Volume 4 the Many-Splendored Society
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Volume 4 The Many-Splendored Society: The Pursuit of Knowledge First edition This book describes how science became an independent realm of society. We also describe its contemporary nature and its relations to other realms, including those pursuing journal- istic, religious, political, and economic ends. This book stands alone, and one can read it by itself. It serves also as the fourth installment to a larger work in seven volumes about social theory and about a many-splendored society that is within human reach. To Karin Busch Zetterberg Also by Hans L Zetterberg On Theory and Verification in Sociology (also in Spanish, Japanese, and Swedish) Social Theory and Social Practice Arbete, livsstil och motivation Museums and Adult Education (also in French) Sexual Life in Sweden (translated and introduced by Graham Fennell) Det osynliga kontraktet (with Karin Busch and others) The World at Work (with main author Daniel Yankelovich and others) Before and Beyond the Welfare State. Three Lectures Sociologins följeslagare Sociological Endeavor. Selected Writings (edited by Richard Swedberg and Emil Uddhammar) Vårt land — den svenska socialstaten (with Carl Johan Ljungberg) Zetterberg texter (edited by Roland Poirier Martinsson) Published and planned volumes of “The Many-Splendored Society” Volume 1. Surrounded by Symbols, 2009, 3rd ed 2013, chapters 1-5 Volume 2. An Edifice of Symbols, 2010, 3rd ed 2013, chapters 6-10 Volume 3. Fueled by Symbols, 2010, 3rd ed 2013, chapters 11-17 Volume 4, The Pursuit of Knowledge, 2013, chapters 18-28 (the present book) Volume 5 The Pursuit of Beauty, Sacredness and Virtue Volume 6. The Pursuit of Wealth and Order Volume 7. The Pursuit of Life and the Good Life For progress and updates, see the author’s web www.zetterberg.org VOLUME 4 THE MANY-SPLENDORED SOCIETY: THE PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE Hans L Zetterberg Volume 4. The Many-Splendored Society: The Pursuit of Knowledge By Hans L Zetterberg Illustrations by Martin Ander Copyright © 2013 Hans L Zetterberg. All rights reserved. Send all applications to reprint or reproduce any parts of this publication for commercial purposes (except short quotes, which are free) to per- [email protected] BISAC Category SOC026000 This book is self-published by the author Murarvägen 9B nb, SE-16833 Bromma, Sweden First edition 2013 Printed in the United States of America. ISBN-10: / ISBN-13: 1475086741 / 978-1475086744 1st edition filed April 2013, second filing October 2013 This edition is printed on demand by CreateSpace, Charleston, S.C. zetterberg.org PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE Contents VOLUME 4 ....................................................................................................................... V THE MANY-SPLENDORED SOCIETY: THE PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE ................ V SECOND FILING ................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. TO KARIN BUSCH ZETTERBERG ................................................................................ VII ALSO BY HANS L ZETTERBERG ................................................................................ VIII PUBLISHED AND PLANNED VOLUMES OF “THE MANY-SPLENDORED SOCIETY” ....... VIII CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................ I PREFACE ......................................................................................................................... VI Abstracts of Chapters 18-28 ........................................................................ viii Our Typographical Border Signs of Social Reality ............................... xii PART 1. SOCIETAL REALMS AND HOW THEY EMERGE ....................... 1 INTRODUCTION: SOCIETAL REALMS AS FUNDAMENTAL PARTS OF SOCIAL REALITY ................................................................................................................................ 1 Reviewing ............................................................................................................... 4 What is New?......................................................................................................... 5 18. THE EMERGENCE OF SCIENCE IN EUROPE ................................ 10 Non-Revolutionary and All-Too-Human ................................................. 10 THE HERITAGE OF ARISTOTLE ................................................................................. 10 SCHOOLMEN, NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS, AND SCIENTISTS.................................. 14 A Prophet of Merger and His Schoolmen ................................................ 14 The Deterioration of the Aquino-Aristotle Synthesis ......................... 20 Natural Philosophers ...................................................................................... 22 The Rise of Social Science in Europe ......................................................... 24 A New Societal Realm of Science Emerges Showing an Early Affinