union, Sri Lank.(2003).PhoenixPublishing House Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
04. Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2001). Coastal Resources Management Project SriLanka (TA No. 3477 – SRI) Component A: Coastal Environment and Resource
05. Regional Technical Assistance for Coastal and Marine Resources Management and Poverty Reduction in South Asia (ADB RETA 5974), Biodiversity in Puttalam Lagoon with Special reference to Poverty Alleviation, IUCN-the world conservation union, Sri Lanka (2003).
[31] Rikaza Faris(1)and M.I.M. Kaleel(2) “kz;rupTk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fSk;”: fz;b khtl;lj;ij ikag;gLj;jpa xU Ma;T
(1), (2) Department of Geography, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil, Sri Lanka.
Abstract: Today, there are so many researchers have 1.1 Ma;T mwpKfk; been conducted on Geographical aspects. The research cyfshtpa uPjpapy; ehSf;F ehs; Vw;gl;L titled on “Social, Economic and Environmental impact tUfpd;w ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fspy; Gtp caused by the landslide – A study based on Kandy ntspAUttpay; rhu;e;j> kw;Wk; kdpj district “is an urgent reality to mitigate Geological eltbf;ifAld; njhlu;Ggl;l mdu;j;jkhf disasters in Kandy District. Today, many natural kz;rupT fhzg;gLfpd;;wJ.; kiyg;ghq;fhd gFjpfspy; Nkw;ghiwg;gilapy; ,Ue;J Ntwhf disasters occur worldwide. According to that, the gpupe;J jho;epyq;fis Nehf;fp ruptiljy; effects of landslide which occurs at world mountainous MFk;. GtpaPu;g;G tpir fhuzkhf kiy regions can be seen even in Sri Lanka. Though we rupnthd;wpy; mirtw;w kz;gil xd;wpy; ,Ue;J generally focus on it as a Global Environmental ntt;NtW msTfspy; Vw;gLk; mirTfspD}lhf Problem, we can see the gradual increase of this effect kz;rupT milahsg;gLj;jg;gLk;. cyf #oy; at hill country regions of Sri Lanka. gpur;rpid vd nghJthf Nehf;fpdhYk; kz;ruptpd; jhf;fj;jpid ,yq;ifapYk;; mtjhdpf;f $bajhf cs;sNjhL Kf;fpa #ow; The purpose of this research is to find the areas in gpur;rpidfspy; xd;whfTk; ,lu; kw;Wk; which the landslide occurs in Kandy district, the mdu;j;jkhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. (,];jpfhu; reasons for that, and identify the social, economic and vk;.V.vk; 2011) environmental effects which are arisen from this critical condition. Hence, for this purpose primary and ,yq;ifapd; kj;jpa kiyehl;bd;
[32] Rikaza Faris and M.I.M. Kaleel “kz;rupTk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fSk;”: fz;b khtl;lj;ij ikag;gLj;jpa xU Ma;T khtl;lj;jpy; mbf;fb kz;rupT epfo;fpd;wJ. nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; kz;rupit ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; mg;gpuNjr jiuj;Njhw;wj; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; jd;ik> rha;T> rha;T Ntfk;> ghiwaikg;G> Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. kz;> rha;tpd; cWjpj;jd;ik> gpuNjr jhtug;Nghu;it> fhyepiy> Gwtpirj; njhopw;ghL Nghd;w ngsjPf fhhuzpfSld; 1.2 Ma;Tg; gpuNjrk; mjid J}z;;Lfpd;w khdpl eltbf;iffSk; fhuzkhfpd;wd. (fyPy;.vk;.I.vk; vk;2012) ,yq;ifapd; kj;jpa khfhzj;jpy; fz;b khtl;lk; mike;Js;sJ. ,k;khtl;lj;jpd; ,q;F kz;ruptpw;F cl;gLk; gpuNjrk; miktplk;; tl mfyhq;F 60.65’ - 70.29’ rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk; mjdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; fpof;Fnellhq;F 80o.25’ - 800.10’ MFk;. jhf;fk; gue;jjhFk;. mg;gpuNjrq;fspy; Vw;gLk; kiyfs; epiwe;j G+kpia nfhz;l ,yq;ifapd; kz;rupT mq;F Vw;gLk; mwpFwpfs; %yk; nkhj;j epyg;gug;ghdJ 65610km2 MFk;. ,jpy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;lhYk; gpuNjr Rkhu; 13780km2 kiyg;ghhq;fhd gpuNjrj;jpy;;; jd;ikfSf;F Vw;g jpBnudTk; epfo;tjhy; vjpu; 1940km2 gug;gsit fz;b khtl;lk; nfhs;Sk; jhf;fk; mjpfkhFk;. cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. r%f jhf;fq;fs; vDk; NghJ rdj;njhif kw;Wk; r%f fl;likg;gpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; ,k;khtl;;;lkhdJ tlf;Nf cf;Fnty> vd;gtw;wpD}lhf Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;. capupog;G uj;njhl> yf;fy> gy;NyfKt> tpy;fKt gpuNjr ,q;F Fwpg;gpljf;fjhFk;. FbapUg;Gf;fs; nrayhsu; mYtyfq;fspdJk; fpof;Nf gJis ghjpf;fg;gly;> FbapUg;Gf;fis NtW ,lq;fspy; khtl;lj;jpd; k`paq;fid nrayhsu; gpuptpYk; mikj;jy;> ,lg;ngau;T> ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfs;> njw;fpy; gJis khtl;lj;jpd; fe;jnfba kw;Wk; KjpNahu; ghJfhg;G> r%f cstpay; ntspg;ghL> Etnuypah> mk;gfKt Nfhuis Mfpa r%fg; gpur;rpidfs; vd;gtw;wpy; kz;ruptpdhy; gpuNjrnrayhsu; gpupTfshYk; Nkw;Nf FUehfy; ghupa jhf;fq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. (md;ldp khtl;lj;jpd;; khtj;jfk> upjpfk nrayhsu; Nehu;gl;. 2008 ) gpupTfisAk; vy;iyfshf nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Kf;fpakhf fly;kl;ljjpy; nghUshjhu jhf;fq;fs; vDk; NghJ Njrpa ,Ue;J 100m - 1600m tiu cauKila kj;jpa nghUshjhuj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtNjhL kiyehl;by; fpof;F gFjpapy; mike;jpUf;Fk; kdpj tho;thjhuj;jpYk; jhf;fj;ij kfhtyp Mw;wpw;F vy;iyfshf fly kl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. gapur;;nra;if epyq;fs;> ,Ue;J 100m cauj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs;> rha;Tfs; my;yJ mjid mz;b fl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk; filfs;> fz;b khtl;lkhdJ 20 gpuNjr nrashyu; njhopw;rhiyfs; vd;gtw;wpYk; jhf;fj;ij gpupTfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,q;F nkhj;j Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J> fl;bl rdj;njhif 1,279,028 MFk;. ,jpy; 74.1 % epu;khzk; vd;gtw;wpYk; jhf;fj;ij rpq;fstu;fSk;> 13.1% K];ypk;fSk;> 8.1% Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. ,e;jpaj;jkpou;fSk; 4.1 % ,yq;ifj;jkpou;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. 1940km2 gug;gsit nfhz;l kz;ruptpdhy; Vw;gLk; #oypay; jhf;fq;fs; fzb khtl;lj;jpy; epyg;gug;G 1917km2 MfTk; vDk; NghJ ,aw;if #oy; Kw;whf ePu;g;gug;G 23km2 MfTk; fhzg;gLfpz;wJ. ,q;F khw;wpaikf;fg;gLfpwJ. kz;zpd; jukpog;G> nghJthd ntg;gepiy 200 – 220 MFk;. jhtug;Nghu;it mopT> gpuNjr cUkhw;wk;> nghJthf tUlhe;j kio tPo;r;rp 1840mm. ,q;F capupdq;fspd; mopT> rha;Tfspy; Vw;gLk; KO tUlj;jpYk; Fspu;ikahd fhyepiy khw;wk;> tbfhyikg;G kw;Wk; mjpfkhd gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;. njy;njhl> ePNue;Jg;gpuNjrq;fspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; g];ghf Nfhuis> fq;f ,`y Nfhuis> vd;gtw;iw $wyhk;. clJk;gu> gd;tpy Mfpa gFjpfspy; Vida gFjpfNshL xg;gpLk; NghJ ntg;gk; ,jid fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLk;. ,d;W etPd kw;Wk; ghuk;gupa KiwfspD}lhf Jupjkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jhYk; mjid khtl;lj;jpy; kfhtyp fq;if MdJ gy KOikahf fl;Lg;gLj;j KbahJ. vd;whYk; gpuNjr nrayhsu; gpupTfis ClUj;J ghJfhg;G ngwKbAk;. ,jid fUj;jpw; nfhz;L nry;fpd;wJ. Al;bEtu> cLEtu> gpuNjr fhzpfspy; kz;rupT Vw;gly; gw;wpa Ma;T nrayhsu; gpupTfspd; Nkw;F gs;sj;jhf;fpy; kw;Wk; Nrit gpuptpdhy;; kz;rupT Vw;gLk; ePNuhilfs; xd;W Nru;e;J Xbr;nry;fpwJ. ,lq;fs; milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;L tiuglkhf;fs; clJk;gw> nkjJk;gu> kpdpg;Ng kw;Wk; gd;tpy
[33] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
Mfpa gpuNjr nrayhsu; gpuptpw;Fs; 1.6 Ma;T Kiwapay; mike;Js;s ef;fpy;r; kiyj;njhlu; khtl;lj;jpd; gpujhd Rw;whly; tyakhFk;. ,q;F KO G+kp xU Ma;thsd; jdJ Nehf;fj;ij mstpy; 41.52 n`f;nlau; fhLfs; MFk;. kiy miltjw;F Ma;T Kiwapay; gpujhd gq;F cr;rpfspy; mjpfkhd kuq;fs; fhzg;gLk;. tfpf;fpd;wJ. juTfs; %yk; ,t;tha;Tf;Fj; ,yq;iff;Nf cupj;jhd jhtu> tpyq;fpdq;fis Njitahd topKiwfisAk; El;gKiwfisAk; ,q;F fhzyhk;. ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. ,t;tha;T Gtpapay; Jiw rhu;e;J epw;gJld; gue;J gl;ljhfTk; Ma;Tj;jiyg;G ngsjPf mk;rj;Jld; 1.3 Ma;Tg; gpur;rpid njhlu;Ggl;ljhfTk; ,Ug;gjhy; Jiw rhu;e;j jfty;fs;; ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;NjhL vz; fz;b khtl;lj;jpy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l uPjpahd kw;Wk; gz;G uPjpahd juTfSk; gpuNjrq;fis nfhz;L ,t;tha;T ngwg;gl;Ls;sd. Ma;Tg;gpuNjrj;ijf; fUj;jpw; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Vnddpy; r%f> nfhz;L gpd;tUk; ,uz;L KiwfspSk; juTfs; nghUshjhu> #oy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Nrfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;gpuNjrq;fs; mbf;fb kz;rupT mdu;j;jj;jpw;F cl;gLfpd;wd. vdNt Fwpj;j Nehf;fj;ij Kjyhk; epiyj;juT miltjw;F Kjypy; Ma;Tld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fhz Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tha;Tk; Ma;Tf;fsj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W Neubahf rpy Ma;Tg; gpur;rpidfis nfhz;L mtjhdpj;J jfty; ngw;;w KiwahFk;. ,e;j Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tifapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W mq;F tho;fpd;w kf;fNshL fye;Jiuahb l kz;rupthdJ gy;NtW #oypay; jfty; ngwg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; cz;ikj;jd;ik gpur;rpidfis Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. nfhz;l Gjpa juTfs; ngwg;gl;Ls;sd. ,d;Dk; fsj;jpw;F Neubahf nrd;W jfty; l kz;rupT Vw;gl;l gpuNjrj;ij kPz;Lk; ngwf;$bajhf ,Ue;jjhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gioa epiyf;F nfhz;L tuKbahik. kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J cz;ikj;jd;ikahd jfty; l kf;fspd; md;whl eltbf;iffspy; fpilj;jNjhL mtu;fsJ kdepiyiaAk; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. mwpaf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,J Ma;Tg; gpur;rpidia ,dq;fhd ,yFthf ,Ue;jJ. l r%fj; jhf;fq;fis Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sik. fz;b khtl;lj;jpy; 670 FLk;gq;fspy; 247 FLk;gq;fSf;F kz;rupT mgha vr;rupf;if tpLf;fg;gl;Lssd. ,jpy; Fwpg;ghf mbf;fb 1.4 Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk; kz;ruptpw;F cl;gLk; xU rpy gpuNjrq;fs; Ma;thdJ rupahd ,yf;if Nehf;fpr; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt ,e;j nry;tjw;F mjd; Nehf;fk; JizGupaf;$bajhf Ma;tpid Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F Ma;T fhzg;gLtNjhL njspthd ghijiaf; gpuNjrj;ij Nru;e;j 50 NgUld;; Neu;fhzy;; fhl;lf;$bajhfTk; Nehf;fk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt fz;b khtl;lj;jpid ikag;gLj;jpa ,t;tha;tpw;fhd Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L ,uz;lhk; epiyj;juT Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ. Ma;thsu;fshy; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;l l kz;rupT ,lk;ngWk; gpuNjrq;fis Nfhitahf> njhFg;ghf> E}yhf milahsk; fhzy;. tbtikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; jftyhFk;. ,jid rQ;rpiffs;> gj;jpupiffs;> Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs;> l Mz;L uPjpahf Vw;gl;l kz;rupTfis ,izajsq;fs; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk; kjpg;gpl;L mwpjy;. jfty;fshFk;. ,tw;wpypUe;Jk; Ma;Tf;fhd l kz;rupT Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis jfty;fs; ngwg;gl;ld. ,tw;NwhL mdu;j;j milahsg;gLj;jy;. Kfhikj;Jt mikr;R (DMC)> fr;Nrup> Njrpa fl;bl Muha;r;R mikr;R (NBRO) Nghd;w l kz;rupthy; Vw;gLk; r%f> nghUshjhu ,lq;fspYk; ,uz;lhk; epiyjuTfs; kw;Wk; #oypay; jhf;fq;fis ngwg;gl;Ls;sd.Ma;Tf; fsj;jpw;F Neubahf fz;lwpjy;. nrd;W jfty; ngwg;gl;ljhy; Gifg;glq;fs; l mjpypUe;J kPs;tjw;fhd cghaq;fis ngwg;gl;lJ. ,J Ma;Tf;F NkYk; Jiz Kd;itj;jy;. nra;af; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
[34] Rikaza Faris and M.I.M. Kaleel “kz;rupTk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fSk;”: fz;b khtl;lj;ij ikag;gLj;jpa xU Ma;T
gFg;gha;T ,t;thW fz;bkhtl;lj;jpy; kz;ruptpdhy; Kjyhk; epiyj;juTfs; ,uz;lhk; Vw;gl;l jhf;fq;fs; gw;wp njspthf epiyj;juTfs; %yk; ngwg;gl;l juTfis Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ #oy; uPjpahd ikakhf itj;J GIS Kiw %yKk; jhf;fq;fSk;> r%f uPjpahf rdj;njhifapy; gFg;gha;T nra;J KbTfs; ngwg;gl;ld. Vw;gl;l khw;wk;> ,wg;gpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wk;> kdpj kdepiy khw;wk;> FbapUg;gpy; Vw;gl;ll khw;wk; vdTk;> nghUshjhu uPjpahf tptrhak;> 1.7 Result and Discussion cl;fl;likg;G> tPjp mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapy; mjpfupj;J tUk; #ow; FbapUg;Gf;fspy; Vw;gl;l jhf;fq;fs; gpur;rpidfspy; kz;rupT mdu;j;jKk; xd;whFk;. Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ. 20% Md kj;jpa kiyehl;Lg;gug;gpNy ,t;tdu;j;jj;jpd; tpisTfis fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. kj;jpa kiy ehl;by; mike;J 1.5 KbTiu fhzg;gLk; fz;b khtl;lkhdJ mz;ikf; Ma;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpy; kz;rhpT fhykhf kz;ruptpd; jhf;fj;jpw;F vl;gl;L Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; %yk; jhf;fq;fis tUtJ Fwpg;glj;jf;fjhFk;. ,q;F mz;ik milahsk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. fhyq;fspy; rPuw;w fhyepiy fhuzkhf nga;J mjD}lhf Ma;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpy;; r%f> tUfpd;w mjpfupj;j kio kw;Wk; kdpj nghUshjhu #oypay; jhf;fq;fis ,zq;fhz eltbf;iffs; vd;gd kz;rupit Kbe;jJ. fz;b khtl;lkhdJ r%f> Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd vd;gJ Ma;Tfspd; %yk; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; #oypay; uPjpapy; njupate;jJ. Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. Ma;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpy; njhlu;e;J Vw;gl;l fz;b khtl;lj;jpy; Muk;g fhyq;fspy; kz;ruptpdhy; ,tw;wpy; jhf;fk; ghupa mstpy; Fiwthff; fhzg;gl;l kz;rupT mdu;j;jkhdJ ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. mjpfhpj;j 2003 Mk; Mz;il njhlu;e;J Vw;gl;l fyepiy rdj;njhiff;Nfw;g rha;TfspYk; Fwpg;ghf 20% kw;Wk; kdpj nraw;ghl;L khw;wq;fshdJ ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rha;Tfspy; 30% ,w;Fk; ,t;tdu;j;jj;ij Jupjg;gLj;jpaJ. 2010> 2011> Nkw;gl;l rdj;njhifia nfhz;L 2012 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; mbf;fb epfo;e;j kw;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; J}z;lg;gl;l kz;rupT ,t;thz;Lk; mz;ik fhykhf epfo;e;Jf; fhuzkhf rha;Tfspy; mikf;fg;gl;l nfhz;bUf;fpd;w mdu;j;jkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. FbapUg;Gf;fSk;> tPjp mgptpUj;jp vd;gd Ma;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpy;; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tdu;j;jj;ij Vw;gLk; mwpFwpfs; %yk; milahsk; fzgg;gl;lhYk; gpuNjr fz;b khtl;lkhdJ Rw;Wyhg;gazpfis jd;ikfSf;FNfw;g mit jpBnudTk;; mjpfk; ftuf;$ba ,lkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. rLjpahfTk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s mbf;fb Vw;gLk; kz;rupthy; #oy; moF Ntz;ba xd;whFk;. ghiwg;gilfs; my;yJ Fiwe;J Rw;Wyhg;gazpfsJ tUifj; kz; jpzpTfs; Vida ghiwfs; my;yJ jilg;gl;L md;dpar; nryhtdpapy; khw;wk; kz;jpzpTfNshL ,izf;fg;glhj nkd;ikahd Vw;gLk;. ,J ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; ghjpg;ig ghiwg;gilfs;> kz; gilfs; vd;gtw;iwAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. Muk;g fl;l nfhz;l kiyg;gFjpfspy; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. eltbf;ifahf kz;rupT ,lk;ngw;w gpuNjrj;ij Fwpg;ghf Ma;Tg; gpuNjrkhd fz;b khtl;lj;jpy; ,dq;fhzy;;;;;;;;;> kz;ruptpd; mstpid kjpg;gly;> ,j;jd;ikia rpwg;ghf fhzyhk;. mq;F mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; epu;khdg;gzpfs; gw;wp jfty; ngwy;> kzrupT gw;wp Kd;$l;bNa abEtu> cLEtu> `up];gj;Jt> Jk;ghd> vr;rupf;if nra;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfspdhy; fq;ftj;j Nfhuis> fq;f ,`y Nfhuis> kz;rupT Mgj;jpypUe;J ghJfhg;G ngwyhk;. G+[hgpba> `juypaj;j> mf;Fuid Nghd;w mjhtJ Kd;$l;bNa kf;fs; mt;tplj;ij tpl;L gpuNjr nrayhsu; gpupTfis cs;slf;fpa NtW ,lq;fSf;F nry;yTk; capu; kw;Wk; gFjpfshd Nguhjid> njy;njdpa> nrhj;J nry;tq;fisg; ghJfhf;fTk; ,J `{d;d];fpupa> `d;jhd> ehtygpba> tha;g;ghf mikAk;. `pnu];]fy> Gtypfl> G]y;yht> jy;tj;j> fd;ndhUt> nfypNaha> nfl;lk;Ng> FUnfy kPs; fhlhf;fk; (Reforestration) kz;rupitf; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; mbf;fb kz;rupT Vw;gLtjhf Fiwg;gjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;Fk;. nrq;Fj;Jr; milahsk; fhzg;gl;lLs;sJ. rha;TfspYk;> ePu;j;Njf;fk; cs;s gFjpfspYk;
[35] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
fhLfis tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk; ePz;L Ntu; 7. Keith smith ,(1991), Environmental hazards tpl;Lr; nry;yf;$ba Fwpg;ghf gpd;dy; assessing risk and reducing disaster, 4th edition. Ntu;fisf; nfhz;l kuq;fisAk; epyj;ij %b University of cambrige. tsuf;$ba nrbfisAk; ehl;l Ntz;Lk;. ,J kz;rupit fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xU topahFk;. 8. Keith smith, Environmental hazards, assessing ,d;Dk; ,t;thwhd gFjpfis Fwpg;gpl;l risk and reducing disaster, 2nd edition. rha;TfSf;F Nky; ce;j eltbf;ifAk; university of cambrige. Nkw;nfhs;s mDkjp toq;fhky; mg;gFjpfis 9. Ministry Of Environment (2009), Srilanka ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrkhf (Protection Area) Environmental Outlook, Ministry Of gpufldg;gLj;jy;. Muk;gkhf kz;rupT Environment And Natural Resourse Srilanka & mdu;j;jj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j ghuk;gupa Kiwfs; United NationEnvironment Programe gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; NBRO epWtdkhdJ ,d;W [g;ghd;> rPdhtpd; cjtpAld; etPd 10. Pradeep sahni, uma medury, alka damega,(2001), njhopEl;gq;fis gpd;gw;wp tUtJ Disaster mitigation experiences and reflection , Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. vd;whYk; ghuk;gupa printice hall of india private ltd. Kiwia iftplhky; gpd;jq;fpa kw;Wk; rpwpa msT kz;rupT Vw;gLk; gpuNjrq;fspy; 11. “Kandy In Danger - Trading The Problem Of mk;Kiwia ifahs;tjw;F topaikj;jy; Landslide”, available at Ntz;Lk;. http://www.island.lk/index.php%3fpage-cat%.. (accessed on 2011.10.08) 12. “landslides”, available at References http://www.desinventer.lk/../landslide.pdf (accessed on 2012.10.03) 1. md;ldp Nehu;gl;. v];.(2007)> #oy; 13. “Hazard profile of srilanka”(2013), available at Gtpapay;; Fkud; gjpg;gfk;> nfhOk;G. , http://www.disastermin.gov.lk/web/index.ph.. 2. md;ldp Nehu;gl;. v]; . (2008)> “#oy; (accessed on 2013.02.03) Kfhikj;Jtk; NrkkL gjpg;gfk;> ” 14. “Disaster profile – disaster information nfhOk;G. management system in sri lanka”, available at 3. ,];jpfhu; vk;.V.vk;> (2011)> ngsjPfg; http://www.desinventer.lk/des-html/disaster.. Gtpapay;> ,];yhkpa Gj;jfrhiy> 77 accessed on 2013.02.03) njklnfhl tPjp> nfhOk;G 09 15. “Human activity major cause of landslide”, 4. fyPy;. vk;. I. vk;> (2012)> ngsjPfg; available at http://www.dailynews.lk (accessed Gtpapay;> <];tud; gg;spNfrd;> 126/1 on 2011.01.12) nfhOk;G tPjp> fz;b. 16. “Impact human settlement recent landslide”, 5. Andrew Goudie (1985), Geomopological available at http://www.lankajalani.org (accessed Techniques, 2nd Edition, Oxford university press on 2012.12.11) 6. Ashana d.k & meera asthana(1987), Environmental studies ,schand & company ltd,
[36] Vinayagamoorthy Mathivathany(1) Imbalanced Development in intra Divisional Secretariat Divisions in Jaffna District: a Statistical Research
(1) Department of Geography, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka. (email: [email protected])
Abstract: ‘Development’ refers to people living with midtUk; jkJ Njitfis epiwNtw;wf;$ba tifapYk; jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLf;ff;$ba economic, social and political well – being. The major tifapYk; ,Uf;Fk;. njhlHGgl;l gpuNjr> factor that hinders the development of a poor country epHthf myFfspw;;F ,ilapYk;> myFfSf;;F like srilanka is its inability to eradicate the regional cs;NsAk; rkepiy ,d;ik vd;gJ ,tw;Wf;F imbalance through its well – planned development. ghupa rthyhf cs;sJ. This imbalance exists in provincials, district and local mt;thW cs;s epiyapy; Ma;Tg; levels. In this way, development imbalance in Jaffna gpuNjrkhd aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpYk; district seems to be the obstacle of its development. mgptpUj;jpr; rkkpd;ik vd;gJ mjd; The distribution of imbalance related to development tpUj;jpf;Fj; jilahf mike;Js;sJ. can be seen in the sections of divisional secretariat on mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ midtUk; nghUshjhu> the basis of the factors related to population, health, r%f> murpay; uPjpapy;; ey;tho;Tld; economy, education and institutional bodies. This tho;tijNa Fwpf;Fk;. Ma;Tg; gpuNjrkhdJ mgptpUj;jp mile;JtUk; gpuNjrkhff; clearly shows the existing regional imbalance. fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jw;NghJs;s epiyapid mgptpUj;jp epiy vdf;nfhz;L mjd; rkkw;w Keywords: Regional Imbalance> Well – being, well guk;gypid gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfs;> fpuhk – planed development. NrtfH gpupTfs; kw;Wk; FLk;gq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf;nfhz;L ,dq;fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,it gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpr; rkkpd;ikiaj; 1. Introduction of Research njspthfg; Gyg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;wd.
twpa ehLspd; cs;shHe;j mgptpUj;jpf;F xU gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gpuNjr jilahf ,Ug;gJ jpl;lkpl;l mgptpUj;jp %yk; nrayfH gpupTfs; mg;gpuNjr tsHr;rpapy; Kf;fpa gpuNjrr; rkkpd;ikia ePf;f Kayhik MFk;. gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. mj;Jld; mjpfhug; mt;tifapy; ,yq;ifAk; mjd; mgptpUj;jp gutyhf;fy; eltbf;iffs; mb NtH kl;lj;jpw;F epiyapy; Kd;Ndw Kbahikf;fhd fhuzpfspy; CLUtpr;nrd;W nraw; fpukj;jpy; fUj;jhoKs;s gpuhe;jpar; rkepiyAk; gpujhdkhd xU gq;Nfw;GfSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;y top nra;Ak; fhuzpahFk;. ,jpYk; khfhzq;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;fshf gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfs; khtl;lq;fSf;F ,ilapYk;> cs;NsAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tifapy; aho;g;ghz mgptpUj;jpapy; rkepiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. khtl;lj;jpy; ghupa gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpr; rkkpd;ikia gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfs; %yk; tl khfhzj;jpy; ,aw;if tsq;fSk;> ,t;tha;T njspTgLj;j Kidfpd;wJ. jiuj;Njhw;w mk;rq;fSk;> kdpj tsKk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fr; rhjfkhff; aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpy; gpuNjr nrayfH fhzg;gLfpd;wNghJk;> nghUshjhu tsHr;rp gpupTfspilNa r%f> nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;L kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; kpfTk; gpd;js;spajhf uPjpapy; mgptpUj;jpr; rkkpd;ikahdJ cs;sJ. ,k; khfhzj;jpd; nghUshjhu> r%f fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy gpuNjrq;fs; r%f> tsHr;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F gpuhe;jpar; nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;L uPjpapy; Kd;dzpapy;j; rkepiy vd;gJ mtrpakhdjhff; jpfo rpy gpuNjrq;fs; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mg;NghJ jhd; kf;fs; cs;sd.
[37] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
khtl;l uPjpapy; aho;g;ghzj;jpd; tsHr;rpia ghjPl;bd; %yk; xt;nthU gpuNjr nrayfH Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yNtz;Lkhapd; mjd; 15 gpupTfSf;Fk; xJf;fg;gLk; rk njhifg; gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfSf;F ,ilapYk; gzj;ijf;nfhz;L ,t;thwhd rkepiyaw;w mgptpUj;jpapd; rfy kl;lq;fspYk; rk guk;gy;jd;ikahy; tpUj;jp eltbf;iffis tsHr;rpia Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mgptpUj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;s KbahkYs;sJ. mgptpUj;jp Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F rpwe;j jpl;lkpliy mile;JtUk; ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhtJ Nkw;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ. jpl;lkplypd; gl;bdkhf jpfo;e;j aho;g;ghz khtl;lkhdJ gbKiwfshd gpuNjrj;ij ,dq;fhzy;> kPz;Lk; mj;jifa epiyiag; ngw Ntz;Lk;. gpur;ridfis ,dq;fhzy;> gpur;ridfSf;fhd ,jw;F gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfspDhlhf rkkhd fhuzq;fis ,dq;fhzy;> jpl;lq;fis tsHr;rpia mila Ntz;Lk;. fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> mKy;g;gLj;jy; vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nghUshjhu uPjpapy; rktsHr;rp mila Ntz;Lk; aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpia vd;gij Nehf;fhff;nfhz;L ,t;tha;T Vw;g;gLj;j Ntz;Lkhapd; xt;nthU Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. FLk;gq;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juj;jpid caHj;j Ntz;Lk;. kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juk; cau> gpuNjr nrayfH gpuptpYs;s fpuhkq;fs; tsHr;rpailAk; fpuhkq;fspd; Clhf gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfs; 2. Research Area tsHr;rpailAk;. gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfs; Ma;Tg; gpuNjrkhdJ fpof;F neLq;NfhL tsHr;rpaile;J xl;Lnkhj;j khtl;l uPjpapyhd 7954 P 5’ - 80 P 28’ tiuf;Fk; tl mfyf;NfhL tsHr;rpapid Vw;g;gLj;Jk;. mg;NghJjhd; 9 P 36’ - 9 P 50’ tiuf;Fk; mike;Js;sJ. 40 tpidj;jpwdhfTk;> tpisjpwdhfTk; Nritfis iky; ePsKk; 4 – 14 iky; mfyKk; nfhz;l kf;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; 1012.01 sq.km gpuNjrj;ijg; gug;gsthf Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;. gpuNjr uPjpahf rkkhd nfhz;Ls;sJ. tlf;Nf ghf;F ePupiz> fpof;Nf mgptpUj;jpiaj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjw;Fk; tha;g;Gf;fs; tq;fhs tpupFlh> njw;Nf G+efup cg;Ngup> Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;. MidapwT cg;Ngup> Nkw;Nf aho;g;ghz cg;Ngup vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 15 gpuNjr nrayfH Ma;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpy; njhlHe;Jk; r%f> gpupTfisAk;> 435 fpuhk NrtfH gpupTfisAk;> nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;L uPjpapy; gpd;dilT epiy xU khefu rigiaAk;> 03 efu rigiaAk;> 13 njhlUkhapd; mgptpUj;jpapy; gpd;dilthd XH gpuNjr rigfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Ma;Tg; r%fj;jpid re;jpf;Fk; epiy Vw;g;glyhk;. ,d;W gpuNjrj;jpd; ,ltiktpid glk; (1.0)ck;> epHthfk; kf;fs; gq;fspg;Gldhd mgptpUj;jpia gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfis glk; (1.1)ck; Nehf;fp efHe;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. tUlhe;j tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
Map: 02 Map: 01 D.S Divisions of Research Area Location of Research Area
[38] Vinayagamoorthy Mathivathany Imbalanced Development in intra Divisional Secretariat Divisions in Jaffna District: a Statistical Research
3. Research Problem Objective:‐ Two. aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpd; epHthf q aho;; khtl;lj;jpd;; cs;shHe;j myFfshd gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfspilNa mgptpUj;jpf;F jilahf ,Ug;gJ nghUshjhuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; mgptpUj;jpr; jpl;lkpl;l mgptpUj;jp %yk; gpuNjrr; rkkpd;ikia ,dq;fhzy;. rkkpd;ikia ePf;f Kayhikahf cs;sJ. Objective:‐ Three. aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpd; epHthf q aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpy; gpuNjr myFfshd gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfspilNa nrayfH gpupTfspilNa r%f> kUj;Jtk; njhlHghd tplaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;L uPjpapy; mgptpUj;jpr; rkkpd;ikia ,dq;fhzy;. mgptpUj;jpr; rkkpd;ikahdJ fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy gpuNjrq;fs; r%f> nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;L uPjpapy; Objective:‐ Four. Kdzpapy;j; jpfo rpy gpuNjrq;fs; aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpd; epHthf gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; cs;sd. myFfshd gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfspilNa fy;tp njhlHghd tplaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; q aho; khtl;lk; mjd; mgptpUj;jp mgptpUj;jpr; rkkpd;ikia ,dq;fhzy;. epiyapy; Kd;Ndw Kbahikf;fhd fhuzpfspy; rdj;njhif> nghUshjhuk;> fy;tp> kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Objective:‐ Five. aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpd; epHthf epWtd mikg;Gf;fs; njhlHghf myFfshd gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfspilNa gpuhe;jpar; rkepiy mw;w jd;ikahf epWtd mikg;Gf;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; cs;sJ. mgptpUj;jpr; rkkpd;ikia ,dq;fhzy;. q mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; epHthfr; nryTfSf;fhd epjp xJf;fPL vy;yh khtl;l uPjpapy; vjpHfhyj;jpy; jpl;lkpl;l gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfSf;Fk; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F rkkhfg; gfpug;gLtjhy; kw;Wk; ,d;iwa epiyapy; mgptpUj;jp rk;ke;jkhd me;epjpahdJ mjd; fPo; cs;s rk Nkw;$wg;gl;l tplaq;fs; njhlHghd guk;gyw;w fpuhk mYtyH Fwpfhl;bfspDhL gpuNjrq;fspilNa cs;s gpupTfSf;Fk; gq;fplg;gLtjdhy; mjd; rkkpd;ikia ,dq;fhz;gNj Ma;tpd; gyhgyd; kpff; Fiwthff; Nehf;fkhFk;. fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mur> mur rhHgw;w epWtdq;fs; xt;nthU gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfisAk; ;xU gpuNjr 5. Research Methodology nrayfkhff; fzpj;J nraw;wpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj; - ,t; Ma;tpd; Ie;J Nehf;fq;fisAk; Ma;T JtjdhYk; rpy gpuNjr nrayfH nra;J epWTk; nghUl;L tpguzg; Gs;sptpgutpay; gFg;gha;T Kiw ( gpupTfspd;; gpuNjrj;jpd; 60 % tPjkhd Descriptive Statistical Analysis gFjpfs; ,d;Wk; Ff;fpuhkq;fshfNt method); gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpj;j Ma;Tg; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gpuNjrj;jpd; rdj;njhif> nghUshjhuk;> fy;tp> kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; epWtd mikg;Gf;fs; vd;w epiyfspy; juTfs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;ld.
4. Research Objectives gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfs;> fy;tp aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpd; gpuhe;jpar; rkkw;w tyaq;fs;> kUj;Jtkidfs;> ifj;njhopy; jd;ik vDk; ,t; Ma;tpy; Ie;J Nehf;fq;fs; Nrit epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F Neubahfr; Kd;itf;fg;gl;L> mjd; mbg;gilapy; Ma;T nrd;W fye;Jiuahly; %yk; jfty;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ngwg;gl;ld. ,uz;lhk; epiyj; juTfshf mr;RUthd> mr;RUtw;w jfty;fs; ngwg;gl;ld. Objective:‐ One. gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfs;> fy;tp tyaq;fs;> aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpd; epHthf ifj;njhopy; Nrit epiyaq;fs; vd;gtw;why; myFfshd gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfspilNa ntspaplg;gl;l ife;Ehy;fs;> gpuNjr kyHfs;> rdj;njhif tplaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; mgptpUj;jpr; Fwpg;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;wpypUe;Jk; juTfs; rkkpd;ikia ,dq;fhzy;. ngwg;gl;ld.
[39] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
fpilf;fg;ngw;w juTfisf; nfhz;L aho; 6. Findings and Acknowledgments khtl;l gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpr; rkkpd;ikia aho;g;ghz khtl;lkhdJ mgptpUj;jpr; p rdj;njhif njhlHghd Rl;bfs; rkkpd;ikAila gpuNjrkhFk;. gpuNjr nrayfH p kUj;Jtk; njhlHghd Rl;bfs; gpupTfSf;F ,ilapyhd mgptpUj;jpr; rkkpd;ik vd;gJ 15 gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfspYk; p nghUshjhuk; njhlHghd Rl;bfs; mgptpUj;jp njhlHghd Rl;bfisf;nfhz;L vg; gpuNjr nrayfH gpupT Kd;dzpapy; cs;sJ vg; p fy;tp njhlHghd Rl;bfs; gpuNjr nrayfH gpupT gpd;dzpapy; cs;sJ vd p epWtd mikg;Gf;fs; njhlHghd Rl;bfs; XH xOq;fikg;G %yk; gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpr; rkkpd;ik tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vd 26 Rl;bfs; fzpf;fg;gl;L> mjid tupirg;GLj;jp> gpd;dH mtw;wpidf;nfhz;L p rdj;njhif njhlHghd rkkpd;ik $l;Lr;Rl;nlz; Jzpag;gl;L mjpypUe;J vg; p kUj;Jtk; njhlHghd rkkpd;ik gpuNjr nrayfH gpupT mgptpUj;jpapy; Kd;epiyapy; cs;sJ> vg; gpuNjr nrayfH p nghUshjhuk; njhlHghd rkkpd;ik gpupT mgptpUj;jpapy; gpd;epiyapy; cs;sJ vd;gij milahsq; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. p fy;tp njhlHghd rkkpd;ik p epWtd mikg;Gf;fs; njhlHghd Ma;T eltbf;iffspd; nghUl;L gy;NtW rkkpd;ik Kiwfspd; fPo; jpul;ba juTfs;> jfty;fis gy gFjpfshfg; gpupj;J> tifg;gLj;jp> xJf;f vd;gd mtw;Wld; njhlHghd mgptpUj;jpr; Ntz;batw;iw xJf;fp> Njitahdtw;iwj; Rl;bfs; %yk; njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. jug;gLj;jp> Kiwg;gLj;jp> tifg;gLj;jp> gl;baw;gLj;jg;gl;L> vz; tbtpNyh my;yJ rdj;njhif njhlHghd rkkpd;ikahdJ tiugl tbtpNyh fhl;Ltjw;F; tpguzg; gpuNjrj;jpd; rdj;njhif mlHj;jp (S.1)> nkhj;j Gs;sptpgutpay;g; gFg;gha;T Kiw rdj;njhifapy; gpuNjrk; nfhz;Ls;s gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F> rdj;njhif tPjk; (S.2)> gpwg;G tPjk; (S.3)> ,wg;g tPjk; (S.4)> ruhrup FLk;g mq;fj;jtH gpupT rhHe;j juTfs; l tPjk; (S.5)> kPs; ,dg;ngUf;f taJila ngz;fs; tPjk; ( )> ghy; tpfpjk; ( ) l vz;zpak; rhHe;j juTfs; S.6 S.7 vd;gtw;iwf;nfhz;L njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. vd;wthW juTfs; gFj;jhuhag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpid fPo;tUk; tiuglj;jpd;%yk; njspthf gpupTrhHe;j juTfs; (Categorical data) tif mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. NtWghLfisAk;> vz;zpak; rhHe;j juTfs; msT NtWghLfisAk; (Degree or Amount) nfhz;Ls;sJ.
+,,- ** * *
) () ( ' ' *$ **
: 01> Figure 1: Imbalance in population of Research Area [40]
: 02> : 01>
Vinayagamoorthy Mathivathany Imbalanced Development in intra Divisional Secretariat Divisions in Jaffna District: a Statistical Research
nghUshjhuk; njhlHghd rkkpd;ikahdJ tPjk; (S4) vd;gtw;iwf;nfhz;L &gh 1500 w;Fs; tUkhdk; ngWNthH tPjk; (S1)> njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpid fPo;tUk; ifj;njhopypy;
. ** * * *
+ +
) )
$ **
: 02> Figure 2: Imbalance in Economic Factors of Research Area.
kUj;Jtk; njhlHghd rkkpd;ikahdJ njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpid fPo;tUk; 1000 kf;fspw;fhd itj;jparhiyfspd; tPjk; tiuglj;jpd;%yk; njspthf mtjhdpf;f (S.1)> 1000 kf;fSf;fhd gLf;iffspd; Kbfpd;wJ. vz;zpf;if (S.2) vd;gtw;iwf;nfhz;L
Figure 3: Imbalance in Health indicators of research area
[41] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
fy;tp njhlHghd rkkpd;ikahdJ (Muk;g khztHfSf;fhd ghlrhiyfspd; vz;zpf;if khztHfs;) 1000 Muk;g khztHfSf;fhd (S.5)> xU ghlrhiyf;fhd khztHfspd; ghlrhiyfspd; vz;zpf;if (S.1)> xU Muk;g vz;zpf;if (S.6)> xU ghlrhiyf;fhd MrpupaH ghlrhiyf;fhd Muk;g khztH vz;zpf;if vz;zpf;if (S.7)> XH MrpupaUf;fhd khztH (S.2)> XH Muk;g ghlrhiyf;fhd Muk;g vz;zpf;if (S.8)> vd;gtw;iwf;nfhz;Lk; MrpupaHfspd; vz;zpf;if (S.3)> XH njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpid fPo;tUk; MrpupaUf;fhd Muk;g ghlrhiyfspd; tiuglj;jpd;%yk; njspthf mtjhdpf;f vz;zpf;if(S.4) vd;gtw;iwf;nfhz;Lk;> 1000 Kbfpd;wJ.
**
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: 04> Figure 4: Imbalance in education of pre schools’ students. : 04>
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+ ) + ) !!""# $""%&%&'' $#'(#%##)0)0%)0)0%1102 02'(##)0)0%)0)0 ..,- ,- 0**
: 05> Figure 5: Imbalance in Education of students. : 05>
[42] Vinayagamoorthy Mathivathany Imbalanced Development in intra Divisional Secretariat Divisions in Jaffna District: a Statistical Research
epWtd mikg;Gf;fs; njhlHghd aho;g;ghzj;jpd; tsHr;rpia Kd;ndLj;Jr; rkkpd;ikahdJ rKjha mikg;Gf;fs;> fpuhkpa nry;yNtz;Lkhapd; mjd; 15 gpuNjr nrayfH mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fq;fs;> ngz;fs; fpuhkpa gpupTfSf;F ,ilapYk; mgptpUj;jpapd; rfy mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fq;fs;> tpisahl;Lf; fofq;fs; kl;lq;fspYk; rk tsHr;rpia Vw;gLj;j Nghd;wtw;wpd; Rl;bfs; fzpf;fg;gl;L Ntz;Lk;. njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpid fPo;tUk; mgptpUj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F rpwe;j tiuglj;jpd;%yk; njspthf mtjhdpf;f jpl;lkpliy Nkw;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ. Kbfpd;wJ. rktsHr;rpia Vw;g;gLj;j tpUj;jp Fiwe;j
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: 06> Figure 6: Imbalance in institutional aspects.
,t;thW rdj;njhif> nghUshjhuk;> gpuNjrq;fspy; kPs; ,lg;ngaHtpid Nkw;nfhs;s kUj;Jtk;> fy;tp> epWtdk; njhlHghd Ntz;ba trjpfis kf;fSf;F toq;Fjy;> Rl;bfisf;nfhz;L gpuNjr nrayfH gpupTfspd; njhopy;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd trjp mgptpUj;jpr; rkkpd;ikahdJ mstplg;gl;Ls;sJ. tha;g;Gf;fis Vw;g;gLj;jy;> njhopyw;wtHfis vdNt r%f> nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;L uPjpapy; jpl;lkpl;l eltbf;iffs; %yk; njhopyhsH aho; khtl;lj;jpy; Kjdpiy mgptpUj;jp gilapy; NrHj;Jf;nfhs;sy;> rpwe;j epiyapYs;s gpuNjrkhf aho; gpuNjr nrayfH kUj;Jtkidfs;> itj;jpaHfs; gpupT fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tlkuhl;rp rpof;F gpuNjr vd;gtw;iwf;nfhz;L; kUj;Jt trjpapid nrayfH gpupthdJ mgptpUj;jp epiyapy; caHj;Jjy;> rfy cl;fl;likg;G trjpfisAk; gpd;dpiyapy; cs;sJ. ,jw;fhd gy Vw;g;gLj;jy;> jukhd fy;tp epWtdq;fis fhuzq;fSk; milahsq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. mikj;jy;> ghlrhiyfisj; juKaHj;Jjy;> kf;fs; trjpfisg; ngwj;jf;f tifapy; epWtd mikg;Gf;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;> kf;fis 7. Discussion and Acknowledgments gpuNjr tpUj;jpf;fhd Mf;fG+Htkhf eltbf;iffspy;
[43] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
,jw;F gpuNjr nrayfH gpuptpd; 4. Joshi & Juliet, (1980), measurement of regional nraw;ghLfs; gpuNjrkl;l mgptpUj;jpf;fhd disparity in the level of agricultural development gaDWjp kpf;f epHthff; fl;likg;ghf in Madhya Pradesh, decan geographer society tpsq;Ftjw;F jw;rhHgw;w murpay; epHthff; fl;likg;Gk;> gzpfisf; fhyjhkjkw;w Voll – xx, pp 245 – 256. Kiwapy; toq;fy; nra;af;$ba ts xJf;fPLk;> epHthfj;jpidAk; mgptpUj;jpiaAk; G+uzkhf 5. Mitra Asok, (1961), Levels of development in newpg;gLj;jf;$ba xUq;fpizg;Gk;> gzpfs; India, decan geographer society Voll – 1 kf;fsplk; nrd;wiltijf; fz;fhzpf;ff;$ba> gpuNjrr; rkepiyiag; NgZk; tifapyhd 6. Mohan, R. (2008), ‘ The Growth Record of the nghUj;jkhd fl;Lg;ghl;L KiwAk; Indian Economy 1950–2008: A Study of Ngzg;gLtJld;> kf;fSf;F NghJkhd Sustained Savings and Investment ’, Keynote mwpT+l;lYk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vd;gJ ,t; address at the conference ‘Growth and Ma;tpd; %yk; czHj;j tpUk;Gk; fUj;jhFk;. Macroeconomic Issues and Challenges in India’, Institute of Economic Growth, New Delhi, 14 8. References February. 7. Provincial council of Northern province, 1. Deva singh. N., (1988), Natural resources and (2011,2012), Statistical handbook of Northern disparities in development in Manipur, the decan province, pp 15 – 57. geographer society, Voll – xxvi, pp 291 – 306.
2. Divisional Secretariat Division, “Statistical information 2012”, (2012), Jaffna district.
3. Goldsmith, R.W. (1969), Financial Structure and Development. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press .
[44] M.T.F. Zinha(1) and M.I.M, Kaleel(2) Changes Made in Growth of Road Transportation in the Urban Development in Galle Kadawath Sathara fhyp fltj; ]ju gpuNjr efu mgptpUj;jpapy; tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;J tsu;r;rpapdhy Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;
(1), (2) Department of Geography, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil, Sri Lanka.
Abstract: Abstract: Transportation is most important This research data collection method is generally based to full fill the public’s needs and wants to encourage on the type of the research objectives and the type of business activities among the people. Since Stone Age the data required. The data could be divided into two period transportation is not complete and very poor major elements as primary data and secondary data. development in this world and difficult to transferring Primary data is obtained from interviews, observation the people and services to another place that time. and discussion. To get interviews from public country But, now a day’s transportation achieved top planners, engineers, drivers and pedestrians for this development level with better transport networks. primary data. Secondary data is the data which is a Road transportation is one of the important factors in already available for through Divisional secretariat, the transportation. According to this transportation, RDA journals, research articles, books and internet most of the city place faced major development access. In this study data and information has been changes and providing better services to people. gathered using both methods of data collection. According to this research study, Galle Kadawath sathara is research area and this particular place is According to this research study conclusions and centre part of the Galle. Here, roads are getting fast findings, Galle district is one of the major population growing development earlier. Most of the roads are areas and it has narrow short land for livings. Here connect with Galle district and it’s engaged with other most of the roads are divided though A, B, C, D types cities and districts in Sri Lanka. to transport. These types of road transport development make major changes on transportation. The research objectives are clearly identified to Vehicle amounts are increasingly by this transportation response of idea to this problems and essentially this and road development. According to this research will be carried out base on the identified transportation development most of the areas affected objectives to take ideas and solution. According this by environmental pollution and increasing vehicle research study, the objectives are to identify the Galle traffic problems in day today, There pollute activities Kadawath sathara social economical and are affected on Galle Kadawath sathara people. IVHS, environmental changes by road transportation traffic management measure and other methods are development, to measure basic and current situation of best managing planning for decrease these problems the road transportation in urban development through the urban development and road and to identify the critical factors and problems transportation. Such methods we will reach the better of the road transportation to this road transportation target on based road development and transportation growth. activities in this Galle Kadawath Sathara urban area.
[45] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
Ma;tpd; mwpKfk; gz;ila fhyk; njhl;L fhyp khefuj;Jf;F tUif je;jtu;fspd; tuyhw;iw vLj;J kdpjd; jd;id efu;j;JtNjhL, nghUl;fs;, Nehf;Fifapy; fhyp efuk; Kf;fpa tu;j;jf Nritfis ,lj;Jf;fplk; efu;j;Jtjw;fhf epiyakhf jpfo;e;J te;jikf;F Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jhd;. fhuzfUj;jhthf tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; Nghf;Ftuj;J Muk;g fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW tsu;r;rpNa jpfo;fpd;wJ. ,jd; tsu;r;rpahdJ KiwfspYk; fhzg;gl;ld. jw;fhyj;jpy; xU fhyp fltj; ]ju gFjpapd; gy;NtW tifahd ehl;bDila my;yJ xU gpuNjrj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpapidAk; khw;wq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpd. Nghf;Ftuj;jhdJ ,yFthf tpsf;f KbahJ. ,J xU jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;j mk;rkhfj; me;jtifapy;> ,t; Ma;tpd; %yk; efu jpfo;fpd;wJ. mjpYk; tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;jhdJ> mgptpUj;jpapy; tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;J tsu;r;rpapdhy; jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;j xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fhyp fltj; ]ju gpuNjr nrayfg;gpuptpy; tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;jhdJ Gtpapd; ngsjPf Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fis ,zq;fhzg;gl;L mk;rq;fSld; Neubahf njhlu;GgLk; xd;whf mtw;Wf;fhd Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iffSk;> tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. MWfis ClWj;Jk; jPu;TfSk;> topKiwfSk; fhLfs;, ePu;epiyfs;, kiyfisf; File;Jk; Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;ghijfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd (fUzhuj;d vk;. vk;). Ma;Tg; gpuNjrk; rpwe;j tPjp tiyg;gpd;dypd; tsu;r;rpapdhy; Ma;Tg; gpuNjrkhd fhyp fltj; ]ju Fwpg;ghf efuq;fspd; mgptpUj;jp gpuNjr nrayfg;gpupT fiuNahu tyaj;Jf;F Jupjkile;Js;sJ. rpwg;G gzpAk; r%f mz;ikapy; Ie;J iky;fSf;F Fiwe;j ,af;fKk; nfhz;l kdpj ciwtplkhd J}uj;jpy; gue;Js;sJld; ,J ehl;bw;Fs;Ns efuq;fspd; ,af;fj;jd;ikf;F ehd;F iky;fSf;F Fiwe;j Jhuj;jpy; tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; tsu;r;rp gue;Js;sJ. 22.4 rJu fpNyhkPw;wu; my;yJ 2243 ngUk;gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd. cyfshtpa uPjpapy; n`f;Nlau; msT tprhykhdJ. ,e;jg; gpupTf;F tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;jhdJ ehshe;jk; tsu;r;rpia fhyp khtl;lj;jpd; KO epyg;gFjpapd; 1-35 tPjk; Nehf;fp nry;fpd;wNjhL me;ehLfs; nrhe;jkhfpd;wJ. 1652 fpNyhkPw;wu; tprhyKila mgptpUj;jpapd; ghy; nry;tNjhL mjNdhL fhyp khtl;lj;jpd; epyg;gFjp 35; fpNyhkPw;wiuAk; ,ize;J gy khw;wq;fisAk; nghUshjhu, ePu;g;gug;G 1617 fpNyhkPw;wiuAk; r%f, #oy; uPjpahf Vw;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd. nfhz;like;Js;sJ. ,yq;ifapd; Muk;gfhy Nghf;Ftuj;J khtl;lj;jpd; Vida gpuNjr tsu;r;rp gpuNjrq;fspd; rkkhd mgptpUj;jpf;F nrayfq;fNshL xg;gpLifapy; kpfTk; rpwpa rhu;gw;wjhfTk; [46] M.T.F. Zinha and M.I.M, Kaleel Changes Made in Growth of Road Transportation in the Urban Development in Galle Kadawath Sathara tpahghuk;, kPd;gpb, Rw;Wyhj;JiwAld; rhu;e;j fhyp khefuj;jpid ikag;gFjpapy; njhopy;fs;, tptrhak;, Nritj;Jiw, tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;J tsu;r;rpahy; fltj ]ju ifj;njhopy; vd;gdTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gpuNjrj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fis milahsk; fhz;gJ ,t;tha;tpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;;;. Ma;Tg; gpur;rpid ,d;W efu mgptpUj;jpahdJ Jupjkhf ,lk; cg Nehf;fq;fs; ngw;W tUk; mk;rkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. me;jtifapy>; ,yq;ifapy; Jupjkhf § tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;J tsu;r;rpapdhy; ,lk;ngw;WtUk; efuhf;fj;jpy; fhyp khefuKk; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fSf;fhd fhuzpfis jdp ,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. fhyp fltj; ]ju ,dq;fhzy;. khtl;lj;jpd; jiyikafkhf tpsq;fp tUtjdhy; ,q;F mgptpUj;jpapy;> § efu mgptpUj;jpapy; tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;J tsu;r;rpngw;W tUfpd;wNjhL Muk;g kw;Wk; ,d;iwa epiyia tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;J tsu;r;rpapdhy; gy kjpg;gPL nra;jy;. gpur;rpidfSk; ,q;F epyTfpd;wd. § epiyahd mgptpUj;jpia NgZk; me;jtifapy; Ma;Tg;gpuNjrj;jpy; tifapy; efupd; tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;J tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;J tsu;r;rpapy; gpd;tUk; rpy tsu;r;rpAld; $ba gpur;rpidfSf;fhd gpur;rpidfis ikakhff;nfhz;L ,t; Ma;T rpwe;j Kfhikj;Jt jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kd;itj;jy;. p tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;J tsu;r;rpapdhy; r%f, nghUshjhu kw;Wk; #oy; rhu;e;j jhf;fq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. Ma;T Kiwapay; p tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;J tsu;r;rp kf;fsJ ,t; Ma;thdJ Gtpapaw; Jiw rhu;e;J tho;thjhuj;jpy; gy;NtW khw;wq;fis ,Ug;gjhy; ,J xU gue;Jgl;l Ma;thf Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Ma;Tj;jiyg;ghdJ gz;ghl;L mk;rkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,t; Ma;Tf;Fupa juT p tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;J tsu;r;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l Nrfupg;ig msT rhu; (Quantitative Data), gz;G jhf;fq;fisj; J}z;Ltjw;F gy;NtW rhu; (Qualitative Data) juT Nrfupg;Gf;fs; fhuzpfs; JizGupe;Js;sd. Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. p efu ikag;gFjpapy; tPjpfspd; epiy Ma;tpid rpwe;j Kiwapy; nra;J rpwg;ghff; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; Kbg;gjw;fhf Kjyhk; epiy ,uz;lhk; mjDld; ,izAk; Vida tPjpfspd; , epiyj;juTfSk; gad;;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. epiy ,d;Dk; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gltpy;iy. Kjyhk; epiyj;juTfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf ,g;gpuNjrj;ijr; Nru;e;j mDgtkpf;f> rpNu\;l cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;> rpy Ma;tpd; Nehf;fq;fs;; jfty; jUeUldhd Neu;fhzy; ,t; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fj;ij ,uz;L tifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Nehf;fyhk;. efu mgptpUj;jpapy; tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;J tsu;r;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fis xU efuk; jd;Dila nraw;ghLfis Ma;Tf;Fl;;gLj;Jtjw;fhf efu; tho;kf;fs; cupa Kiwapy; tpiuthfTk;, midtiuAk; Ma;Tf;Fl;;gLj;j Kbahik tpidj;jpwdhfTk; nra;tjw;F rpwg;ghd tPjp fhuzkhf khjpupj; njuptpd; NghJ Ma;tpd; xOq;Ffs; mtrpak;;. kpfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; Nehf;fj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tiyg;gpd;dyhf mikf;fg;gLk; efupd; tPjp Ma;Tg;gpuNjrj;jpy; fhyp khefurig xOq;Ffs; rpwe;j jpl;lkplYf;F mika vy;iyf;Fl;;gLk; gpuNjrj;jpy; gpd;tUkhW 100 tiyg;gpd;dyhf mikf;fg;gLk; efupd; tPjp vOkhw;W khjpup vLg;gpd; Kyk; juTfs; xOq;Ffs; kf;fs; kdq;fspd; efiug; gw;wpa ngwg;gl;ld. ey;y mgpg;gpuhaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. me;j tifapy; [47] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka v tPjp mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig mjpfhupfs; juTg;gFg;gha;T (RDA) 05 v efuj;jpl;lkplyhsu; (Town Planners) Nkw;gb ngwg;gl;l juTfshdJ tOf;fs; 05 mw;wjhf ,Ug;gjw;fhf spss (Statistical Package v rptpy; nghwpapayhsu; Itu; (Civil For social science) vspa Gs;sp tpgu KiwapDhlhfg; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;L Engineers) 05 tiuglq;fs;, ml;ltizfs; %ykhf RUf;fkhf v gpujhd tPjpfspd; ,UkUq;fpYk; cs;s vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ> GIS Geographic tPl;Lupikahsu;fs; 20 Information System) vd;gd %yk; gFg;gha;Tf;F v fpuhk mYtyu; Itu; (GN Officers) cl;;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. 05 v thfdf; fl;Lg;ghl;L nghyp]; KbTiu mjpfhupfs; 10 fltj; ]ju gpuNjrj;jpd; nraw;ghL cupa v rhujpfs; (Drivers) 10 Kiwapy; tpiuthfTk; tpidj;jpwdhfTk; v filf;fhuu;fs; 10 nra;tjw;fhf ,q;F tPjpg; Nghf;Ftuj;jhdJ v elkhLk; tpahghupfs; (Pavement Sellers) rpwe;j tiyg;gpd;dy; tbthf mikf;fg;gLtjw;F 10 rpwe;j jpl;lkplYk;> mjdhy; kf;fSf;F jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jhJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t; v epue;ju tpahghupfs; 10 Ma;tpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;w v VidNahu; 10 fhyp fltj; ]ju gpuNjrj;jpy; tPjpg; Nghf;Ftuj;J tsu;r;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;Ls;s r%f> fhy tiuaiwapidf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L nghUshjhu kw;Wk; #oy; uPjpahf Vw;gl;Ls;s fltj; ]ju efu ikag;gFjpapy; tPjpfspd; jhf;fq;fs; milahsk; fhzg;gl;ld. tp];jupg;G fhuzkhf jq;fsJ tPLfis> njhopy; jsq;fis ,oe;j kf;fs; eilghij mjdbg;gilapy; ,q;F Vw;gl;Ls;s tpahghupfs; Neu;fhzYf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;ldu;. khw;wq;fSf;F Kf;fpa fhuzpahf thfdq;fspd; ,tu;fsJ gq;fspg;gpid rpwg;ghf njhif mjpfupg;G> jfdkilahj vupnghUs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; gpujhd Kiwahf: ghtid> Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghd rpwe;j nfhs;if xUikg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; epythik> fye;Jiuahly; %yk; jfty;fs; tPjpfspd; epiy njhlu;ghd fhyk; jho;e;j ngwg;gl;ld. (Information, Notification and Strictly mgptpUj;jp thfdq;fspd; cjpupg;ghfq;fspd; speaking) ifahsg;;gl;ld. ,jd; NghJ Nja;Tk; Fiwe;j Nkw;ghu;itAk;> jdpahu; Muk;gj;jpy;> Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;T gw;wp thfdq;fspd; njhif mjpfupg;G> tPjp njspthd tpsf;fk; kf;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. tp];jupg;Gf;fhf epyj;jpd; kPJ Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jik vd;gd ,k;khw;wq;fSf;F tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;J tsu;r;rpapdhy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; fhuzpfshf milahsk; gpuNjrj;jpy; epytpa khw;wq;fis> tPjpfspd; fhzg;gl;ld. epiyapidAk; Neubahf fsj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W mtjhdpg;G KiwapidAk; ifahsg;gl;ld. efu mgpUj;jpapy; tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;J tsu;r;rpahy; fz;lwpaf;$ba gy khw;wq;fs; ,uz;lhk;; epiyj;juTfshf ,t;Ma;Tf;Fupa epfo;e;Js;sd. ,j;jhf;fq;fSf;fhd rpwe;j Ma;Tld; njhlu;ghd, E}y;fs;;, fs Ma;Tfs;;;, Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iffisf; nfhz;L mwpf;iffs;, gj;jpupif gpuRuq;fs;, rQ;rpiffs;, jpl;lkpl;L nraw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fltj; ]ju Ma;Tfl;Liufs; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J juTfs; gpuNjrj;jpy; epiyahd tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; ngwg;gl;ld. gq;fspg;ig fhyp efu mgptpUj;jpapy; nrYj;jyhk;. mjw;fhd tpje;Jiufs; ,it jtpu> gpuNjr nrayf mwpf;if> gpd;tUkhW kj;jpa tq;fp mwpf;if> tPjp mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rigapd; mwpf;iffs;> murrhuh epWtdq;fspd; efuj;Jf;Fk; Vida efu ikaq;fSf;Fk; mwpf;iffs; ntspaplg;gl;l> ntspaplg;glhj ,ilg;gl;l Nkyjpf tPjpfspd; nfhs;ssit Ma;T mwpf;iffs;> vd;gd %yKk; ,uz;lhk;; mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;. ,jw;fhf ngUe;njUf;fs; epiyj;juTfs;; ngwg;gl;L Ma;T nra;ag;gl;ld. (Highways)> neLQ;rhiyfs (Expressways); [48] M.T.F. Zinha and M.I.M, Kaleel Changes Made in Growth of Road Transportation in the Urban Development in Galle Kadawath Sathara Nghd;wtw;iw mikj;jy;> thfd Kfhikj;Jt 5 Deborah Stevenson, (2009), cities, and Urban mstPLfis mwpKfg;gLj;jy; (Introduce Traffic cultures, Rawat Publication Management Measures), Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapy; rpwe;jJk; nghJ kf;fSf;F jpUg;jpfukhdJkhd 6 Eliot Hurst,M.E, James, Janes,C.F,(1996), Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwia toq;Fjy (Saxena H.M. Geography Inventory and Prospects, Syra cuse 2005)> kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l thfdj; jupg;G> #oy; press Nerkhd Nkhl;lhu; my;yhj thfdg; gad;ghl;il Cf;Ftpj;jy;> efug; gFjpfspy; FWfpa 7 Hibbs,J, (2000), An Introduction to Transport J}uq;fisf; flg;gjw;fhf Ntz;b Nkhl;lhu; Studies, Kogan page, London Nghf;Ftuj;jpid cgNahfpf;fhJ ele;J nry;tij kf;fSf;F cw;rhf%l;ly; Ntz;Lk;. 8 James Luk, Graham Jacoby, (2004), Road ,jw;fhf foot cities eil ghij efuq;fis Transport Research Journal, Flori Mihali, pp 18- cUthf;Fjy (Locana Gunarathne, .K ,(1995);. 22 thfdq;fspd; Ntfj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;> 9 Jenifer Frew, (1995), Geography field work thfdq;fspd; juj;ijg; gupNrhjpj;jy;> tPjp Project, Shephered publication,London, pp 26- xOq;F tPjpfspy; ,yj;jpudpay; Kiwikfisg; 29. nghWj;jp mjd; nraw;ghLfis fzpdpj; njhFjp %yk; fz;fhzpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. (CCT 10 John Tiffin and Chris Kissling, (2008),Transport camera), murhq;fk; Fwpj;j #oy; jhf;fq;fis Communication, Kogan Page limited Vw;gLj;Jk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nraw;ghLfspy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; cjhuzkhf tspapd; 11 Kansky, K.J, (1963), Structure of Transportation juj;ijg; NgZjy;> xyp khrilitj; jLj;jy;> Networks, The Department of Geography, efug; gFjpapy; jhtug; Nghu;itia epu;zapf;Fk; University of Chicago, Chicago nfhs;iffis mwpKfg;gLj;jy (Chris Kissling 2008)> midj;J thfq;fSf;Fkhd Gif 12 Karunanayake, M.M, (2003), Rural Urban gupNrhjidiaf; fl;lhag;gLj;jy; (Vehicle Interface In Sri Lanka, University Of Emission Test ), tPjpg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; njhlu;ghd Jayawardanapura,Nugegoda, pp. 43-64. fy;tpia kf;fSf;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;Fjy;> GJg;Nghf;Ftuj;J cl;fl;likg;G 13 Kroon,M, (1990),The Greening of urban Mw;wiy Nru;j;jy;> Gj;jp rhJu;akhd transport, Belhawen,pp113-117 Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwikapid tpUj;jp nra;jy;> rpwg;ghd ghijg; guhkupg;G> tPjp mgptpUj;jpg; 14 Michael Carley and Ian Christie,(2005), gzpfspd; NghJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F khw;Wj; Managing Sustainable Development, Earthscan njhopy;fis> ,lq;fis toq;Fjy;> ghupa tPjp Publication, pp. 11-20. mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fSf;fhd EIA nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ> kf;fs; gq;fspg;ig Vw;gLj;jy; 15 Morlock,E, (1967), An Analysis of Transport Technology and Network Structure, The transportation centre, Northwestern University Bibliography 16 Mumford,L, (1961), The city in History: Its 1 Asley Perera, L.S. and Locana Gunarathne. K, origins, its Transportations and its prospects, (1995) Towards an Urban policy for SriLanka, London Institute of Towns planners, SriLanka, pp. 45-51. 17 Nawfhal, A.S.M ,( 2001), Study in Geography, 2 Bhagwati,J, (2004), In defence of Globalization, Urban Geography in Sri Lanka, University of oxford University press, Oxford Peradeniya, pp. 84-100. 3 Brian Knapp,(1994), Systematic Geography, 18 Paul Ward, (1995), Geography People and Places Harper Collins Publishers, pp457-493 in a changing World, west Publishing Company, pp.660-669. 4 Christopher Sevage. I, (1966), An Economic History of Transport, Hutchinson & Co 19 Rathnayake, L.L. (1992) ,Transportation Publishers, London, pp. 11-34. Planning In Small Towns In a Developing Country , Shakaya Publishers, pp.63-78. [49] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka 20 Ray S.K , (1995), Transport Planning for Developing Country, prentice Hall of India New Delhi, pp 28-64 21 Robert Proscer, (1992), Human Systems, Nelson and Sons Ltd U.K, pp199 – 215 22 Safdie,M, Kuhn,W, (1998), Thecity after the Automobile, An architect’s vision, A new republic Book, Newyork 23 Saxena, H.M. (2005), Transport Geography , Rawat Publication,New Delhi, pp.80-155. 24 “MetroColomboUrbanDevelopmentProject” (2011)>Availableat www.mrt.ac.lk/tcp/uploads/.../Prof.%20Kumara ge%20Lecture.pdf , (online) 25 Amal kumarathunga S. (2011) “Land transport in sriLanka”,Available at www.transport.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=co m_content...(accessed on2012/0513) 26 Mahanama,P.K.S,(2002),“LandUsePlanning”, Availableatwww.mrt.ac.lk/tcp/.../National%20La nd%20Use%20Policy.pdf.(accessed on 2012/06/27) [50] M.I. Sihana(1) and M.I.M. Kaleel(2) The Impact of Modern Technology in Paddy Cultivation: A Study Based on Thamankaduwa Area. “new;nra;ifapy; etPd njhopy;El;gj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fs;;”: jkd;fLitg; gpuNjrj;ij ikag;gLj;jpa fs Ma;T (1), (2) Department of Geography, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil, Sri Lanka. Abstract: Polannaruwa district depends on paddy modern technologies in Agriculture. There are some cultivation. Thamankaduwa is research area and this research problems to identify in this research area. place especially for paddy cultivation and related employments. Here 80% of peoples doing paddy According to this research study, they required cultivation. Thamankaduwa land water and Suitable providing funds for farmers to collecting Agricultural weather conditions are the most valuable resources for machineries on this research area. Furthermore, they Agricultural activities. These Agricultural activities are should issue knowledge about modern Agricultural main economics in this area. This dissertation is machineries and builds mutual relationship between submitted on a partial fulfillment with special farmers and agricultural officers, executives and References on polannaruwa district in the impacts of increasing fertilizing using systems. So, must solve the modern Technology in paddy Cultivation; According each and every farmer’s individual and common to this research clearly identified objectives to take problems when they face Agricultural activities, and idea and solution by Agricultural activities and current providing better solutions to farmers about agriculture condition of the Agricultural changes and to identified & new technologies. The solutions are to develop how modern Technologies effects on farmers in this paddy cultivation and increasing capacity of rice research areas. production in this particular research area. They use Modern Technologies on Agricultural Key words: Paddy Cultivation, Modern Technology, activities for increasing food production to equal with Effects. population capacity in this reach area. According to this modern Technologies are effects on human mwpKfk; streaght in agriculture. They lose most calculated energy for paddy cultivation activities through modern cyfpd; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; technologies. Agricultural activities are very expensive gy;NtW tifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; tptrha eltbf;ifahdJ goik tha;e;j and most of the farmers have very poor knowledge Kjd;ik eltbf;ifahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. about this modern technologies they don’t have ,yq;ifapd; new;gapu;r;nra;ifg; gpiog;G+jpa economic resource, how to use these modern gapu;r;nra;ifahf fUjg;gLtJld; epyg;gad;ghL, technologies on agricultural activities. There modern czTg;ngWkhdk; Mfpa ,uz;L tiffspYk; technologies are main reasons for the environmental ney; gpujhd gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. mjpfsthd pollution and health problems when they using gug;Gf;fspy; new;nra;if gz;ZtJld; [51] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fspd; nghUshjhu yq;fhGu, `pq;Fuhnfhl Mfpa gpuNjr epiyikfis epu;zak; nra;af;$bajhfTk; nrayhsu; gpupitAk; njw;Nf mk;ghiw mike;Js;sJ. ,jdhy; fpuhkpa kl;lj;jpYk; khtl;lj;jpd; nj`paj;j fz;b gpuNjr nrayhsu; ehlshtpa uPjpapYk; Kf;fpag; gpupitAk; fpof;Nf jpk;Gyhfs gpuNjr nrayhsu; gapu;r;nra;ifahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapd; gpupitAk; Nkw;Nf vyfu gpuNjr nrayhsu; ney; nkhj;j tptrha epyg;gug;gpy; 34 rjtPjk; gpupitAk; vy;iyfshff; nfhz;L MFk;. 2010,y; ngUk;Nghfj;jpy; ruhrupahf mike;Js;sJ. ,J 55 fpuhk Nrtf gpupitAk; 5,60,000 hec ck; rpWNghfj;jpy; 3,10,000 hec ck; 126 fpuhkq;fisAk; nfhz;like;Js;sJ. Mf nkhj;jk; 8,70,000 hec epyg;gug;gpy; new;nra;if gz;zg;gLfpwJ. (kj;jpa tq;fp nghyd;dWit khtl;lj;jpd; nkhj;jg; gug;G Mz;lwpf;if> 2007) 3293 km2 MFk;. ,jpy; jkd;fLitg; gpuNjrk; 44,500 hec MFk;. ,q;F nkhj;j rdj;njhif nghyd;dWit khtl;lkhdJ ney; 84,772 Ngu; MFk;. ,jpy; Mz;fs; 44,036 (52%), tptrhaj;jpNy jq;fpAs;sJ. ruhrupahf 80 ngz;fs; 40,736 (48%), Ngu; MFk;. rjtPjkhd tptrhapfs; ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; rpq;fstu;, K];ypk;> jkpou; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. nghyd;dWit khtl;lj;jpd; Nghd;w ,dj;jtu;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;. ,q;F 80 ney; tptrhak; kw;Wk; mJ njhlu;ghd rjtPjkhNdhu; tptrha eltbf;iffspy; njhopy;fSf;F jkd;fLitg; gpuNjrk; Nfe;jpu [52] M.I. Sihana and M.I.M Kaleel The Impact of Modern Technology in Paddy Cultivation: A Study Based on Thamankaduwa Area. v etPd njhopEl;gk; Ma;Tg;gpuNjrj;jpy; gFg;gha;T fhzg;gLk; tptrhapfspy; ve;jsT nry;thf;fpidAk; gad;ghl;bidAk; Kjyhk; epiyj;juTfs;, ,uz;lhk; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gij mwpjy;. epiyj;juTfs; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s juTfis itj;J vspa Gs;sp tpgutpayhd v new;nra;ifapy; etPd njhopEl;gj;jpd; excel kw;Wk; ,ltpyf;ftpay; glk; %yk; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lk; gFg;gha;Tf;F khw;wq;fisAk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. new;nra;if %yk; ,g;gpuNjrj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd toptiffisAk; ,dq;fhzy;. Result & Discussion Ma;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpd; nghUshjhuj;ijj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; Kf;fpa fhuzpahf new;gapu;r; Ma;TKiwapay; nra;if ,Ue;j NghjpYk; $l ,g;gapu;r;nra;ifahdJ gytpjkhd juT Nrfupf;fk; Kiw gpur;rpidfis vjpu;Nehf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,jd; jkd;fLitg; gpuNjrj;jpy; ,t;tha;it gpujpgypg;ghf ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; nghUshjhu Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ Kjyhk; epiyj; juit epiyapYk; fhyj;jpw;FF; fhyk; gy jsk;gy; %yhjhukhfTk; ,uz;lhk; epiyj;juit epiyfs; Vw;gl;Lf; nfhz;L tUtjid Jidr;rhjdkhfTk; nfhz;L ,t;tha;T mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. fle;j rpy tUlq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. NkYk; ,e;j Ma;it new;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gug;gsT KOikahf Muha;tjw;F ,uz;L tpjkhd juT Fiwe;J nfhz;L nry;Yk; Nghf;fpidAk; ,jd; Nrfupg;G Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. %yk; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpapy; tPo;r;rpg; mitahtd: Nghf;fpidAk; mtjhdpf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJ. 1. Kjyhk; epiyj;juTr; Nrfupg;G Ma;Tg;gpuNjrj;jpy; ghuk;gupa Kiwfs; %yk; new;nra;if nra;gtu;fs; 64.3 2. ,uz;lhk; epiyj;juTr; Nrfupg;G rjtPjkhNdhu; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. mj;Jld; etPd Kjyhk; epiyj;juTfisr; Nrfupf;f Kiwfs; gad;gLj;JNthu; 35.7 rjtPjkhNdhu; Neubahf tptrhapfsplk; nrd;W tpdhf;nfhj;J, fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,t;thW ghuk;gupa Kiwapid tptrhapfs; ehl;lk; fye;Jiuahly;, Neu;fhzy;, mtjhdk; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; Kjyhk; epiyj;juTfs; nfhz;bUg;gjw;Fupa fhuzq;fshf> etPd Kiw Nrfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gw;wpa Nghjpa mwptpd;ik> %yjdf; FiwT> ghuk;gupa Kiwapy; cWjpahd ek;gpf;if> Ma;tpw;Fl;gLk; gpuNjrk; 55 fpuhk Nrtf taw;fhzpfspd; gUkd; rpW Jz;Lfshfg; gpupit cs;slf;fpajhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,tw;wpy; gq;fplg;gl;Ls;sik vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Ma;tpd; ,yFj;jd;ik fUjp Fwpg;gl;l 10 fpuhk kw;Wk; etPd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nrtfu; gpupTfs; kl;Lk; njupT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,ae;jpuq;fs; tptrhapfspd; nrhe;jkhdjhf ,q;F nkhj;j rdj;njhifapy; 80 tPjkhNdhu; ,y;iy. ,jidf; $ypf;F vLj;Nj tptrhapfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. mj;Jld; etPd njhopEl;gq;fis Vd;> vjw;F> vg;gb ghtpf;f vOkhw;W khjpupahf vLf;fg;gl;L, ngwg;gl;l tptrhapfspy; 75 tptrhapfSf;F tpdhf;nfhj;Jk; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wp ,d;Dk; ,g;gFjp kf;fs; 25 tptrhapfsplk; fye;Jiuahly;, mtjhdk; kj;jpapy; mwpKfkpy;iy vd;gJ ,t;tha;tpd; %yk; juTfs; ngwg;gl;Ls;sd. %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.(ntspf;fs Ma;T>2012) jw;NghJ ,t;tha;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fj; gpuNjr nrayfk;, tptrhak; rk;ge;jkhd epiyaq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; ngwg;gl;l ntspaPLfs;, Njitahd cutiffs; cupa fhyj;jpy; rQ;rpiffs;, E}y;fs;, nghUspay; Nehf;Ffs;> tptrhapfSf;Ff; fpilg;gjpy;iy. Nkyjpf gzr; Ma;T mwpf;iffs; Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J nryTk; miyr;rYk; tptrhapw;F fhye;jho;j;jp ,uz;lhk; epiyj;juTfs; ngwg;gl;L ,t;tha;T grisapLtjdhy; tpisr;ry; FiwfpwJ. Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld; tpijney; cupa fhyj;jpy; tptrhapfSf;Ff; fpilg;gjpy;iy. ,jid mjpf tpiy nfhLj;J thq;f Ntz;ba epiy [53] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka fhzg;gLfpd;wJ> fhyjhkjkhf ePu; vdNt new;nra;if njhlu;ghf> ,g;gpuNjr fpilf;fpd;wik. ,t;thwhd gpur;rpidfis tptrhapfs; vjpu;nfhz;L tUfpd;w vjpu;Nehf;f Ntz;bAs;sjdhy; gapu;r;nra;ifia gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;Tfis xOq;fhd Kiwapy; tpUj;jp nra;tJ fbdkhf cs;sJ. (ntspf;fs eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ,g;gpuNjr Ma;T>2012) new;nra;ifia tpUj;jpailar; nra;J mjd; %yk; ,g;gpuNjr ney; cw;gj;jpapd; msit mjpfupf;fr; nra;a KbAk;. gupe;Jiufs; new;gapu;r;nra;if Muk;gj;jpy; kdpjtOtpdhYk; tpyq;Ffspid gad;gLj;jpAk; Bibliograghy Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,d;W gapupLjy; Kjy; mWtil tiu etPd njhopEl;g 1. Kannaiyan,S.,Kumar,K. and Govindarajan, K., Kiwapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. Nrjd (2004), “Biofertilizers Technology For Rice Based tskhf;fpfspd; cgNahfk;> ,urhad Cropping System”,Scientific publishers,India. G+r;rpnfhy;ypfSf;Fg; gjpyhf Neha;j; jhf;fq;fis vjpu;f;ff;$ba Gjpa ,dq;fis 2. Keijiro otsuka, kaliappa kalirajan.,(2008), cw;gj;jp nra;jy; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; “Agriculture in Developing Countries Muha;r;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Technology Issues”,SAGE Publication india pvt Ltd,India. tpijapdq;fs;> cutiffs;> fpUkpehrpdpfs; Nghd;wtw;NwhL %yjdKk; ,yFtpy; 3. Kim,K.U.,Aul,.B.A., (1996), “Weed Management ngwf;$ba toptifis Vw;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. In Rice”,Oxford & IBH Publishing co.(pvt) gapu;r;;nra;ifia tpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpyhd Ltd,New Delhi. jpl;lq;fs; ahTk; Xu; Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapdUf;F 4. Leagreid M.,Bockman O.C.,and khj;jpuk; nrd;wilahJ ,g;gpuNjr tptrhapfs; vy;NyhiuAk; nrd;wilAk; tz;zk; jpl;lq;fis kaarstad.O(1999), “Agriculture fertilizer & The ifahs Ntz;Lk;. cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;fr; Environment”, CABI Publishing, Norway. nra;tjw;F ,ae;jpukakhf;fy; Kf;fpa 5. Mel Rockett,(1987), “Themes in Human Njitahf cs;sJ. cOjy; Kjy; mWtil Geography”,Thomas nelson and sons Ltd,uk. tiu ,ae;jpukakhf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. njhopy; ,oe;jtu;fspid muR ,dq;fz;L mtu;fSf;F 6. mUs;ee;jp.it.>(2000)> “Ntshz;ikf; nghUj;jkhd njhopypidg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy; fy;tpf;F xU tptuzk;”> fpof;Fg; Ntz;Lk;> Ranjhopy; tha;g;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf; gy;fiyf;fofk;> ,yq;if. nfhLj;jy;> njhopy;El;g mwpTfis tpupTgLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 7. njl;rdh %u;j;jp> F.>(1998)> “Ngz;jF tptrhak;”, fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk> ,yq;if. KbTiu 8. Re;jpuNkhfd;.fh.>(2003)> “njhopEl;g Ma;Tg;gpuNjr kf;fs; ,d;W cl;fl;likg;Gk; tpUj;jpAk; tptrhaKk; new;nra;ifapy; gapupLjy; Kjy; mWtil tiu cyf uPjpahd Nghf;F”, Gtp mUtp> etPd njhopEl;g Kiwapid gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> ,yq;if. etPd cgfuzq;fis gad;gLj;j nghUshjhu uPjpahf tsu;r;rp mw;wtu;fshf fhzg;gLtJld;> 9. jdghy> m.p., (1997);;;;> “,yq;ifapy; jq;fsJ tay; epyq;fs; rpwpajhfTk; new;gapu;r;nra;if-New;W> ,d;W> ehis”> etPdKiwahd eltbf;iffis KOikahf nghUspay; Nehf;F> kf;fs; tq;fp> gpd;gw;w Kbahjtu;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpwhu;fs;. ,yq;if. mjdhy;> r%fj;jpy; nghUshjhu> tho;f;ifj;ju cau;r;rp fhzg;gLtJld; rpy gpur;rpidfSk; 10. “cs;ehl;L Ntshz;ik”> kj;jpa tq;fp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tptrhapfspd; Neuk; Mz;lwpf;if> (2007>2010)> ,yq;if. Nrkpf;fg;gl;L Vida njhopy;fspy; [54] R. Kalaivani(1), V. Madha Suresh(2), S. Sanjeeve Prasad(3) and M.I.M. Kaleel(4) Urban Tourism: A Role of Government Policy and Strategies of Tourism in Tamil Nadu (1), (2), (3) Department of Geography, University of Madras, Chennai: 600005, India. (email: [email protected]) (4) Department of Geography, South Eastern University, Oluvil, Sri Lanka. Abstract: Urban tourism has become one of main Tourism is a major growth engine for economic stream in tourism research since more and more urban development in terms of providing employment and areas promoted themselves as the most charming, eradication of poverty. The economic significance of sparkling or touching place on earth (Wendy Yang tourism in terms of employment, income, foreign 2011). Tourism is becoming of increasing importance exchange earnings and regional development is a for economic growth and has led to wide research major driving force to place tourism appropriately in advances in several areas of the industry. The major development. Tourism economic liberalization, open- focus of this study is identification, planning of urban sky aviation policy, luxury cruises, improved surface tourism its policy and strategies in Tamil Nadu. transport, tourist trains, increased business travel and e-booking facilities have created a paradigm change in Key words: Arc GIS, Statistical analysis, Sustainable the tourism sector. From a mere service industry, tourism, Eco tourism, Medical Tourism and tourism has transformed into a major revenue Educational Tourism generating industry. The term urban tourism defines as the tourism which takes place in urban areas. These urban areas are classified into major urban areas and Introduction other urban areas. Major urban area is where the Urban tourism brings together people, place and population is 100,000 and more and other urban area consumption and mixes cultures, valves, expectations where population is 1000 to 99, 999. and experiences it provided an exciting landscape for exploration. Tourism is travel for a recreational, leisure, Study Area or business purposes. Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2011, there were over 983 Tamil Nadu is one of the most urbanized states million international tourist arrivals worldwide, of India. A state in southern India is bordered by the representing a growth of 4.6 percent when compared stats Pondicherry, Kerala Karnataka and Andhra to USS 940 billion in 2010. (UNWTO Tourism Pradesh. The state, lying on the southern tip of the Highlights 2012) Tamil Nadu is being promoted as an Indian Peninsula, is surrounded by the Bay by Bengal enchanting destination for holidaying in southern on the east, Indian Ocean on the south, Kerala and India and Tourism is a major contributor to the state’s Karnataka on the west and Andhra Pradesh on the economy. More than 25 million domestic tourists and north the native language spoken here is Tamil which 1.8 million foreign tourists visit the state every year. has become the official language with effect from Statistics show that 30percent of the foreign tourists January 14, 1958. It is the sixth most populous state of visiting India also visit Tamil Nadu. Recognized with the India Union and a leading producer of both three National Tourism Awards for the year 2006-2007, agricultural and industrial products. the Tamil Nadu Tourism is keen on implementing innovative strategies to improve the Tourism Growth The Sate extends latitudinal between 8°05´N to of the state 13°09´N and longitudinally between 76°15´E to [55] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka 80°20´E. the state of Tamil Nadu is a triangular confluence and aesthetic magnificence. Tourism landmass at the south-eastern end of the main enhances the performance of the tourism sector in an continent. It is the eleventh largest state in India by environmentally and culturally sustainable and socially area (about the size of Greece) It is a home to many inclusive manner. This would be reflected in natural resources, rare flora and fauna, cool hill q Increase in the tourist arrivals and duration stations, grand Hindu temples of Dravidian of stay. architecture, beach resorts, multi religious, pilgrimage sites and few UNESCO world Heritage sites. It is one q Distribution of income and benefits from of the foremost states in the country in terms of overall tourism. development Total area of Tamil Nadu is about 1, q Enhancement of management of natural and 30,058 sq.km which is a 4percent of the total land area cultural heritage sites, which results in of India. For the purpose of administration, the state integrated development of high-priority has been divided into 32 districts. tourism infrastructure in high potential Objectives tourism circuits. q Enhanced connectivity and improved The present paper has a set of two objectives. environment, utilities, and tourist services. They are: q Improvement of institutional and regulatory 1. To study Planning of Urban Tourism in frameworks that will ensure coordinated Tamil Nadu, and efforts of multiple agencies. q 2. To analyse the Government Policy and Promotion of environmentally and culturally Strategies in Tourism Industry. sustainable and socially inclusive tourism development. Map No 1: q Encouragement of private sector and community participation in tourism. q Capacity building and human resources development for sustainable tourism and destination management through employment generation, poverty alleviation, environmental regeneration, advancement of woman and disadvantaged groups. q Sculptures reflect artistic excellence and cultural splendor Tamil Nadu which has its unique culture and abundant tourism potential. Tourism in Tamil Nadu Tourism Products in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is a state with several distinguished tourism genre. It has cerulean mountains, silver falls, Tamil Nadu is ethically a state of multifarious verdant vegetation, sandy beaches, mammoth tourist attractions. The state has a versatile tourist monuments, timeless temples, fabulous wildlife, segments which have special heritage grounds, which scintillating sculptures and reverberating rural life. It can be seen as different tourism products. has picturesque spots, continuing heritage, cultural [56] R. Kalaivani, V. Madha Suresh, S. Sanjeeve Prasad and M.I.M. Kaleel Urban Tourism: A Role of Government Policy and Strategies of Tourism in Tamil Nadu Pilgrimage Tourism Eco –Tourism The state excellence is brought by symbol of The state is rich in natural resource, has helped spirituality which is important for national integration the state to promote eco-tourism. Tamil Nadu Tourism and community harmony. This spirituality belief in the Department has a separate eco- tourism wing, with state as formed many world famous Temple Towns various are included on sustainable basis without which attract the tourist national and international disturbing the environment and wild life. tourist. The state tourism department corporation gives priority to provision of infrastructure facilities Table 2: and basic amenities for the tourist at pilgrim centres. Schemes Sanctioned: 2011‐2012 No. Name of the Scheme Amount Temple Towns of Tamil Nadu Sanctioned (Rs.in lakh) Tiruchi, Madurai, Chidambaram, Rameswaram, Tiruvanamalai, Thanjavur, Kumbakonam, Nagapattina. 1. Development of Botanical Garden at Yercaud 365.00 2. Development of Kolli Hills Heritage Tourism in Namakkal District 274.33 Tamil Nadu state has a strong cultural heritage 3. Desilting and beautification influence on the living of the people. This cultural of Yercaud lake 87.00 heritage harmony prevailing in the state and the people 4. Provision of infrastructural attracts a large number of foreign tourist all over the facilities at the Lagoon globe. The state as announced nearly 49 destinations as in Muthupet 58.88 heritage tourist spots. Tamil Nadu Tourism 5. Establishment of Kurinji Park Department is conducting Indian Dance festivals, at Kodaikanal 15.20 Chithirai festival, summer festivals and Cultural festivals to cater a large number of domestic tourists as 6. Tourist Reception Centre at well as foreign tourists. Udhagamandalam 20.00 Table 1: Schemes Sanctioned: 2011‐2012 Medical Tourism No Name of the Scheme Amount Tamil Nadu being an ethical, cultural and Sanctioned environmental influenced state, of this reason large (Rs.in lakh) population comes to the state for various recreational 1. Construction of Tourist promotions. This in the present day has influenced in Reception Centre at maintaining the wellness of the tourist, which as lead Mamallapuram 30.00 to the branch of ‘Medical Tourism’. Medical Tourism 2. Development of Korkai comprises yoga, meditation, ayurveda, spa and nature Ancient Port in cure is promoted in co-ordination with reputed Thoothukudi District 35.00 institutions. The state has well skilled medical professionals and well equipped corporate hospitals. 3. Construction of Tourist Government has issued orders constituting a Core Reception Centre, Committee for promotion of Medical Tourism and Karaikudi 35.00 Wellness Tourism. [57] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka Urban Planning/Governance Model of Table No4: Tamil Nadu Domestic and Urban Tourism Foreign Tourist: 2007 – 2011 Fig: 1 No Years No of No of Domestic Foreign Tourists Tourists (in Lakhs) (in Lakhs) 1 2007 622.6 15.23 2 2008 695.44 18.11 3 2009 780.38 23.69 4 2010 1030.1 28.04 5 2011 1367.51 33.08 Source: Development of an Australian Tourism Research Agenda Source: Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation State Funded Schemes The state of Tamil Nadu has made an allotment of about Nine hundred and Eighty Six Lakh Rupees towards tourism development in most of the districts in the state during the year 2011-12. Among the states Rameshwaram being one of the most tourist attracted place in Tamil Nadu, also had the highest amount of fund of 200 lakh Rupees was allotted for the development of the district tourism (Table No.3 ). Domestic and Foreign Tourist Arrivals to Tamil Nadu Domestic Tourism is when people take holidays, short breaks and day trips in their own country. t State – State t District – District t Town – Town t Village –Village International tourism is when people travel globally outside of their region and home country. This means a temporary movement of people from the resident place to another place for different reasons such as recreational, health, business or some other reason. The number of foreign tourist has increased on 2007 to 2011 in Tamil Nadu. (Map No.1,2,3,4) [58] R. Kalaivani, V. Madha Suresh, S. Sanjeeve Prasad and M.I.M. Kaleel Urban Tourism: A Role of Government Policy and Strategies of Tourism in Tamil Nadu Growth Rate of Tourist Arrivals to Fair Division Profitability in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Fair trade in tourism is a key aspect of sustainable Growth rate is estimating future growth. The tourism. It aims to maximise the benefits from tourism growth rate of tourist arrivals in Tamil Nadu as highly for local destination stakeholders through mutually increased during the year 2010 when compared with beneficial and equitable partnerships between national other years from 2001 to 2011 (Chart No. 1) . and international tourism stakeholders in the destination. It is clearly seen that the profit has been Chart 1 increasing from 2007 to 2012. (Table No. 5) Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation Profitability in Tamil Nadu Tourism has grown a lot today as the standard of living of Tamil Nadu has grown too. The below table shows there has been a 50percent increase in the Source: Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation turnover when compared to 2007-08 from 2011-12. (Table No. 5) Tourism influence on Busines Table 5: Tamil Nadu Profitability by Tourism during Foreign Exchange Profitability in 2007 – 2011 Tamil Nadu Sl. Year Foreign Hotel Tran Trade TTDC Foreign exchange is business that allows No Excha Divi sport Fair Profit customers to exchange one currency for another nge sion Division (Rs.In ability Rs. (In (Rs.in (Rs.in Crore) (Rs.in. currency. The currency exchange profits from its Crore) Crore) Crore) Crore) services either through adjusting the exchange rate or taking a commission. Particularly 2011 the amount has 1 2007 4987 6.6 1.47 1.29 4.22 highly increased in foreign exchange (Table No. 5) 2 2008 5422 9.38 1.89 2.97 2.25 3 2009 6796 10.65 0.89 2.43 3.66 Hotel Division Profitability in Tamil Nadu 4 2010 9889 13.83 1.24 2.86 2.64 Accommodation is main component of tourism 5 2011 10383 16.38 1.41 3.45 10.69 industry. The hotel division is increased year by year Source: Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation and 2011 and 2012 profit is highly increased. (Table No. 5) Recent Development of Urban Tourism The Tamil Nadu government received a fund Transport Division Profitability in from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) under a Tamil Nadu programme called the Infrastructure Development The Transport division when compared with all Investment Program for Tourism as Multi-tranche the years it’s profit has been high during the year 2008- Financing Facility (MFF) for Tamil Nadu. Total outlay 09 (Table No. 5) of ADB assisted Project is US$ 100 million (Rs.500 Crore approximately) for the period of five years. The Project will be funded through the assistance of ADB [59] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka to an extent of 70percent (Rs.350 Crore) and balance The East-Coast Circuit will be taken up first, 30percent (Rs.150 Crore) through States funds. followed by Southern Circuit. ADB Team has Investment Programme target enhanced economic identified nine Sub-Projects and submitted Sub- growth and provision livelihood opportunities for local Appraisal Reports (SAR) for East Coast Circuit for communities through tourism infrastructure implementation in Phase-I. The State Government has development. The Investment Program consists of five issued orders constituting the “State Level Steering components viz. Committee” under the Chairmanship of Minister for Tourism and “Empowered Committee” under the q Quality Enhancement of Natural and Chairmanships of the Chief Secretary, for the speedy Cultural Attractions. implementation for the ADB assisted Projects. The q Urban Infrastructure and Service Project Loan Agreement has been signed by the State Improvement. Government with the Asian Development Bank on 2- 4-2012 at New Delhi. q Connectivity Improvement and Signage’s. q Community-based activities. Strategies For Promotion Of Tourism q Capacity Development, Community Announcement by Government Participation and Project Management. December 2011 The outcome of the project will strengthen the G.O. No. (4D) 1, Tourism and Culture (T1) tourism sector in the state which will be measured by Department, dated 23-9-2011 has been issued for the increase in arrivals, length of stay of tourists in the promotion of Tourism in the State by implementing destinations and increased spending of tourists. All the following 7 strategies. these are expected to result in additional employment, t economic development and improved living conditions Development of Tourism Parks. for the local population, including the poor. The t Development of Rural Tourism clusters. government of Tamil Nadu initiated the plan by t Integrated Development of Tourist forming two circuits for strengthening tourism in the destinations /Circuits /Cities. state. t Skill Development. East Coast Circuit Southern Circuit t Wayside Toilet Campaign. (Pilgrimage and (Pilgrimage and t Promotion of Heli Tourism, Cruise Tourism Heritage Circuit) Eco Circuit) and Cable Car Project. Kancheepuram Madurai Cuddalore, Theni Master Plan Villupuram, Dindigul The Government of Tamil Nadu in 2006, Tiruvannamalai Ramanathapuram introduced "Tourism Master Plan" for the State, which Nagapattinam Sivagangai will be prepared to improve the infrastructure facilities required by the rapidly growing tourist traffic and to Tiruvarur, Virudhunagar realize the potential of this sector. M/s. HUDCO, Thanjavur Tirunelveli Chennai, was entrusted the task of preparing ‘Tourism Pudukkottai Thoothukudi Master Plan’ for Tamil Nadu. After detailed surveys, M/s. HUDCO has submitted Tourism Master Plan. Tiruchirappalli Kanniyakumari Based on the Master Plan, the unique selling packages for various destinations will be finalized and [60] R. Kalaivani, V. Madha Suresh, S. Sanjeeve Prasad and M.I.M. Kaleel Urban Tourism: A Role of Government Policy and Strategies of Tourism in Tamil Nadu accordingly, the infrastructure and facilities will be World Travel Mart – London developed by seeking required budgetary support. World Travel Mart is held at London every November. Tamil Nadu Tourism participated in the Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and WTM, London in 2009. More than 100 countries Exhibitions (MICE Market) participated. Tourism wealth of Tamil Nadu and the steps taken for promotion of Tamil Nadu were In 2009-10, Tamil Nadu Tourism conducted highlighted. The tourism stakeholders of Tamil Nadu three Seminars and Conferences namely, Medical were encouraged to participate in WTM and necessary Tourism, Responsible Tourism and Protecting assistance was rendered. This effort resulted in the monuments, for posterity in Chennai. MICE tourism considerable increase in foreign tourist arrivals. (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions) will be promoted through Chennai Trade Centre. The renovated Beach Resort Complex at Mamallapuram is ITB (International Tourism Bourse) – staging many MICE events conducted by various Berlin Government departments, schools, colleges and Tamil Nadu Tourism participated in the NGOs. International Tourism Bourse meet held in Berlin, Germany, in March 2008. It helped Tamil Nadu to Participation in the International showcase various segments of the State among the Travel Marts visiting delegates. The folk dance organised in the Tamil Nadu Pavilion showcasing the art forms of Tamil 1. SAARC Trade Fair Nadu was well received. In 2010 also, the Tamil Nadu 2. PATA Meet (Pacific Asia Travel Association) Tourism participated in the ITB Meet held in Berlin, Germany. The Tamil Nadu enclosure generated more 3. WTM (World Travel Mart) interest as indigenous sweetmeat and savouries were 4. ITB (International Tourism Bourse) distributed and a light entertainment of Tamil music and dance was organized with participation of local Tamils. With a view to inviting foreign tourists in more SAARC Trade Fair numbers, Tamil Nadu Tourism proposes to participate in SAARC Travel Fair is an annual event held in 1. Pacific Asia Travel Association Meet different member countries every year to promote Intraregional trade and enhance co-operation. Tamil 2. World Travel Mart, London Nadu tourism participated in SAARC Trade Fair held 3. International Tourism Bourse, Berlin at Thimpu, Bhutan in September 2009. and organize a marketing Meet at Mauritius and South Africa. PATA Tamil Nadu Tourism participated in PATA held Participation in National Travel Marts at Hangzhou-China in September 2009 and These objectives are met through an integrated showcased the tourism wealth of Tamil Nadu and the marketing strategy and campaigns synergised in benefit and costeffective world class medical facilities association with the travel trade. Tamil Nadu Tourism available in Tamil Nadu. There was a tremendous has been participating in most of the tourism travel response from abroad for Medical Tourism in addition marts Tourism fairs orgainsed by Tourism departments to other tour packages. Opportunity was given to of other States and stakeholders. Tamil Nadu Tourism to address the International Press on the final day of the Conference. [61] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka Pravasi Bharatiya Divas EGovernance in TTDC Tamil Nadu Tourism participated in the Pravasi TTDC has earned the distinction of being the Bharatiya Divas held in Chennai in January 2009 and first State Tourism Corporation to introduce on-line in January 2010 at Delhi and contributed a cultural booking of Tours and Hotels. TTDC has earned a sum show which had the blend of all artistic and aesthetic of Rs.280 Lakh through on-line bookings during 2011- elements of Tamil Nadu. 12 compared to Rs.215 Lakh during the previous year. SATTE, New Delhi Boat Houses in TTDC Tamil Nadu Tourism participates in SATTE (South Asia Travel and Tourism Exhibition) regularly TTDC is having Boat houses at Muttukadu, so as to have interaction with buyer-seller from Mudaliarkuppam, Pichavaram, Yercaud, Kodaikanal, upcountry and abroad. Courtallam, Ooty and Pykara. TTDC had launched a 32-seater Cruiser at Boat House, Mudaliarkuppam on 12.1.2012 Action is being taken to replace old Boats Great India Travel Bazaar, Jaipur with new Boats. To ensure safety of the passengers, Tamil Nadu Tourism took part in a big way in the wearing of Life jackets has been made mandatory Great India Travel Bazaar, Jaipur organised by during Boat rides in all the Boat Houses of TTDC. FICCI and Rajasthan Tourism. There was a tremendous response from buyers, for the buyer-seller Special Package Tours in TTDC meetings. Rashtriya Mathyamaik Shksha Abhiyan (RMSA) Schemes TTDC has organized Special Package Tours Fairs and Festivals for School Teachers under Rashtriya Mathyama Tamil Nadu is a State known for several festivals Shikshka Abhiyan (RMSA) Scheme during February and fairs with life affirmative attitude. Celebration is a and March 2012, fetching revenue of Rs.3 Crore in co- part of Tamil culture and they make every moment a ordination with the School Education Department. great benediction. Therefore, the fairs and festivals act Apart from the regular Package Tours, TTDC is also as mechanisms to attract large number of people in the organizing tailor-made Package Tours for various vicinity and offer them an avenue to relax and rejoice. groups of Tourists catering to their specific Cultural programmes, musical events and dance requirements. Special package Tours are organized for performances suit the festive mood and provide the the Corporate Sector and also for the group Tourists crowd with healthy entertainment. from Malaysia. TAMIL NADU TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Medical Tourism in TTDC CORPORATION (TTDC) Tamil Nadu, is a leader in providing medical care TTDC was opened on 30th June 1971 for on par with the finest hospitals in the West in almost providing infrastructure development in all the tourist all the medical fields, and has implemented many destinations of the state. The growth of TTDC over the policies for cheap medical tourism. It has plush past forty two years was rapid and at present is grown corporate hospitals especially in Chennai, the capital. having a chain of 55 hotels and youth hostels in all There are many world-class institutions and hospitals major tourism destinations. in Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore and other cities in Tamil Nadu. [62] R. Kalaivani, V. Madha Suresh, S. Sanjeeve Prasad and M.I.M. Kaleel Urban Tourism: A Role of Government Policy and Strategies of Tourism in Tamil Nadu The state has performed best and first of its kind Human Resources Development in in many medical surgeries, heart transplantation to TTDC cataract operations. The state as multi-specialist hospitals, corporate hospitals and Transplantation Guide Training Programme centres. Medical Tourism Brochures with useful tips on health care are being planned for medical tourists. The Guides play a vital role in tourism promotions. State Government is also aggressively promoting They are responsible for projecting the right image of Medical/Health Tourism. It is a much more peaceful the country, giving factual information, caring for the state than any other state in North India. It is a leader safety of the tourists and ensuring their pleasant stay. in India especially in Eye Care, Oncology, Tamil Nadu Tourism in co-ordination with the Anna Orthopaedics, Dialysis and Kidney Transplant. Today, institute of Management, Chennai conducts Guide practically every town has a good nursing home with Training Programmes for the unemployed youth and attending consultants. Nursing has evolved as a retired govt. officials Identity cards have been given to specialty and Indian Nurses handle patients with a the 264 trained Guides so far. During 2012-13, Guide humane and personal touch that is the main reason Training will be given for 482 persons. why they are so much in demand in the West. One can come to Tamil Nadu for a specific Capacity Building Training treatment or even go for a Master Health Check Up Training is imparted for the local community in while on holiday. Everything is taken care of by the Rural Tourism Sites. Front office staffs in Corporate concerned hospital in liaison with the Travel Agency. Hotels, Drivers of Taxies, Auto-rickshaws and personal Cardiac Care, Dialysis and Kidney Transplant, Eye handling tourists at Airports and Railway Stations. Care, Cosmetic Surgery is available in all hospitals in Tamil Nadu and at very reasonable rates. Medical tourism is been in action since 2007 and performed Skill Development Training many surgeries and treatments to several thousand Under Hunar Se Rozgar Tak scheme of international tourist from all over the world. Government of India, Skill development training is imparted in Hospitality Sector through Catering Symposium on promotion of Medical Institutes. So far 3337 persons have been trained in Tourism Food Craft and Culinary arts, House Keeping, Room Service etc. by the Government Catering Institutes at Symposium on Medical Tourism was organised Chennai and Trichy. on 27-2-2009 in Chennai to create awareness on the potential of medical tourism. A seminar on “Role of Corporate sector in Tourism Promotion" was Tourist Security Organization organised on 6th March 2009 in Chennai. Presentation Tourist Security Organization is functioning in on health tourism, cultural tourism, highway tourism, the Tourism Department. It has a Chief Tourist education tourism and rural tourism was made by the Warden stationed at Chennai to co-ordinate with the officers of the various Departments and stakeholders. Station Tourist Wardens at five centres, namely, During October 2009, Medi-Tour Meet was organized Mamallapuram, Rameswaram, Kanniyakumari, by the Tourism Department, so as to increase the Kodaikanal and Udhagamandalam. Each centre has 5 tourists coming to the State to avail excellent medical Wardens. The existing strength of 30 Wardens will be facilities. increased and women will also be recruited for each centre. It will be expanded to other important tourist centre. Five two wheelers have been provided to the [63] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka Tourist Security Wardens. Ministry of Tourism, v Tour to Nagarathar Temples. Government of India encourages the establishment of v Tour to Divya Desam Temples in Tourism Security Organization and has appreciated the Kancheepuram and Thiruvallur Districts. lead role played by Tamil Nadu Tourism Performance of the Tourist Security Organization has been well v Tour to Thirukkadaiyur Temple appreciated by the visiting tourists and local public and v Tour to Thiruvudai Amman, Vadivudai it has been published in print media. Amman and Kodiyudai Amma temples. v Madurai City Tour Publicity and Marketing in TTDC v Tiruchi City Tour. A large number of Tourists are coming from v Tour to Courtallam and nearby areas. foreign countries. The state needs to be highlighted v internationally so the visit of foreign tourist would be Tour to Yealgiri Hills increased. The government introduced FAM tours v Tour to Kolli Hills (familiarization tours) to promote international tourist. v Freedom Fighters Circuit Tour An aggressive marketing campaign in these countries can make a major impact in realizing the tourism v These Tours will be launched shortly. potential. At International Travel Marts, all important members of travel and hospitality industry congregate Some of the major initiatives taken by the government under one roof. Tourism Department promotes the to boost Tourism in Tamil Nadu include: destinations at these Marts. Tamil Nadu is ranked l Tourism has been declared as an industry. second in foreign tourist arrivals. Special efforts are taken to attain number one position. Tamil Nadu will l To encourage private investment, the be showcased in major International Travel marts like Department of Tourism co-ordinates with International Tourism Bourse (ITB-Berlin-March different departments for early clearance of 2013) and World Travel Market (WTM- London- projects and prepares plans to improve November 2012). infrastructure facilities in tourist centres obtaining central assistance, and securing the Marketing meets are planned in source countries- active participation of the local public by Netherlands, Switzerland and France in co-ordination providing better economic avenues. Tours for overseas Tour Operators and Travel will be arranged to promote Tamil Nadu. According to India l The Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Tourism Statistics for the year 2010, 11.16 Crore Corporation is providing travel circuit plan to domestic tourists and 28.05 Lakh foreign tourists have tourists. visited Tamil Nadu. The tourist arrivals have further gone up in the year 2011. 13.68 Crore domestic tourists and 33.08 Lakh foreign tourists have visited the State Conclusion in 2011. In the contemporary society the tourism represents one of the most dynamic economic sectors. Nowadays Tamil Nadu is about to become an New Urban Tours in TTDC important touring destination. According with the data In addition to operation of regular Tours to providing by the Tamil Nadu Tourism Development various Tourist destinations by TTDC, the Corporation shows clear structure of urban tourism Government has issued orders for launching the planning and policy, strategies. For clarity, the tourism following 10 new Tours for the benefit of Tourists elements presented in this article have been largely during 2012-2013. treated however it is important to point out that there [64] R. Kalaivani, V. Madha Suresh, S. Sanjeeve Prasad and M.I.M. Kaleel Urban Tourism: A Role of Government Policy and Strategies of Tourism in Tamil Nadu is a high degree developing by cities for a variety of 10. Recent Development in tourism Research reasons including new developing policy, attracting Conference, Faculty of economics, University of visitors and stimulating the urban economics. Algarve (http://tamilnadutourism.org/hotels/TT DCHotels/BBintroduction.aspx References: 11. Sati V.P., 2001.Tourism development in India, Pointer publications, Jaipur, 1. Chopra, A (2008). "Organ-transplant black 12. Sathyanarayana G. and Raghavalu M.V., 2005, market thrives in India". The San Francisco Problems and prospects of tourism in backward Chronicle.(February9):USA. areas, South. Eco. 44(4), 13. 2. Chawla and Romila, 2003,Tourism in the 21 13. Tamil Nadu Tourism Development corporation century (ed), Sonali publications, New Delhi. policy Note 2011-2012. 3. Deolalikar, A., 2005, Attaining the millennium 14. Tamil Nadu. State Report (FY 2008-09) development goals in India, New Delhi, Oxford University Press for the World Bank 15. Treatment Abroad. 2007. Medical Tourism: Facts and Statistics. 4. Grace, M.N.( 2008). State of the Heart: A Medical Tourist’s True story of Lifesaving Surgeryin India, 16. http://www.treatmentabroad.net/medical- USA: New Harbinger Publications. tourism/medical-tourism-facts 5. Hancock, D (2008). The complete Medical 17. Tondon, S., 2011, World health opportunity, Tourist, UK: John Blake Publishing Business World, April, India, PP- 28-34. 6. Human Development Report 2010 - UNDP. 18. URISM Demand No.29 POLICY NOTE Tamil Nadu 2010-2011 7. Kher, Unmesh. (2006). Outsourcing Your Heart, 143-145. Contemporary Readings in 19. Wendy Yang, on November 25th, 2011 Danger of Globalization. California: Pine Forge Press. Scott Urban Tourism in Asia Sernau, editor. 20. http://www.ibef.org/download/Tamil_ 8. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, 2010, Nadu_8Oct_08.pdf Tourism statistics at a glance 2009, New Delhi, India 9. Rang M., 2003. Tourism potential in India, Abhijeet publications, Delhi, [65] M.L. Fowzul Ameer(1) #oy; tspkhrilTk; Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfSk; nfhOk;G khtl;lj;ijikag;gLj;jpa Ma;T (1) Department of Geography, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil, Sri Lanka. (email: [email protected]) Ma;Tr; RUf;fk;: nghWj;JtspkhrilthdJRfhjhuj; jhf;fq;fSf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ngUk;ghyhd mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfspy; fLikahdkw;Wk;ePz;lfhyRfhjhutpisTfs; Rfhjhuj;jpw;fhdngUk; mr;RWj;jyhf ,wg;GtPjj;jpy; jhf;fj;ijr; tspkhrilT Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. nrYj;Jtjhfmikfpd;wJ.tspkhriltpd; ,yq;ifapy; nfhOk;Gkhtl;lk; epu;thfj; jd;ik>khrhf;fpfspy;; mlq;fpAs;ser;Rj; jiyefuhfTk; ngUk;ghyhd jd;ikvd;gdgy;NtWmikg;Gf;fspy; ifj;njhopw;rhiyfspd; miktplkhfTk; NtWgLfpd;wd. mike;jpUg;gjhy; mjpfupj;jtspkhrhf;fk; mjhtJtaJ>fyhr;rhueilKiwfs;>tho;f;ifK ,lk;ngUfpd;wJ. jw;Nghijatspapd; iwfs;>kw;Wk; r%fg; juepiyfs;> khRf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; juq;fs;> nghUshjhuepiyvd;gdtspkhrilitj; cl;Gwkw;Wk; ntspg;Gw khril jPu;khdpf;fyhk;. jdpg;gl;lxUtupdhy; ntspapLk; tpw;fhdtpQ;QhduPjpahd mbg;gilfs; kw;Wk; khrhf;fpfspd; msTmjpfupj;jhy; KO Rfhjhu jhf;fq;fismilahsk; tspkz;lyj;jpYk; ,jd; jhf;fj;jpd; jPtpuk; fhz;gjw;fhdjilfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> mjpfupf;Fk;. kdpjrKjhak; ,jd; jhf;fj;jpw;F mtw;wpid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ,yFtpy; cl;gLj;jg;glyhk;.mjhtJfUtpy; jpl;lq;fisnraw;gLj;Jtjpy; cs;sjilfis cs;srpRf;fs;> ,sk; ,y;yhky; nra;tjw;fhd mwpTuPjpahd Foe;ijfs;>Kjpatu;fs;>EiuaPuy; kw;Wk; ,ilntsp ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;J mfw;wg;gl Rthrg;igNeha; cilatu;fs; mjpfk; Ntz;baNjit cs;sJ. ghjpg;Gf;Fcl;gLfpd;wdh;. Keywords: tspkhrilT> khrhf;fpfs;> Rfhjhuk;> Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfs; Ma;Tg;gpuNjrk; mwpKfk; ntspg;Gwkw;Wk; cl;GwtspkhrilthdJ mgptpUj;jpmile;JtUk; ehLfspy; kf;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; xUKf;fpaRoy; Rfhjhug;gpur;rpidahfcs;sJ.gytspkhrhf;fpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdvd;whYk; kpfKf;fpakhditfshftspkz;lyJfs;fs;>jiu Nkw;gug;GXNrhd;>ry;gu; xf;irl;L>fhgd; NkhNdhf;irl;L>iel;u[d; xf;irl;Lkw;Wk; tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; khrhf;fpfspd; tiffs;>khrhf;fpfspd; msT> ,it tspkz;lyj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; fhyk; kw;Wk; fhy ,ilntsp>Fwpj;jkhrhf;fpapy; cs;ser;Rj; jd;ikapd; tiffisg; [66] M.L. Fowzul Ameer #oy; tspkhrilTk; Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfSk; nfhOk;G khtl;lj;ijikag;gLj;jpa Ma;T ,yq;ifapd; kpfg;ngupaefuKk; ,yq;ifapd; tspkz;lyj; juk; tu;j;jfjiyefuKk; nfhOk;ghFk;. ,k;khtl;lk; ,yq;ifapd; Nkw;Ff; fiuNahuj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,J nfg;gdpd; tifg;ghl;bw;F ,dq;fntg;gkz;lyj;jpw;Fhpafhyepiyiag; ngw;Ws;sJ.njd;Nky; gUtf;fhw;W %yk; Nk - nrg;lk;gu; khjq;fspy; kiotPo;r;rpiag; ngWfpd;wJ. tUlruhrupkiotPo;r;rp 2400 kp.kP. ,e;efuj;jpd; tlf;F>tlfpof;Fvy;iyahdJfsdpMw;wpdhy; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;khtl;lj;jpd; nkhj;jrdj;njhif 2>309>809 MFk;. ,q;F 76.7 tPjkhNdhu; rpq;fstu;fs; 10.5 tPjkhdtu;fs; K];ypk;fshfTk;> 10 tPjkhdtu;fs; ,yq;ifj;jopou;fshfTk; Vida ,dj;jtu;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. Ma;TKiwapay; Kjyhk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyj;juTfspD}lhfjuTfs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjhtJnfhOk;Gkhtl;lj;jpy; kUjhidg; fpuhkNrtfh; gphpTg; gpuNjrj;jpy;trpf;fpd;w 4>548egh;fspd; kj;jpapy; vOkhw;Wkhjphpmbg;gilapy; njhpTnra;ag;gl;l 200 khztu;fs;> 200 tNahjpgu;fs;> 10 tPjpg;nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; Nghd;Nwhu;fs; kj;jpapy;tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fs; toq;fg;gl;LgFg;gha;tpw;Fcl;gLj;jg;gl;LKbTfs; ngwg;gl;Ls;sNjhL ,t;tha;Tf;fhdjuTfs; kj;jpaRw;whly; mjpfhurig>murjpizf;fsmwpf;iffs;>gpuNjrnr ayfmwpf;if>itj;jparhiyj; juTfs;> Source: http://www.cea.lk/pdf/airquality_14_nov.pdf- ,izaj;jsjuTfs; Nghd;w ,uz;lhk; epiyj; jutfspd; %yKk; Nrfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Annual averages of PM‐10 at Colombo MNyhridfSk; rpghupRfSk; Fort ambient air quality monitoring Station (1998‐2007). efu;g;Gwq;fspy; mjpfstpyhdtspkhrhf;fpfs; #oYf;Fntspaplg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; ghupaifj;njhopy; eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; khtl;lkhfnfhOk;Gkhefuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tUlhtUlk; ,q;Fntspaplg;gLk; khRf;fspy; thfdq;fspy; ,Ue;J 60 tPjk; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wJ. cyfRfhjhuepWtdk; ntspapl;Ls;stspapd; juk; njhlu;ghfntspapl;Ls;smwpf;ifapy; ,yq;ifapd; juk; 2 PMkw;Wk;10 PM Mf epu;zak; nra;ag;gl;L 2008 ,y; tu;j;khdp %yk; Source: Central Environmental Authority (Year 2007). ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ. [67] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka Monthly mean sulfur dioxide concentrations at Colombo Fort (June 2003 ‐ December 2007) Source: Central Environmental Authority 2007). Monthly mean of one‐hour averages of nitrogen dioxide concentrations at Colombo Fort (June 2003 ‐ December 2007) Source: Central Environmental Authority 2007). Rthrk; njhlu;ghdgpur;rpidfs; nfhOk;Gkhtl;lj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuRfhjhuk; njhlu;ghdgygpur;rpidfs; njhlu;e;Jfhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjpYk; Fwpg;ghfefug;gFjpfspy; cs;sghlrhiyr; rpWtu;fs;jhd; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gl;LtUfpd;wdu;. mjhtJgpujhdtPjpfismz;kpj;Js;sghlrhiyf spy; cs;skhztu;fs; mjpfkhf ,Uky;>rsp> M];JkhNghd;wgy;NtWRthrk; rhu; Neha;fSf;Fcl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdu;. tPl;Lr; #oypy; cs;sgps;isfs; mq;Fgad;gLj;jg;gLk; vupnghUs; tiff;FVw;gghjpg;gpd; jd;ikmikag; ngw;Ws;sJ. vOkhw;Wmbg;gilapy; njupTnra;j 200 khztu;fspilNamtu;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sRthrk; rhu; Neha;fs; gw;wpatpguk; gpd;tUfpd;wdtiuglq;fspy; jug;gl;Ls;sd. [68] M.L. Fowzul Ameer #oy; tspkhrilTk; Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfSk; nfhOk;G khtl;lj;ijikag;gLj;jpa Ma;T ,UkYf;F 180 khztu;fSk; rspggpur;rpidf;F 120 NgUk;> M];JkhNeha;f;F 75 NgUk;> %r;Rj;jpduSf;F 39 NgUk; cl;gl;Ls;sdu;. Source: : http://www.numbeo.com/-03.04.2013 ,tu;fs; midtUk; efu;Gwg;ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tpfw;Fk; gpujhdtPjpapidmz;kpajhff; fhzg;gLk; ghlrhiykhztu;fs;. njupTnra;ag;gl;l 200 Kjpatu;fspy; 195Ngu; ,UkYf;Fk; 173Ngu;rspg;gpur;rpidf;Fk;132 M];JkhNeha;f;Fk; 93Ngu; %r;Rj;jpduYf;Fk; 14Ngu; EiuaPuy; Gw;WNeha;Fk; cl;gl;Ls;sdu;. 10 tPjpxOq;FNgZk; ngyp]huplk; ,Ue;JNrfupf;fg;gl;ljuTfSf;F ,zq;f 9 Ngu; Rthrk; rhu; gpur;rpiffSf;Fcl;gl;Ls;shu;fs;.Mjpfkhfthfd neupry; fhzg;gLk; gFjpfs; nfhOk;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLtjdhy; ,q;Fflikapy; [69] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka khztu;fspy; 180 Ngu; ,UkYf;Ff;Fk; The National Environmental Act, No. 47 of 1980: cl;gl;Ls;sdu;. efurdj;rdj;njhifmjpfupj;Jk; Amendment to the National ifj;njhopw;rhiyfspd; mikTfhuzkhfTk; Environmental(Ambient Air Quality) tspkhrilTtPjk; nfhOk;Gkhtl;lj;jpy; Regulations, No 817/6-Tuesday, May 03, 1994 In mjpfupj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Volume No 817/6-Tuesday, May 03, 1994. Government Notification: The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka; 1994. References WHO: WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate Bruce N, Perez-Padilla R, Albalak R: The health effects matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, of indoor air pollution exposure in developing Global update 2005, Summary of risk assessment. countries. Geneva: World Health Organization; Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005. 2002:11. Jayaratna RNR, Ileperuma OA: Air Quality Trends and Senevirathne SRDA: Air pollution: a case study of Variation Pattern of Air Pollutants in the City of environmental pollution,Journal of College of Colombo."Air That We Breath", Third National Community Physicians of Sri Lanka 2003, 8(1):1- Symposium on air resource management in Sri 9. Lanka: 2007; Colombo 2007. American Thoracic Society: What Constitutes an Jayawardana KGS, Jayaratna RNR: What Colombo's Adverse Health Effect of Air Pollution?American Air Quality Tell Us."Air That We Breath", First Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine National Symposium on Air Resource 2000, 161:665-673. Management in Sri Lanka 2004; Colombo 2004. HEI: Special Report 15, Health Effects of Outdoor Air Senanayake MP, Samarakkody RP, Sumanasena SP, Pollution in Developing Countries of Asia: A Kudalugodaarachchi J, Jayasinhe SR, literature Review. Health Effects Institute; 2004. Hettiarachchi AP: A relational analysis of acute wheezing and air pollution.Sri Lanka Journal of WHO: Health Aspects of Air Pollution: Results from the Child Health 2001, 30(2):66-68. WHO project " Systematic Review of Health Aspects of Air Pollution in Europe". Europe: World ThishanDharshana KG, Coowanitwong N: Ambient Health Organization; 2004. PM(10) and respiratory illnesses in Colombo City, Sri Lanka.J Environ Sci Health ATox Hazard Batagoda B, Sugathapala A, Yalegama M, Jayasinghe B: Subst Environ Eng 2008, 43(9):1064-1070. Urban Air Quality Management in Sri Lanka. Colombo: Air Resource Management Center (AirMAC), Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Sri Lanka; 2004:iii. [70] Vinayagamoorthy Mathivathany(1) Tourism Industry for Regional Development – Post War at Jaffna District in Sri Lanka (1) Department of Geography, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka. (email: [email protected]) Abstract: The tourism industry plays a key role in self-employed, small and medium enterprises and regional and destination development. Jaffna district farmers. It is important to enrich the tourism industry has more tourist potentials to develop the region. that will directly and indirectly help many other Tourism image in Northern province had changed by economic activities to achieve a higher growth rate. war during the last three decades. This research analyses the potential for regional development of Jaffna has already become a popular destination tourism industry in Jaffna district. SWOT analysis for tourists. Today instead of the brain drain; brain and descriptive statistical analysis were used. The gain rate has increased. With the beginning of a new finding of research reveals that Jaffna district can era with peace and stability it is vital that the business benefit much more than present context of tourist community recognize the possibilities and re-build the industry by promoting tourism industry. country’s economy. Jaffna has enormous potential for development in Keywords: Regional development, tourism industry, the North. Jaffna is a resource land, which was sustainable development. untouched for the past three decades and it is vital to adopt the concept of being green since it is timely to General background of Tourism have a sustained tourism in the country. There is industry and situation of Jaffna immense potential for tourism and hotel industry in District in Sri Lanka the Northern province. Over 500 people visit The Island of Sri Lanka is a small universe, it Jaffna daily from various parts of the country contains as many variations of culture, scenery, and with the dawn of peace. With the opening of the A-9 climate as some countries. But Sri Lanka was seen as road for the public, the number of tourists visiting a low budget tourist attraction during the war period. Jaffna has increased rapidly. Several investors, who are Tourism Industry collapsed mainly due to the war very keen to invest in the hotel and tourism industry conditions throughout last 3 decades. The war is in Jaffna peninsula. Most said there are no Star Class mostly over, and Sri Lanka is now stable and safe — hotels in Jaffna and considering the opportunity the and as beautiful, tropical, and friendly as ever. The investors are ready to set up Star Class hotel. Government done much in the past four years to fulfill the needs of the tourism industry. Tourists started Objectives of research pouring in to the country after the end of civil war. Now Major infrastructure development projects are The main objective of the study is to identify the undergoing in the country. The Government recent salient features of the tourism sector or identified tourism as a fast emerging potential growth potential generations of tourism industry for the sector. The upliftment of the tourism industry not only regional development. Second one is reveal the benefits the industry, but also supports many other strategies plans for increasing regional development in sectors. The setting up of hotels and restaurants will future. Those are increasing the long term increase income and business opportunities for the sustainability for regional development. [71] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka Research Area tourist to see. Apart from these, culture, dress, festivals and rural games could create Jaffna District is one of the 25 of . The enough interest among foreign tourists in headquarters is located in city. Jaffna District is located tourism. in the far north of Sri Lanka in the Northern Province and occupies most of the Jaffna Peninsula. The 2. Have something for visitors to do:- following map shows the research area. Participating in many types of operations and swimming, bullock cart riding, pony Methodology riding, buffalo riding, cooking and participating in the rural games are the few Information was gathered through visit to tourist activities in which tourist can take part and areas, conducting interviews and relevant documents enjoy. for the extensively study. Descriptive research type and descriptive statistical analysis and SWOT analysis were 3. Have something for visitors to buy:- Rural used for the result. Non probability sampling was used. crafts, dress materials, farm gate fresh The following figure show about the SWOT for agriculture products, processed foods are tourism industry of Jaffna. the few items which tourist can buy as souvenir for remembrance. Result and Discussion However, in Jaffna tourism is at an infant stage Few proposals to develop nature and tourism in and is poorly organized. In most of the farms, hotels, Jaffna. Some tourism places are identified as the most infrastructure facilities are not sufficiently available. attraction places in Jaffna. They are categorized under This is one of the factors that determined the success four themes namely, places. Events, recreational of the industry. Therefore, provision of basic services and other services. Historic Places and infrastructure such as road facilities, clean water, and Buildings, Parks, Natural Areas or features & beaches, electricity is very important. Moreover, there is low and religious centres are identified as places. awareness of tourism and its attractiveness with stakeholders. Making them well aware of tourism and Also, given below are some other tourism creating a positive attitude towards opportunities of potentials which are prevailing at present in the Jaffna tourism is essential in order to have tourism and which have the potential to develop further. operations. Although people have basic knowledge and Geographical features and resources are any other skills in tourism, they are poor in business potentials to develop. Such as Sand, mineral resources, management skills namely entrepreneurship, old valuable buildings, wells, places, and thinks, trees, management skills, interpersonal and communication mangroves, long beaches, seas, and harbours. skills etc. Therefore, tourism education and training in University of Jaffna, Public Library of Jaffna and Tilko these areas are very much important for the successful city Hotel are some of the most tourist’ attraction and sustainable tourism operations. buildings and famous centers. Finding proper remedies for the above Conclusions mentioned problems is an essential prerequisite as the potential entrepreneurs will face difficulties to start a Tourism has become one of the major sector of business without external support. After that, the economy in Jaffna. Basically, tourism should introduction of tourism under the themes suggested ensure the following three basic necessities. earlier would be of great significance and would improve the overall economic, social, cultural, and 1. Have something for visitors to see:- aesthetic level of the areas. If the tourism industry Animals, birds, farms and nature are the develop in many ways, the many sectors and actions few things which tourism could offer to the will be improve to the regional development. [72] Vinayagamoorthy Mathivathany Tourism Industry for Regional Development – Post War at Jaffna District in Sri Lanka References Wimalaratana, W and Silva, D A C (2009) Community Based Sustainable Tourism: A Case Huybers, T., (2007) (Ed) Tourism in Developing Study of the Monaragala District, Sri Lanka countries, Economics and management Of Jouranal of Agraian Studies, Vol.13, No1, 2009. tourism. Edward Elgar publishing Limited, Divisional Secretariat Division, “Statistical information Massachusetts, USA. 2011”, Jaffna district. Sharply, R (2002) rural tourism and the challenge of Suren, N 2010 tourist please of Jaffna, (available tourism diversification: the case of Cyprus. online) http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/ Tourism Management, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp233-244 Asia/Sri_Lanka/North_Eastern_Province/Jaffna- Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority, 1425164/TravelGuide-JahtmlIy [accessed on http://www.sltda.gov.lk 17/05/2010])[accessed on 17/05/2010]) Wall, G (2006) The nature of urban and community tourism. W. Jamieson (Eds.), Community Destination Management in Developing Economics. The Haworth Hospitality Press, New York. [73] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka Figure 1: Research Area Resources District Secretariat Division of Jaffna Table 1: SWOT for tourism industry of Jaffna Strength Weakness Climate Weak public sector management Nature – Sea/Bio diversity/wildlife High local and foreign debts Historical places Tarnished image of SL during last three decades Rehabilitate the A9 road Seasonal business High inflow of foreign remittances poor infrastructure facilities( transport, tele District less natural disasters communication, quality of Hotels) Government intentions to support industry Not plans and guidelines for tourism places The good relationship among western country Not awareness for people Resources for large and small industry Threats Opportunities Inappropriate usage of funding on development Financial times World economic down turn Employment generation in the tourism sector Diluted spending power of travelers Improve large and small industry High security zones Increasing of inter regional development Registry, checking by military Establishing the provincial head offices Bad images about the affected areas International policies about Srilanka (Source: Information Gathered by the Authors from Field Work) [74] Vinayagamoorthy Mathivathany Tourism Industry for Regional Development – Post War at Jaffna District in Sri Lanka Table 2: Tourism development themes in Jaffna District. Places Events Recreational Other Services Services Historic Places and Conferences Water-based Activity Accommodation Buildings Boating Corporate Bed & Breakfast Jaffna Fort, Delft Swimming Jaffna Library, Kayts Family Reunions Camping Town Fishing with the hook Weddings Youth Hostels Natural Harbor Sankiliyan Curve Get-togethers Elder Hostels Manthirimanai University of Jaffna Parks and forests Agricultural Trail Based Tour Operations Subramaniyam park. Fairs Activities School Tours Poonganichcholai. Food and Craft Hiking Picnicking The old park Shows Off- Road Motor Organic Farm visits Manatkadu Food Cooking- Cycling, Cycling Mirusuvil mangroves Demonstrations Horse Racing Flower Shows Motor Racing Religious Places Seasonal Nature Appreciation Retailing of Festivals/ Activities Nallur Temple Various Items Activities Photography/Painting Selva Sannithi Sinhala& Hindu Gift/ Craft/ Antique Temple Bird watching NewYearFestiva Floral Arrangements Nagapoosani Temple l Wild Life Viewing Gardens/ Nagaviharai Christmas Trees Nurseries(Flowers, O.L.R. Church Easter Eggs Greenery, Herbs, St. Mary's Church Annual Festivals Dried Flowers) Durkaiamman of temple Roadside Stands/ Temple Markets Naguleswaram Specialty Food Temple Palmyra product Maviddampuram Natural areas and Hunting and Fishing Trapping fish with nets beaches Hunting Casurina Beach Dog Training Kilali – Allipalai, Habitat Improvement Chaatty Beach (Source: Information Gathered by the Authors from Field Work and Literature Search) [75] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka Tourism potentials in Jaffna District Figure 1: Components for the tourism industry. (Source: Information Gathered by the Authors from Field Work and Literature Search) [76] Sakeena Nizam(1) Farmers’ perception on climate change (1) Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. (email:[email protected]) Abstract: This study focused on identifies temporal as a change in rainfall and temperature patterns and rainfall and temperature variability in Anuradhapura variability as well as extreme weather events. district from 1941 to 2010 and determine farmers’ perception on climate change. This study was Weather and climate change have become a conducted in Thantirimale and Mahavilachchiya GN major concern to human society because of their of Mahavilachchiya Divisional Secretariat in potentially deleterious impacts, worldwide. It poses Anuradhapura District. Questionnaires and focus especially significant threats to sustainable group discussions were used to gather primary data. development in developing countries, which have Five years moving average and descriptive statistical fewer resources and are more vulnerable (Munasinghe, tools such as the coefficient of variation and 2010). Changing climate has been observed in many percentages were adopted in the analysis process. parts of the world. TheIntergovernmental Panel on Result from descriptive analysis of meteorological data Climate Change (IPCC) in its fourth assessment report (rainfall and temperature) revealed that the observed that, warming of climate system is now temperature has increased and rainfall has decreased. unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of The majority of the farmers’ perceptions from both increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, areas are parallel with statistical record of widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global meteorological data. Though they have already sea level” (Kumar & Balasubramanian, 2010). Sri identified that climate is changing and they knew how Lanka's climate has also been changing for a couple of to face these changes but they need more awareness decades. As a result, the expected rainfall may not about how to adapt to climate change. come at the expected time with correct amount and intensity, whereas more rainfall may be received when Keywords: climate change, perception, paddy it is not really necessary and annual mean air farmers temperature anomalies have also shown significant increasing trends during the recent few decades in Sri Lanka (Punyawardena, 2009). Introduction Weather and climate play a main role in human When we compare the impacts with other life. At the same time, scientists have determined that sectors, agriculture is one of the most vulnerable human activities have become a dominant force, and sectors to climate change. There are positive and are responsible for most of the weather change negative impacts on agriculture due to climate change. phenomena. Weather and climate vary from each Many countries, especially developing countries face other. The difference between weather and climate is a negative impacts of climate change such as, long-term measure of time. Weather is the conditions of the water and other resource shortage, worsening soil atmosphere over a short period of time, and climate is conditions, drought and desertification, disease and how the atmosphere "behaves" over relatively long pest outbreaks on crops and livestock, rising sea-levels, periods of time. Climate change and weather are and so on. Even so, some countries have experienced intertwined. Observations can show that there have beneficial effect from climate change particular in been changes in weather, and it is the statistics of temperate regions. The lengthening of growing changes in weather over time that identifies climate seasons, carbon fertilization effects, and improved change (IPCC, 2010). Farmers perceive climate change conditions for crop growth are forecast to stimulate [77] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka gain in agricultural productivity in high-latitude south western (smaller Yala) and the north eastern regions such as, northern China and many parts of (Maha season) monsoon periods and mean annual Northern America and Europe (Kurukulasuriya& temperature of 300 C, although maximum temperature Rosenthal, 2003). may even exceed 370 C occasionally. Thanthrimale’s paddy farmers depend on rain-fed system (Being A better understanding of farmer perceptions dependant on local rainfall without access to any regarding climate change, current strategies for substantial sources of supplementary water) but managing climate change and their determinants will Mahavilachchiya’spaddy farmers depend on irrigation be important to form policy and planning for the system (using the water supplied from large irrigation future successful adaptation of the agricultural sector. reservoirs on a year round basis). So, this study has focused on identify temporal rainfall and temperature variability in the Anuradhapura district from 1941 to 2010 and determine farmers' Materials and Methods perception on climate change. This study was conducted with the active farmers who are involved in paddy farming activities for more Study Area than thirty years and above fifty in age. Among them forty percent (40%) of paddy farmers were selected as This study focused on the Thantirimale and a sample for this study. The random sampling Mahavilachchiya GN from Mahavilachchiya Divisional technique was applied to draw the samples and Secretariat in Anuradhapura District of the North Central selecting the samples was based on electoral lists by Province in Sri Lanka. Fig 1 indicates the study area. using random table. Both Thanthrimale and Mahavilachchiya climate Table 1: Details of the sample size are characterized by the dry zone, which receive less Name of the Population Sample than 1800mm of rainfall per year during both the study area (above fifty in (40%) age + 30 years’ experience in farming) Mahawilachchiya 87 40/100 * 87 = 35 Thanthrimale 82 40/100*81= 33 Total 169 68 Data on the selected indicators was collected through both primary and secondary sources in the study and the following methods were used. l Questionnaire was used with 40 percentage of the sample from paddy farmers (age above 50 + 30 years’ experience in farming) in the area. l Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were (Source: Divisional Secretariat Mahawilachchiya) conducted with farmer groups of 5-10 in Figure 1: size, from the selected GN areas. A sketch showing the location of the study area Discussions were held in a semi-structured, [78] Sakeena Nizam Farmers’ perception on climate change yet flexible focus guide. The discussions Climate is changing world-wide, and the science were inquired about the physical profile of community in Sri Lanka has come up with ample the resources in the villages, about the evidence to suggest that the country’s climate has farming systems, local water management, already changed. During 1961-1990 the country’s formal and informal institutional mean air temperature increased by 0.016 0C per year, arrangements, experience in climate and the mean annual rainfall decreased by 144 mm (7 change. percent) compared to the period 1931-1960 (Eriyagama & Smakhtin, n.d.). Fig 2 presents a l Secondary data was collected from a graphical display of the rainfall total as deviations number of key institutes. The major types of above or below the mean of 1115mm for the district. secondary data collected include: The data shows that there were dry years with rainfall information on water sources; agricultural below the long term mean of 1115mm and wet years base data; rainfall, temperature and other with rainfall above the same long term mean. meteorological data; physiographic Generally most of the wet years were observed from information of resources; and studies on 1942 to 1965 and the wettest year in 1957. The district socio-economic and institutional aspects. experienced most of the dry years after 1965 especially in 1988 and 1995. Five Years Moving Average of Time series Analysis and descriptive statistical tools such as and coefficient of variation (CV) and percentages were used to recognize the patterns of temperature and rainfall variability in the Anuradhapura district from 1941 -2010 and farmers’ perception on climate change. Results and Discussion Source: meteorological department, Colombo. 2012 Temporal rainfall and temperature Figure 2: Rainfall anomalies of Anuradhpura District during past 70 years variability in the Anuradhapura district from 1941 to 2010 Rainfall in Anuradhapura could be divided Rainfall is one of the important factors that mainly as the Mahaand Yalaseasons. Rainfall of the determine the development or drop down of Yalaseason is received the first-inter monsoon and agriculture and plant distribution. It is important to south west monsoon from March to August in this have sufficient rainfall from land preparation for season. TheYala season will be restricted from mid- harvesting to get maximum production. Land March to mid-May due to less effect on the south west preparation starts from low rainfall conditions and monsoon for the dry and intermediate zone. Rainfall after transplanting the maximum amount of water, is of the Maha season is received by the second-inter supplied at the highest growth rate stage and with low monsoon and North east monsoon. That period will rainfall at the flowering stage to get a better harvest. be effective from September to February. Hence, high Temperature is also an important factor that effect on rainfall will be received from October to November crop production. Germination, Physiological activities, throughout the island. A presence of these two patterns flowering and Photosynthesis depend on temperature. of rainfall is known as the bi-model rainfall pattern, Rainfall and temperature variability cause a negative but this pattern can be observed well in the Dry zone effect on crop production. and very less in wet zone (Pushpakumara, 2011). [79] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka Fig 3 theco-efficient of variation (CV) of months. Further, the graph reveals that the temperature It shows that the co-efficient of variation remains low fluctuates from 1972 to 1987. There was an increased during the four months from October-January trend in 1976 and a conversely decreased trend in indicating that the variability of rainfall during these 1986. months is quite low. In contrast, the variability of rainfall during the eight months from February - An increasing trend in temperature can affect the September is relatively high as indicated by the high paddy yield in the future. Therefore it is expected that values of co-efficient of variation during these months. the farmers should adopt some strategies to overcome Therefore, the bi-model pattern indicated by monthly this problem. averages seems somewhat illusionary since chances for a minor peak around April are low. Compared to these Farmers’ perceptions of climate change data variations of the Yalaseason is higher than the Farmers perceive climate change as a change in Mahaseasons. Therefore, farmers face a water shortage rainfall and temperature patterns and variability as well during the Yalaseason. as extreme weather events. This is perceived differently at different levels of conceptualization. Through the questionnaire survey and focus group discussion it is understood that weather is continuously changing and it is getting worse over time. The majority of the farmers acknowledge an increase in temperature and a decrease in rainfall. Among the experienced farmers aged 40 years and above, more than 97 percent from Thanthrimale Source: Meteorological Department, Colombo. 2012 and 63 percent from Mahavilachchiya have perceived Figure 3: Intra annual variation of that the weather is worse when comparing with past average rainfall (10 – 20 years before) (Tab 2). The result further shows that 82 percent of the farmers from the both GN Annual mean air temperature anomalies have division noted that the weather conditions were shown significant increasing trends during the recent favorable for paddy cultivation 10 – 20 years before. few decades in Sri Lanka (Basnayake, 2011). Fig4 But it is unfavorable now shows the temperature anomalies of the Anuradhapura district in the past sixty years. It is noted that the Table 2: temperature has increased gradually after 1987 but the Perception of the weather condition temperature was below the annual mean before 1972. Weather GN Name Thanthrimale Mahawilachchiy (%) (%) worse 97 63 better 0 6 not change 0 23 no idea 3 9 Source: Meteorological Department, Colombo. 2012 Source: Field survey (2012) Figure 3: Temperature anomalies of Anuradhpura District past 60 years [80] Sakeena Nizam Farmers’ perception on climate change About 82 percent and 77 percent farmers from Climatic factors of rainfall and temperature Thanthrimale and Mahavilachchiya noted a decreasing variability could affect the paddy yield. The study by trend in rainfall respectively. At the same time, Ann Laker (1984) has shown that climatic factors seem approximately 90 percent of the farmers from both GN to significantly affect yield variations of rice in the divisions indicated that the increase in temperature is Anuradhapura district in the dry zone, particularly significant (Tab 3). under rain-fed conditions. Other analyses have shown that a temperature increase of 0.5 deg. C will reduce Tab 3: the rice output by 5.91% (Fernando, 2003). Farmers’ perceptions on trends of temperature by GN Conclusion and Recommendation GN Name Farmers' perceptions on trends of This study assesses paddy farmers’ perception on temperature by GN climate change in Mahavilachchiya and Thanthrimale. increase Decrease not no idea Specifically, this study investigated rainfall and (%) (%) change (%) temperature trend in Anuradhapura district, and (%) farmers’ perception on climate change. Result from Thanthrimale 91 3 6 0 descriptive analysis of meteorological data (rainfall and temperature) revealed that the temperature has Mahavilachchiya 89 6 3 3 increased and rainfall has decreased. The majority of Source: Field survey (2012) the farmers’ perception is parallel with statistical record of meteorological data. They perceived that the And more than 80 percent of the farmers noted weather has become hotter and the rain less a declining trend in rainfall and an increasing trend in predictable and shorter in duration. temperature during the last 10 – 15 years (Fig 5). Generally, both areas’ farmers are vulnerable to changing weather but comparatively, farmers who cultivate rain-fed rice as a primary source of food and income are particularly vulnerable. Weather variation such as prolonged dry spells during the growing season and flooding at the end of the season prior to harvesting, are events that are common in the current weather. Farmers can cope with climatic risk with their experience and indigenous knowledge. But lack of Source: Field survey (2012) information (weather forecasting) has limited their Figure 5: Rainfall and Temperature Changes coping ability. Hence, necessary steps should be taken to enhance climate risk forecasting like future This perception is matched to the statistical scenarios of drought and flood and information must records (Fig 6), which showed a temperature increase reached the farmers on time. and a significant decrease in rainfall occurring consistently over the years. [81] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka Source: Field survey (2012) Source: Meteorological Department, Colombo. 2012 Figure 6: Comparison between farmers’ perceptions and the actual records References at: Basnayake, B.R.S.B., 2011. Climate Change in Sri Kurukulasuriya, P., and Rosenthal, S., 2003. Climate Lanka. [Online] Available at: Change and Agriculture: A Review of Impacts (1) Director, Survey of India, Bihar, India (2), (3), (4) Department of Geography, University of Madras, Chennai: 600005, India. (email: [email protected]) Introduction Study Area Next only to China, India has the largest Kothur, is a village and a mandal which is located population in the world with more than 75% of them at 17.144727°N 78.288574°Ein Mahbubnagar district living in rural areas. From this one can easily infer that in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India comprising 16 any meaningful upliftment of the country as a whole, villages were selected for this study and it is shown in development of the rural population is essential. To figure 1. It is situated about 36 km from Hyderabad, this end in view Government of India has initiated the state capital, nearby Hyderabad International various programmes viz., Integrated Rural Airport in Hyderabad to Bangalore NH-7. Kothur Development Programmes (IRDP), National Rural Grampanchayath includes Kothur, Kummariguda, Employment Programme (NREP), etc. through five Fathimapur and Kothur industrial area. Nandigama is year plans since the last four and half decades. The a Big village in Kothur Mandal, surrounded by network of National Informatics Centre (NIC) spread Industrial Area (HBL, Pitti Laminations and number throughout the country is an added advantage for a of textile factories). Rangapur is a small village located computer based GIS wherein the local requirement in Kothur Mandal in mahaboobnager district. and availability are thoroughly and efficiently analyzed and resources distribution is made optimally. Methodology With the advancement in technology like high The study has been carried out in the sequence as speed large storage computers, Digital Mapping depicted in the flow diagram given in figure 2. The Technology and Remote Sensing which can speak out relevant Topographical maps, administrative divisions dynamicity in change of land resources, now the maps, statistical data and census data were collected question is not whether to have an Information from the respective offices. Topographical maps and System, but it is when to have the system. administrative boundary maps were digitized in MICROSTATION. The .DGN files were then exported Scope of the Present Study to shape format in ArcGIS Environment, wherein the above map layers were over-layered. Inspite of many Information System available at macro and micro levels, nothing categorizes the Attribute databases for each facility were created villages as per their level of development so as to in ArcGIS. Programs were written in Oracle to implement necessary development schemes for its compute various indices, making use of the databases. upliftment. Hence an attempt has been made to Programs also classify the villages as per the value of develop an Information System for planning at village indices. A planning module was generated in which level using index criterion. the villages in priority order will be listed out so as to implement any given development programs. By [83] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka interfacing the above database with Rural iii) Medical Data Development Planning module, various queries could It refers to the category of hospitals, number of be raised to the Decision Support System to generate hospitals in each category, number doctors, number of textual and graphical outputs. nurses, number of beds, number of assistants and number of veterinary hospitals in the village. Data Collection iv) Drinking water Data Topographical maps The details of category of drinking water facility, capacity and daily supply of overhead water tanks and number of hand pumps available in each village are The relevant topographical sheets were collected included in this data. from various offices of Survey of India at Hyderabad. The administrative boundary maps are collected from v) Proximity Data Revenue department. It refers to the distance of various facilities like Statistical Data schools, hospitals, banks, bus-stop, post office, nearest town/city and railway station from the centre of village. i) Demographic Data Demographic data includes details of the number vi) Bank Data of households, population (male, female, SC, ST), area This data includes category of bank, number of of village and literates etc. These data were collected banks, number of village served, number of account from NIC, Hyderabad and Directorates of census holders and transaction amount (deposits and loans). operation. vii) Employees Data ii) Educational Data This data includes number of employees in This includes details of number of schools, agriculture, trade and commerce, construction, population of particular age group, number of students industries and service sector. (males, females, SC, ST) teachers (total, SC & ST), number of pucca class rooms etc. This data was viii) Socio-economic Data collected from Directorate of school education, Socio-economic data collected at village level Hyderabad. include details regarding basic facilities like postal and telegraphical services, electricity, approach roads, bus- stop, social requirements like community centre, ration shop, co-operative market and police station. ix) Land use Data Land use data includes the area of each village, the area of cultivated land with irrigation facilities, the area of cultivated land without irrigation facilities, mode of irrigation, area of cultivable waste and forest area. For irrigation mode, different codes were used for different modes of electricity usage. x) Accessibility Data It includes the number of all weather roads, seasonal roads, poor roads, number of trains and buses. Figure 1: Study Area Map [84] M. Stalin, V. Madha Suresh, S. Indhira Gandhi and S.Santhanam Planning Rural Development Programmes using Decision Support System Creation of Attribute Database Artificial Intelligence to GIS Attribute databases have been created as per the An Artificial Intelligence was introduced to requirement and specifications mentioned above. improve the capability of GIS to quantify the development of each village in more of scientific way Creation of Spatial Database and arrive at an efficient Decision Support System. Spatial data includes position of point data like huts, wells, springs, village blocks, line elements like Defining various indices roads, rivers, administrative boundaries, railway lines From the attribute database files, the following and aerial elements like rivers, cultivation, tanks etc. indices were introduced and weighted appropriately for Spatial databases for Kothur Mandal was created by each attribute based on which the villages were using MICRISTATON. classified. Administrative Topo Map Division Map Census Data Updation of Info by Field Verification Digitization Digitization Creation of Graphical Creation of Attribute Creation of Attribute Development of Database Database Database Software Package Overlaying of Topo Map Village Rural Development and Adm. Div. Map Classification Planning Interface Queries and Linking of Graphical Textual Outputs Database and Attribute Graphical Textual Outputs Database Outputs GIS Figure 2: Flow Diagram of Methodology [85] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka i) Literacy Index (LITI) viii) Bank Index (BANI) A Literacy factor (LIT) was expressed as the ratio A Bank factor (BAN) was expressed as the ratio of Total Literates to Total population expressed in of Number of banks to Total population.A Bank Index percentage. A Literacy Index (LITI) to a scale of 0 to 5 (BANI) to a scale of 0 to 5 was assigned as per the was assigned as per the value of LIT. value of BAN. ii) Primary School Index (PRSI) ix) Employees Index (EMPI) A Primary School factor (PRS) was expressed as Manufacturing Sector includes Industrial the ratio of Number of primary schools to Population Employees, Construction Employees and Trade of age group 6 to 11 years.A Primary School Index Employees. (PRSI) to a scale of 0 to 5 was assigned as per the value of PRS. A Employees factor (EMP) was expressed as the ratio of sum of employees in Agricultural sector, iii) Upper Primary School Index (UPRSI) Manufacturing sector and Service sector with A Upper Primary School factor (UPRS) was respective weightings to the Population of age group expressed as the ratio of Number of upper primary 20 to 60 years. An Employees Index (EMPI) to a scale schools to Population of age group 6 to 13 years. A of 0 to 5 was assigned as per the value of EMP. Upper Primary School Index (UPRSI) to a scale of 0 to 5 was assigned as per the value of UPRS x) Socio-economic facilities Index (FACI) Socio-economic facilities factor includes iv) High School Index (HISI) Approach Road, Ration shop, Community Centre, Post A High School factor (HIS) was expressed as the and Telegraph, Power Supply, Co-operative Market, ratio of Number of high schools to Population of age Police Station, Bus Stop Facility factor etc. Accordingly group 6 to 16 years. A High School Index (HISI) to a various indices viz. Approach Road Index scale of 0 to 5 was assigned as per the value of HIS. (ARI),Ration shop Index(RATNI), Community Centre Index (CCI), Post and Telegraph Index (PTPI), Power v) Medical Index (MEDI) Supply Index, Co-operative Market Index(CMI) and A Medical factor (MED) was expressed as the Bus Stop Index (BSI)to a scale of 0 to 5 were arrived at ratio of Number of hospitals to Total population. A as per the availability of that particular facility in the Medical Index (MEDI) to a scale of 0 to 5 was assigned villages. Subsequently the socio facility index (FACI) as per the value of MED. was computed by taking weighted mean the above indices as per its importance. vi) Drinking Water Index (DWATI) Drinking Water factor (DWAT) was expressed as xi) Cultivable Waste Land Index (CLWLI) the ratio of Number of overhead tanks x daily supply A Cultivable Waste Land factor (CLWL) was to Total population. A Drinking Water Index expressed as the ratio of Cultivable waste land area to (DWATI) to a scale of 0 to 5 was assigned as per the Total Land area expressed in percentage. A Cultivable value of DWAT. Waste Land Index (CLWLI) to a scale of 0 to 5 was assigned as per the value of CLWL. vii) Proximity Index (PROXI) A Proximity Factor (PRSI/UPRSI/HISI/HOSI/ xii) Land Load Index (LALDI) BANI/BSI/POI/TWNI/RSI) for each facility to a scale A Land Load factor (LAND) was expressed as the of 0 to 5 was computed as per its distance from the ratio of Number of agriculture employees to Total area centre of village. A proximity Index (PROXI) was of cultivated land.A Land Load Index (LALDI) to a arrived at by taking weighted mean of each proximity scale of 0 to 5 was assigned as per the value of factor as per its importance. LALD. [86] M. Stalin, V. Madha Suresh, S. Indhira Gandhi and S.Santhanam Planning Rural Development Programmes using Decision Support System xiii) Accessibility Index (ACCI) the users. The program lists the villages in the order of An Accessibility Factor(ACC) was calculated by priority for implementing certain projects/ taking ratio of total number of people travelling by programmes in the mandal by sorting the villages as road on all weather roads and seasonal roads and by per value of composite index in ascending order. The train to the floating population with appropriate Decision Support System caters for planning ten weightages. An Accessibility Index (ACCI)to a scale of aspects as listed below. 0 to 5 was assigned as per the value of ACC. 1. To organize literacy programme xiv) Rural Development (RDI) 2. To construct primary school Finally a composite Rural Development Index 3. To construct upper primary school (RDI) was arrived at by taking weighted mean of the 4. To construct high school above indices. This index will reflect the overall degree 5. To construct hospital of development in terms of all facilities available in that 6. To construct water tank particular village. 7. To extend bank facility 8. To improve socio economic facilities Development of software in ORACLE 9. To organize agricultural programmes Computation of the Indices: Programmes on 10. To improve transportation system. ORACLE were written to carry out the computation of various factors Indices which reflect the degree of Master Program: Finally, a master program was development. The capability of ORACLE in linking developed which is user friendly in controlling 27 more than two databases was utilized in generating the programs with menu options for the user to select the programmes. Each index is the representative factor Mandal, update the databases and to run the programs which reflects the degree of development of the village displaying necessary messages to guide the user. The with respect to that attribute. master program has also the capacity of invoking a planning module program for various Rural Classification the villages: Based on the indices Development Schemes. computed, the villages were classified into six categories viz. model, largely developed, developed, Result and Discussion marginally developed, poorly developed and undeveloped villages which is shown in Table Stored data of Kothur Mandal was analyzed and 1through programming. manipulated using the programs developed in ORACLE and the results were obtained in the form of Table1: Classification of Villages graphical output and textual outputs. The spatial database and attribute database were linked up in RDI Classification Micro Station for both graphical and textual 5 Model village representation. Queries covering various applications 4 Largely developed village were raised to the Information System through terminal and the results were obtained in standard 3 Developed village forms. 2 Marginally developed village 1 Poorly developed village Analysis of Indices: From the indices arrived at 0 Undeveloped village by the programs, various inferences were drawn for each village with respect to various facilities. Typical Planning and Decision Support System: The bar chart to compare the indices is given in figure3. information system developed by integrating the The composite index namely Rural Development Index topographic, thematic, socioeconomic and all other (RDI) was also computed considering all necessary data can output the answer for any queries posed by requirements of a village and shown in table 3 for [87] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka Kothur Mandal. This index (RDI) reflects the overall Table 2: development of the villages. List of Village in Priority Order to Improve Socio‐ Economic Facilities Priority List of Village Order 1 Khajiguda 2 Siddapur 3 Edulapally 4 Mamidipally 5 Chegur Figure 3 : Comparison of Indices for Kothur Mandal 6 Gudur 7 Theegapur Based on the Rural Development Index, the 8 Veerlapally village has been classified into various levels of 9 Nandigam development to indentify the villages clearly to 10 Penjerla implement various development programmes. From 11 Inmulnarva Figure 5.2, which shows the village classification for 12 Kodicherla Kothur Mandal, it can be seen that in Kothur Mandal, 13 Seriguda there are 6% of model villages and 13% of largely developed villages, 13% of developed villages, 44% of 14 Mallapur marginally developed villages, 19% of poorly 15 Thimmapur developed villages and 6% of undeveloped villages. 16 Kothur Summary and Conclusions The village Kothur of Kothur mandal was found to be model villages, possessing almost all necessary facilities. The village Khajiguda in Kothur mandal was basically undeveloped which need proper improvement programmes to implement.Population density in Kothur is literally higher than the surrounding villages since it has all the facilities. Hence migration of people towards such developed village Figure 4 : can be avoided by implementing Integrated Rural Village Classification for Kothur Mandal Development Programmes (IRDP) in the villages appropriately. In about 70% of villages in Kothur Mandal, the service sector is very poor which can be improved by Integrated Rural Employment Analysis of Planning Module Results Programmes (IREP) etc. The results of planning module program as given in table 2, shows that the top priority to With limited resources and a huge population to Khajiguda and last priority to Kothur should be support, India seriously needs a Geographic given while planning to improve Socio-economic Information System for planning optimum use of facility in Kothur mandal. available resources and also to manage the various [88] M. Stalin, V. Madha Suresh, S. Indhira Gandhi and S.Santhanam Planning Rural Development Programmes using Decision Support System development programmes advantageously. As we have References all the necessities required for switching over from conventional methods to modern methods of data Aspinall, RJ., Miller, DR. and Birnie, RV. collection, storing and maintenance, availability of (1993),“Geographical information systems for expertise in the fields of computer technology and rural land use planning”, Applied Geography, 13: above all the willingness of the state revenue officials 45-66. to use modern concepts and techniques in maintaining the records, we should decide to switch over to the use Burrough, P.A (1986), "Principles of Geographic of modern technology at the earliest. Information System for Land Resources", Assessment Oxford University Press. Data collection for the development of GIS should be at the lowest possible Government level (i.e. Geertman SCM and Van Eck JRR (1995).“GIS and village level) that has the technical ability to collect it models of accessibility potential: an application accurately and efficiently. Such information system can in planning”, International Jour. of Geographical then be aggregated up to form the higher level Information Science, Vol. 9 (1), pp: 67–80. information systems to meet the district, state or national planning considerations. Glazier RH, Gozdyra P and Yeritsyan N (2011),“Geographic Access to Primary Care and Effective rural development planning and control Hospital Services for Rural and Northern measures cannot be implemented unless the public and Communities”: Report to the Ontario Ministry of all levels of Government have access to adequate Health and Long-Term Care. Toronto: Institute information. Comprehensive information, for Clinical Evaluative Sciences. characteristics and use should be collected and continuously updated so that all citizens and levels of Nagarajan. B. (Dr.) MAJOR (1988),"Cadastral and Government can be assisted in planning various Land Information System", Technical publication development programmes. If a GIS developed with in R & D, Survey of India, Hyderabad. modern concepts and technology for efficient management of the various resources, to be a Ravichandran. V (1994)," Evaluation of Digital Image successful, it should meet the aspirations and Analysis Techniques and GIS Approach at Village expectations of the village officials and rural people. Level", M. Tech. Thesis, JNTU, Hyderabad. As various organizations viz. Survey of India, Land Revenue Department, Survey and Settlement Department, Agriculture Department, Bureau of Economics and Statistics, Wasteland Reclamation Board are involved in rural development, a powerful co-ordinate and purposeful approach is essential for efficient management programmes. Acknowledgement This project work was carried out by the author at Indian Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Survey of India under the guidance of Lt. Col. S.V. Chinnawar for M.Tech. programme affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad. [89] Arpan Sharma(1), V.Madha Suresh(2), S.Marimuthu(3) and N.W.B. Balasooriya(4) Landuse and Land cover change detection by Remote Sensing and GIS Application: A case study of the environs in and around Silsako and Borsola wetland of Guwahati City, India (1), (2), (3) Department of Geography, University of Madras, Chennai: 600 005, India. (email: [email protected]) (4) Faculty of Applied Sciences, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil, Sri Lanka. Introduction enormous impact and implications, the International Geospehere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) and the Landuse refers to man’s activities and the varied International Human Dimension Program (IHDP) uses which are carried on over land. Land Cover initiated a joint international program of study on defined as the assemblage of biotic and a biotic Land Use /Cover Change (LUCC) (Lambin, 2003). component on the earth’s surface is one of the most They recognized the necessity to improve crucial properties of the earth system. Land use and understanding, modeling, and projections of land land cover (LULC) change is a major issue of global dynamics from global to regional scale and focusing environment change. Knowledge of land use and land particularly on the spatial explicitness of processes and cover is important for many planning and outcomes. Land use and land cover information is management activities and considered as essential required for a great variety of applications including element for modeling and understanding the earth as residential-industrial-commercial site selection, a system. population estimation, tax assessment, development of zoning vegetation, utilizing and management of Landuse change is the modification in the natural resources (Lillesand, 2000). Land use land purpose of the land, which is not necessarily only the cover information act as input for various different change in land cover but also changes in intensity and application studies or project or research. In India on management. Change detection is a process of land use/land cover in the form of thematic map, identifying and analyzing the differences of an object records are inadequate and do not provide an up to or a phenomenon through monitoring at different date information on the changing land use pattern. In times. The detection and analysis of changes in multi- most cases, as the time gap between reporting, temporal remote-sensing data have assumed an ever- collection and availability of data is more, the data increasing strategic role in several application domains. often becomes out-dated (NRSA, 2006). The spatial A wide range of applications can be benefited from the setting of landscape elements is characterized by the study of change process over a specified area at combination of both biophysical and human forces. In different times. temporal scales of decades, human activities are basic factors in shaping land use change. Some of them are Landuse and land cover change are critical issues due to specific management practices and the rest are due to their great influence in global warming, loss of due to social, political and economical forces that biodiversity, and impact in human life. Because of their control land uses. [90] Arpan Sharma, V.Madha Suresh, S.Marimuthu and N.W.B. Balasooriya Landuse and Land cover change detection by Remote Sensing and GIS Application: A case s tudy of the environs in and around Silsako and Borsola wetland of Guwahati City, India Utility of multi-sensor satellite data for land Objective use/land cover change detection is proven technique (Kamini, et al. 2006) for making the information The study was taken up with the objective to available at the required time. Thus Remote Sensing analyse the nature and extent of land use/land cover (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are changes in and around Silsako and Borsola wetlands of now considered as an important tool for change Guwahati City in the past 15 years (1991-2006). dynamic study. The collection of remotely sensed data facilitates the synoptic analyses of Earth - system Study Area function, patterning, and change at local, regional and For analysing the land use/land cover change in global scales over time. Thus, remote sensing data and around the wetlands in the heart of Guwahati city, which depicts spatial location of various land use land two linear wetlands Borsola and Silsako were selected. cover over space provide the following advantages: As there is a close link between the two, they can be treated as a single system. A buffer of 1 km2 was o It provides reliable data at regular intervals generated from the centre of each wetland, thus o It provides land use land cover information Borsola area is about 9.6 km2 and Silsako is about 27.0 km2 (Figure 1). This area is selected as a number of o It provides base for plan monitoring and land use classes are found to exist in this area. implementation In addition to this Geographical Information System also is useful in land use land cover change studies. The advantages are listed as follows: o Data is maintained in a physical compact data files o Large amount of data can be maintained and extracted at will with great speed o Various computerised software modules/tools allow a variety/type of manipulation, including map measurement, map overlay, transformation and geographical design and Figure 1: Study Area‐ Environs in and around data manipulation Borsala and Silsako o Graphic and non-graphic information can be merged and manipulated simultaneously in a Methodology related manner. For the study, interpretation has been done on a scale of 1:50000 with a minimum mapping unit of Multispectral-sensor satellites like Landsat series 22,500 m2. Temporal Sensing data were used for the are very effective at mapping LULC at the first two study. For land use land cover change dynamic analysis levels, by identifying the spectral signature of a the following methodology was adopted. particular type of feature, and broadly classifying areas like forests, grasslands and urban. However, finer Software Used details cannot be reliably differentiated. Software like ERDAS IMAGINE 9.2. was used for Image processing and ArcGIS 9.3. for feature extraction and analysis. [91] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka Data Used Analysis Remote Sensing Data used for the study are listed The areas in and around the wetlands are in Table 1. surrounded by hillocks on the Eastern and Southern sides. Few hills are found in the central part as well. As Table 1: Remote Sensing Data such there is a considerable forest cover in and around SI. REMOTE PATH/ DATE OF the study area. The area under different land use/land NO. SENSING ROW ACQUISITION cover is presented in Table 2. DATA According to the study, built-up area constituted 1 LANDSAT -TM 137/42 26.11.1991 about 45% 0f the study area in 1991. Other land-use 2 LANDSAT- TM 136/42 19.12.1999 like water-bodies was 0.41 Km2, agriculture was 1.9 3 IRS LISS III 110/53 10.04.2006 Km2 (5.1%), marshy land was 2.05 Km2 (5.5 %), forest was about 2.98 Km2 (8.13%) and scrubland was 10.24 Km2 (27.27%) of the study area as in 1991. Borsola Projected LANDSAT satellite data were used for wetland was 0.06 Km2 and Silsako wetland was 2.45 geo-referencing RESOURCESAT-1 LISS III data. Km2 in the same year (Figure 3). Visual interpretation techniques have been used to extract information from the digital image on the basis In the year 1999 the forest cover decreased to of the image characteristics such as tone, texture, 2.70 Km2. This may be due to deforestation because of shape, size, shadow, pattern, etc. identification and forest land being converted to built-up areas. Areas delineation of various features of land use land cover under water bodies and scrubland have decreased to and judging their significance in delineating thematic 0.29 Km2 and 9.38 Km2 respectively. There is an information. Finally, statistics were generated and increase in areas under built up (16.87 Km2), changes were analysed. agriculture (2.23Km2) and marshy land (2.66 Km2). There was shrinkage in the sizes of both the wetlands The methodology adopted for this study is in this year- Borsola wetland (0.05 Km2) and Silsako presented in the Figure 2. (2.43 Km2). This is presented in Figure 4. In 2006, the built up area had increased to 20.86 Km2. Forest area was also showing a little increase in this year covering an area of about 2.79 Km2. In the other land use classes, there was a decreasing trend- scrubland was 6.64 Km2, agriculture was 1.87 Km2, marshy land was 1.92 Km2, water bodies was 0.09 Km2. Borsola wetland area remained stagnant at 0.05 Km2 whereas Silsako wetland had decreased to 2.39 Km2 (Figure 5). Figure 2: Methodology for Land Use Change Analysis [92] Arpan Sharma, V.Madha Suresh, S.Marimuthu and N.W.B. Balasooriya Landuse and Land cover change detection by Remote Sensing and GIS Application: A case s tudy of the environs in and around Silsako and Borsola wetland of Guwahati City, India Table 2: Table 2: Land use/Land cover Area Land use/Land cover Area Area ( sq. km) Area ( sq. km) Land Use Years Change Land Use Years (in %) Classes Classes 1991 1999 2006 1991 1999 2006 1999-2006 Agricultural Land 1.95 2.23 1.87 Agricultural Land 1.95 2.23 1.87 (-) 80.20 Borsola Wetland 0.06 0.05 0.05 Borsola Wetland 0.06 0.05 0.05 0 Built Up 16.47 16.87 20.86 Built Up 16.47 16.87 20.86 23.65 Forest Area 2.98 2.70 2.79 Forest Area 2.98 2.70 2.79 3.33 Marshy Land 2.05 2.66 1.92 Marshy Land 2.05 2.66 1.92 (-) 27.81 Scrub Land 10.24 9.38 6.64 Scrub Land 10.24 9.38 6.64 (-) 29.21 Silsako Wetland 2.45 2.43 2.39 Silsako Wetland 2.45 2.43 2.39 (-) 1.64 Water Body 0.41 0.29 0.09 Water Body 0.41 0.29 0.09 (-) 68.96 Grand Total 36.61 36.61 36.61 Grand Total 36.61 36.61 36.61 Conclusion References Kamini, J., Satish C.J. and Raghavswami, V., 2006 . There was an increase of area under forest in Spatio Temporal Analysis of Land use in Urban 2006 compared to 1999. This may be due to Mumbai – using Multi Sensor Satellite Data and reclamation of forest land. In case of area under GIS techniques. J. Indian Soc. of Remote Sens. agriculture, there was an increase from 1991 to 1999, 34(4):385-396. but the area decreased again in 2006. There was a decrease in the coverage of water bodies, scrubland Lambin Eric F., Geist Helmut J. and Lepers Erika 2003. and marshy land. The wetlands are showing shrinkage Dynamics of LandUse and Land-Cover change in in their extent, except for Borsola in 1999 and 2006. Tropical Region. Annu. Rev. Environ. The increase in the area under built up may have led Resour.2003. to the depletion of these wetlands, which in turn led to a lot of environmental and ecological problems. Barren Lillesand, T. M. and Kiefer R. W. 2000 , Remote scrub land is converted to Agricultural land, Built-up. Sensing And Image Due to these changes the natural ecosystem and Interpretation, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 208. biodiversity is adversely affected. A change of land use between 1999 and 2006 in percentage is presented in NRSA, 2006. National Land Use Land Cover Manual, Table 3. In case of Borsola wetland (0%), Built-up National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad. (23.65 %) and forest area (3.33 %), there is a positive change or increase in the areas in these classes. Other classes namely agriculture (- 80.20 %), water body (- 68.96), scrubland (-29.21%), marshy land (- 27.81%) and Silsako wetland (-1.64 %) are showing a negative change. [93] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka Figure 3: Landuse Map‐1991 of (A )Borsola Area and (B) Silsako Area Figure 4: Landuse Map‐1999 of (A )Borsola Area and (B) Silsako Area [94] Arpan Sharma, V.Madha Suresh, S.Marimuthu and N.W.B. Balasooriya Landuse and Land cover change detection by Remote Sensing and GIS Application: A case s tudy of the environs in and around Silsako and Borsola wetland of Guwahati City, India Figure 5: Landuse Map‐2006 of (A )Borsola Area and (B) Silsako Area [95] Kirusnamoorthi Rajeenth(1) Impacts of Flood Disaster (2012/2013) In Karai Thuraipattu Divisional Secretariat Division Ky;iyj; jPT khtl;lj;jpy;> fiuJiwg; gw;WgpuNjr nrayhsh; gphptpy; mz;ikapy; Vw;gl;l nts;s mdh;j;jKk; (2012/2013)mjd; jhf;fq;fSk; (1) Dept. of Geography, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka. (email: [email protected]) Abstract: ,aw;if mdh;j;jq;fspilNa kpfg; jpl;lkhdJ jilapidAk; jhkjj;jpidAk; nghJthditAk;> mjpf nrytPdj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. ghyk;> mizf;fl;L> rhf;fil Vw;gLj;Jfpd;witAkhd nts;sg;ngUf;Ffs; ntspNaw;wk; Nghd;w Vida fl;likg;GfspYk; caphpog;igAk;> ghhpa mstpyhd Nrjq;fisAk; fly; gpuahzq;fspYk; nts;s epiyikfs; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. rhjhuzkhf ePh;kl;lk; ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. tbe;NjhLk; cah;tijj; njhlh;e;J Vw;gLk; ePiug; Nghy; tbfhy;fspy; tPo;gbTfis Vw;gLj;JtJ gpur;rpidf;FhpajhfpwJ. my;yhky; epyj;jpw;F Nkyhf ePh; ngUfpg; ghAk;; (Chow V.T, Maidment & me;jtifapy; Ky;iyj;jPT NghJ nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gLfpwJ. D.R.Mays, 1988). (Horritt.M.S khtl;lj;jpy; mz;ikapy; Vw;gl;l (2012/2013) & Bates.P.D, 2002). nts;s mdHj;jkhdJ mk;khtl;lj;ij gpd;diltpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;y toptFg;gJld;, nts;sg;ngUf;fpd; tpisthf Vw;gLfpd;w mg;gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpapd; Njf;fepiyf;Fk;> mdHj;jk; ghuJ}ukhdJ. nts;s mdHj;jk; md;whl tho;f;ifapd; my;yYWk; epiyf;Fk; vDk; NghJ mJ capHfSf;F Vw;gLk; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. mopthfNth clikfSf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;ghfNth fUjyhk;. ,jd; tpisthf Keywords: nts;s mdHj;jk;> r%fjhf;fk;> FbapUg;Gfs; rPHFiyjy;> gapHr;nra;iffs; nghUshjhu jhf;fk;> Kfhikj;Jt ghjpg;giljy;> #oy; khriljy;> Rfhjhug; eltbf;iffs; gpur;rpidfs; (njhw;WNeha;)> kz;zhpg;G Nghd;wd epfo;fpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf ,t;mdHj;jkhdJ Fwpj;j ehLfspd; Research Summary: capHtho;epiy> ghJfhg;G> r%f> nghUshjhu> mz;ikapy; Vw;gl;l nts;s mdHj;jkhdJ tho;thjhu jhf;fq;fSf;Fk; gpd;dilTfSf;Fk; Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpy; midj;J gpuNjr tpj;jpLtJld;> ,lg;ngaHTf;Fk; nrayhsh; gphpTfisAk; ghjpg;gpw;F cs;shf;fp mfjptho;f;iff;Fk; toptFf;fpd;wJ. (Van ,Ue;j NghjpYk;>fiuJiwg; gw;W gpuNjr Ogtrop&FlorisFrederik, 2005) nrayhsh; gphpthdJ midj;J JiwfspYk; ghhpastpyhd Nrjq;fisAk; ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; ,itkl;Lky;yhJ MW> flypy; tho;fpd;w vjpHNehf;fp ,Ue;jJ. ,jidf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;Nl kPdpdq;fs;> ,aw;ifahf nropj;J tsUk; ,t;Ma;thdJ nts;s mdHj;jj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l jhtuq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpDila tho;tplq;fs; r%f> nghUshjhu ghjpg;Gf;fis fz;lwpe;J mbf;fb Vw;gLfpd;w nts;sg;ngUf;fpd; mtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; fhuzkhf mopf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nts;sj;jpd; ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gjhy; ,t; Ma;tpw;F nghpJk; Nghf;fpdhy; epyj;jpy; mike;Js;s tbfhy; nghUj;jkhd Ma;Tg; gpuNjrkhffiuJiwg; gw;W [96] Kirusnamoorthi Rajeenth Impacts of Flood Disaster (2012/2013) In Karai Thuraipattu Divisional Secretariat Division gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphpT njhpT tiuglk; 01 nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;G kf;fspd; gFjp gFjpahd kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd; gpd;dh; ,ay;G tho;f;if toikf;F gbg;gbahf jpUk;Gk; Ntisapy; kPsTk; nghUshjhu gpd;diltpid ,t;nts;s mdh;j;jk; cz;Lgz;zpaJ.,q;F njhlh;e;J nga;j fLk;kioapdhYk;,jz;zp Kwpg;Gf;Fsk; rpyhtj;ijf;Fsk;, kjtsrpq;f Fsk; Nghd;w ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhH (tPjk;) Fsq;fspd; ePh;kl;lk; mjpfupj;jikahy; thd; fjTfs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd;fhuzkhfTk; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; ePz;l ehl;fs; nts;sePh; nts;s ePHkl;lk; gpuNjrj;ij #o;e;J fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; ghhpanjhU mdh;j;jj;ij fiuJiwg; gw;W gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphpthdJ vjph;Nehf;fpapUe;jJ. nts;s mdHj;jj;jpdhy; fiuJiwg;gw;W gpuNjrnrayhsh; gphptpy;5 ghjpf;fg;gl;l tajbg;gilapyhd fpuhk Nrtfh; gpupTfs; vOkhw;whf njhpT Fbj;njhif nra;ag;gl;L mq;F 100 tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fs; toq;fg;gl;L rKf nghUshjhu ghjpg;Gf;fs; (nts;s mdHj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l mwpag;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf Ks;sptha;f;fhy;, tajbg;gilapyhd Mz;> ngz; rjtPjk;): tz;zhq;Fsk;, rpyhtj;ij, nry;tGuk;, FKoKid Mfpa fpuhk Nrtfh; gpupTfs; fiuJiwg; gw;W gpuNjrj;jpy; kpff;$Ljyhf njhpT nra;ag;gl;L nts;s mdh;j;j ghjpg;gpd; 20 tajpw;F Fiwe;j ngz;fNs fle;j nts;s jd;;ik Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ. mdHj;jj;jhy; $Ljyhf ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. Fwpg;ghf 51% Md ngz;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldH. Research Analysis : ,jid mLj;jjhf 34% Md mstpy; 41 - 61 tajpw;F ,ilg;gl;l ngz;fSk;> 11% ,y; 21 - nts;s mdHj;jj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l 40 tajpw;F ,ilg;gl;l ngz;fSk;> r%fg; ghjpg;Gf;fs; kpff;Fiwthf 04% mstpy; 60 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l ngz;fSk; gy;Ntwhd r%f> nts;s ePHkl;l msTk;> mjdhy; nghUshjhu rthy;fSf;F Kfk;nfhLj;J ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; njhifAk; : ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jdH. kWGwk; Mz;fis Nehf;Fk; NghJ 20 fPNoAs;s tiuglj;jpd; %yk; fiuJiwg; tajpw;F Fiwe;j Mz;fs; 34 mstpYk;> 21 gw;W gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphptpy;04 ,dH 1 % % - 40 tajpw;F ,ilg;gl;l Mz;fs; 26 mbf;F Fiwe;j nts;s ePhpdhy;fle;j nts;s % mstpYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldH. NkYk; 41 - 60 mdh;j;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldH. ,Nj Nghy tajpw;F ,ilg;gl;l Mz;fs; 35 MfTk;> 60 08 ,dhpd; tho;tplq;fspy; gutpa 1 - 2 % % tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l Mz;fs; 05 mstpYk; mbf;F ,ilg;gl;l nts;s ePhpdhYk; 28 ,dH % , % fle;j nts;s mdHj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L 2 - 3 mbf;F ,ilg;gl;l nts;s ePhpdhYk; gy;Ntwhd gpur;rpidfSf;F ghjpf;fg;gl;ldH. 3-4 mb nts;sePuhdJ Kfq;nfhLj;jpUe;jikia mwpa Kbe;jJ. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s $Ljyhd kf;fis ,jid gpd;tUk; tiuglk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ghjpj;Js;sJ. Fwpg;ghf 52% ,diu ghjpj;Js;sJ.08% ,dhpd; FbapUg;Gf;fis #o;e;J fhzg;gl;l 4 - 5 mb nts;s ePUk;> ,g;gpuNjrj;ij epiyFiyar; nra;J gy;Ntwhd r%f> nghUshjhu ghjpg;Gf;fis cz;L gz;zpaJ. [97] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka tiuglk; 02 nts;s mdHj;jj;jpd; %ykhd ,lg;ngaHT : Ma;tpw;F vLf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Ks;sptha;f;fhy;fpuhk NritahsH gphptpy; 83% ,dH ,lk;ngaHe;Js;sdH. ,t;,lg;ngaHthsHfs; Ks;sptha;f;fhy; m.Nj.f rjtPjk; ghlrhiyapy; ,lk;ngaHe;jdH. ,NjNghy rpyhtj;ij fpuhk NritahsH gphptpy; 71% Md kf;fs; rpyhtj;ij kfh tpj;jpahyaj;jpw;F ,lk;ngaHe;jdH. mLj;J tz;zhq;Fsk; fpuhk NritahsH gphptpy; 43% ,dUk;,nry;tGuk; fpuhk NritahsH gphptpy; 26% ,dUk;,FKoKid fpuhk NrtfH gphptpy; 15% Md kf;fSk; ,lk;ngaHe;jdH. ,tHfs; fpuhkpa taJf; FOf;fs; nghJkz;lgq;fspYk; cwtpdh;fs; tPLfspYk; ,lk;ngaHe;jdH. Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhUk;> tiuglk; 04 fhakile;NjhUk;: fiuJiwg; gw;W gpuNjrj;jpy; 05 fpuhk NritahsH gphpTfspYk; 49%,dh; Njhy; Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; Njhy; NehNa $Ljyhd kf;fis ghjpj;Js;sJ. ,jw;F mLj;jjhf fha;r;ryhy; 33% ,dUk;> tapw;Nwhl;lj;jhy; 07% ,dUk; ,NjNghd;W tapw;Wisthy; 05% ,dUk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldH. ,e;Neha;j;jhf;fq;fis tpl fpuhk NritahsH gphpTfspy; 06% Md kf;fs; rpWfhaq;fSf;Fk; cs;shfpapUe;jdh; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplakhFk;. tiuglk; 03: nts;s mdHj;jj;jpdhy; Neha;j;jhf;fj;jhy; nts;s mdHj;jj;jpdhy; ePH%yj;ij ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhhpdJk;> fhakile;NjhhpdJk; gad;gLj;jhj fhyKk;>kf;fspd; rjtPjk; rjtPjKk; : nts;s mdHj;jj;jpdhy; khrile;j fpzWfs; gpuNjr rig mwpTWj;jy; %yk; nghJkf;fshy; Rj;jkhf;fg;gl;lJ. fPNoAs;s tiuglj;jpy; 42% MdtHfs; 10 ehl;fSf;Fl;gl;l fhyj;jpy; jhk; gad;gLj;Jk; ePH%yj;ij gad;gLj;jhky; ,Ue;jdH. nts;s mdHj;jj;jpdhy; fpzWfs; Nghd;w ePH%yk; khrhf;fg;gl;likapdhYk;, fpzWfs; nts;s ePhpdhy; %lg;gl;likapdhYk; 38% MNdhH 10- 20 ehl;fs; ,ilntsp tiuAk;, 20% MNdhH 20 ehl;fSf;F Nkw;gl;l fhyk; tiuapYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ePH%yj;ij gad;gLj;jhky; ,Ue;jdH vd;gij mwpa Kbe;jJ. [98] Kirusnamoorthi Rajeenth Impacts of Flood Disaster (2012/2013) In Karai Thuraipattu Divisional Secretariat Division tiuglk; 05 tPl;Lg; nghUl;fSf;F Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu Nrjk; : tiuglk; 07 nts;s mdHj;jj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fs; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l 05 fpuhk nts;s mdHj;jj;jpdhy; tPLfSf;F NritahsH gphpTfspYk; kpff;$Ljyhd tPl;Lg; Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gf;fs;: nghUl;fs; tz;zhdq;Fsj;jpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf 33% Md nghUl;fs; ,q;F tiuglk; 06 ghjpf;fg;gl;;lJ. ,jw;F mLj;jjhf 25% Md Nrjk; rpyhtj;ijgpuNjrj;jpNyNa ,lk;ngw;wJ. NkYk; Ks;sptha;f;fhy;, FKoKid, nry;tGuk;Mfpa gpuNjrfspy; tPl;Lg; nghUl;fSf;F Vw;gl;l NrjkhdJ KiwNa 25%, 16%, 8%vd;wstpy; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t;thwhf tPl;Lj; jsghlg; nghUl;fs;,kpd;rhu cgfuzg; nghUl;fs;, Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjdq;fs;, rkayiw cgfuzq;fs;,mLf;fp itf;fg;gl;l ney;%ilfs;> cuq;fs;> fk;gp Ntypfs; vd gy;Ntwhd tPl;L cgfuz nghUl;fSf;F Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu ,og;ghdJnjhlh;r;rpahd kiotPo;r;rpapdhYk;, mjd; %ykhf kioePH tPl;bw;Fs; CLWtpajd; fhuzkhfTk; Vw;gl;l tpisTfNs MFk;. nts;s mdHj;jj;jhy; NkNyAs;s tiuglj;jpd; %yk;; new;nra;iff;F Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gf;fs; : Ks;sptha;f;fhy; gpuNjrj;jpy; 19% Md tPLfSk;>tz;zhq;Fsk; gpuNjrj;jpy; 24% Md tPLfSk;>rpyhtj;ij gpuNjrj;jpy; 33% Md tiuglk; 08 tPLfSk;,nry;tGuk; FKoKid gpuNjrq;fspy; KiwNa 06%> 18% Md tPLfSk; gFjpthhpahfghjpf;fg;gl;likapid mwpa Kbe;jJ. ,jw;F fiuJiwg; gw;W gpuNjr nrashyh; gphptpy; kpff; fLikahd kiotPo;r;rpAk;> ePz;l ehl;fshf FbapUg;Gf;fis #o;e;J fhzg;gl;l nts;s ePUNk fhuzkhFk;. ,jdhy;; ,g;gpuNjrk; KOtJk; ghhpa nghUshjhu Nrjk; Vw;gl;bUe;jJ. [99] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; 05 fpuhk ruhrhpahf 20 ehl;fs; kPd;gpb eltbf;iffs; NritahsH gphpTfspYk; nkhj;jkhf 131 Vf;fH ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;F xU egUf;fhd xU ehs; ney; tay; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F tUkhdk; ruhrhpahf 900&ghthf FKoKid fpuhkNritahsH gphpTf;Fl;gl;l ,Ue;jJ.,NjNghy nry;tGuk; gpuNjrj;jpy; gpuNjrj;jpy; kpff;$Ljyhd ney;tay;fs; njhlHr;rpahd kiotPo;r;rp, nts;s mdHj;jk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Fwpg;ghf ,q;F 46% Md fhuzkhf ruhrhpahf 35 ehl;fs; njhopy; ney;tay;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F eltbf;iffs; ghjpf;fg;gl;lij mwpa Kbe;jJ. mLj;jgbahf Ks;sptha;f;fhy;gpuNjrj;jpy; 41% ,q;F xUtUf;fhd xU ehs; tUkhdk; Md nghUshjhu ,og;Gk;>nry;tGuj;jpy; 09% ruhrhpahf 1100&ghthf fhzg;gl;lJ. Md ghjpg;Gk;,rpyhtj;ij tz;zhq;Fsk; Mfpa rpyhtj;ij fpuhkNrtfH gphptpy; ruhrhpahf 30 gpuNjrq;fspy; KiwNa 02% Md nghUshjhu ehl;fs; njhopy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. 01 ehs; NrjKk; ney;tay;fSf;F Vw;gl;lJ. tUkhdk; ruhrhpahf 1050 &ghthf ,Ue;jJ. FKoKid gpuNjrj;ij nghWj;jtiuapy; nts;s mdHj;jj;jhy; Nkl;Lepyr; ruhrhpahf 25 ehl;fs; kPd;gpbj; njhopy; nra;iff;F Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; Kw;whf ];jk;gpjkile;jij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,q;F xUtUf;fhd ehs; ghjpg;Gf;fs; : tUkhdk; 800&ghthf fhzg;gl;lJ. tiuglk; 09 tiuglk; 10 05 fpuhkNritahsH gphpTfspy; kPd;gpb njhopYf;F Vw;gl;l tUkhd ,og;G tPjk; 05 gpuNjr nrashsh; gphpTfspYk; nkhj;jkhf 48 Vf;fH Nkl;Lepyr; nra;iff;F ghjpg;G Vw;gl;lij mwpa Kbe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf ntq;fha nra;if 58 mstpy; $Ljyhd % 05 fpuhk NritahsH gphpTfspYk; 60% nghUshjhu ,og;gpid vjph;Nehf;fpapUe;jJ. tiyfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,Nj Nghd;W; fr;rhd; nra;iffSf;Fk; 35 % 35% Md Njhzpfs; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; ghjpg;G Vw;gl;bUe;jJ.ghtw;fha; kpsfha; , ghjpf;fg;gl;lNjhL 03% Md $LfSk; KiwNa gapHr;nra;iffSk; KiwNa 05 02 Md %, % 01% Md mj;jhq;F> fug;GfSk; fle;j nts;s Nrjj;jpid fle;j nts;s mdh;j;jj;jpdhy; mdHj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. vjph;Nehf;fpaJ.. nts;s mdHj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kPd;gpb eltbf;iffs; : fle;j nts;s mdHj;jj;jpdhy; tz;zhq;Fsk; gpuNjrj;jpy; ruhrhpahf 30 ehl;fs; njhopy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;F ruhrhpahf xU ehs; tUkhdk; 1000 &ghthf fhzg;gl;lJ. Ks;sptha;f;fhy; fpuhk NrtfH gphptpy; [100] Kirusnamoorthi Rajeenth Impacts of Flood Disaster (2012/2013) In Karai Thuraipattu Divisional Secretariat Division tiuglk; 11 gFjpapy; Vw;gl;bUe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf tz;zhq;Fs gpuNjrj;jpy; 41% Md tUkhd ghjpf;fg;gl;l kPd;gpbrhH cgfuzq;fspd; ,og;Gk;>nry;tGuj;jpy; 18% ,og;Gk; rjtPjk; Vw;gl;likia mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,NjNghy FKoKid gpuNjrj;jpy; 16% Md nghUshjhu ,og;Gk;> rpyhtj;ijapy; 14% Md ,og;Gk;>Ks;sptha;f;fhy; gpuNjrj;jpy; 11% Md tUkhd ,og;Gk; Vw;gl;bUe;jJ. tiuglk; 13 nts;s mdHj;jj;jhy; fhy;eilfSf;F Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gf;fs; : 05 fpuhk NrtfH gphpTfspYk; kpff;$Ljyhd tifapy; Nfhopfs; ,we;Js;sd. Summary Fwpg;ghf 60% Md Nfhopfs; nts;s mdHj;jj;jpdhy; ,we;Js;sd. kpff; Fiwthd Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpy; fiuJiwg;gw;W tifapy; MLfs; ,we;Js;sd. Fwpg;ghf 2% gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphptpy; fle;j brk;gh;> [dthp> MdMLfs; ,we;Js;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ngg;uthpapy; Vw;gl;l nts;s mdh;j;jj;jpdhy;; NkYk; 15% Md gRf;fSk;, 23%Md ghhpa rKf nghUshjhu rpijTfs; vUikfSk; kpff; fLikahd Vw;gl;likia njspthf mwpaf;$bajhf kiotPo;r;rpahYk;> mjdhy; Vw;gl;l nts;s ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; kf;fs; ngUkstpy; mdHj;jj;jpdhYk; ,we;Js;sd. ghjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. Aj;jj;jpd; gpbapypUe;J kPz;L tUk; ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; ,t;mdh;j;;jkhdJ ghupa tiuglk; 12 ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,jdhy; kPs;Fbakh;e;j kf;fspd; ,ay;G tho;tpy; ,t;mdh;j;jk; Vw;gLj;jpa ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; gpd;dilTfisAk; fiuJiwg;gw;W gpuNjr nrayhsh; gpupit Mjhukhf nfhz;L ,t;Ma;T Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. kf;fspd; ,lg;ngah;T, FbapUg;GfSf;F Vw;gLj;jpa Nrjq;fs;, nts;sePh;kl;l msT, nts;s ghjpg;gpd; jd;ik Nghd;wdtw;iwAk; tptrha eltbf;iffSf;F Vw;gLj;jpa Nrjk;, kPd;gpbj;Jiwf;F Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu ,og;G, fhy;eilfspd; capupog;G Nkl;Lepyg; gaph;fspd; $ypj; njhopy; eltbf;iffSf;F , mopT, fy;tp eltbf;iffSf;F Vw;gl;l ghjpg;G, Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gf;fs; : njhw;W Neha;fspd; jhf;fk; vd gy;Ntwhd tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,t;Ma;T nts;s mdHj;jj;jpdhy; $ypj;njhopy; fiuJiwg;gw;iw Mjhug;gLj;jp eltbf;iffs; rpy fhyq;fSf;F ntspg;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ. ];jk;gpjkile;jpUe;jJ. ,jdhy; ,j;njhopy; rhHe;jtHfSf;F ghhpa tUkhd ,og;G mf;fhyg; [101] Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, SEUSL: 6-7 July 2013, Oluvil, Sri Lanka ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; mz;ikf;fhykhf crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Lte;j kPs;FbNaw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkplg;glhj efuhf;f eltbf;iffs; , Aaran Poor, Nancy Bayd, (2008), Flooding in the gaph;nra;if eltbf;iffs; Nghd;w Chehalis River Basin,Joural of Hydrologic fhuzq;fSf;fhf fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Engineering, (82-89) ,jdhy; nts;sg;ngUf;F Jupjg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;fhuzkhf ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; nts;s AjithGunasekara, (2008), FloodHazard Mapping mdh;j;jk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ NkYk; Aj;jj;jpd; inLower Reachof Kelani River, Colombo gpd;duhd mgptpUj;jp eltbf;ifs; ,lk;ngw;W University tUtjhYk; Kfhikj;Jtkw;w tbfhy; , Alan Bilham and others, (1999), “River Floods” mikg;Gfspd; njhlh;r;rpapd;ikapdhYk; ghhpa Natural Hazards and People, Heinemann mdh;j;jkhf cUntLj;jJ. Educational Publishers Helley Court, Jordan Hill, Oxford, (90 – 95) ,t;thwhd nts;s mdh;j;jq;fis vjph;tUk; fhyq;fspy; ,lk;ngWtjid jLg;gJ Chow V.T, Maidment, D.R. Mays, (1988), Applied mtrpakhdjhFk;. mjw;fhf gy Hydrology, McGraw Hill, New York eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;ba Njit mg;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;sJ. fhlopg;ig Dolcine. L, Andrieu, Creatin D, (2001) Flash Flood Forecasting with coupled precipitation model in fl;Lg;gLj;jy;, kPs;fhlhf;fk; nra;jy;, tbfhy; mountainous Mediterranean basin, Joural of mikg;Gf;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;, Hydrologic Engineering, 1 – 10 Fsq;fspd; nfhs;ssTfis mjpfupj;jy;, fhy;tha;fis nrk;ikg;gLj;jy;, kf;fSf;F Dutta. D, Musiake . K, (2000) , Flood inundation nts;sk; njhlh;ghf tpopg;Gzh;Tf; simulation in a river basinusing a physically fUj;juq;Fis elhj;Jjy;, Mw;WKfq;fis based distributed hydrologic model, Hydrological tphpTgLj;jy; Nghd;w Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis Processes, 497 – 519 Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yNk nghUshjhu hPjpahf xU tYthd epiyf;F Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpid Van Ogtrop, FlorisFrederik, (2005), Flood nfhz;Ltu KbtNjhL nts;smdh;j;j Management in theLower Incomati River ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; vjph;tUk; fhyj;jpy; Fiwj;Jf; Basin, Mozambiqure American waterResources nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gJ cWjpahFk;. Association Knebl, Yang, Hutchison,(2002) ,Regional scale Floodmodeling using NEXRAD rainfall GIS : A case study for the San Antonio River Basin, Oxford University Council on Water Resources [102]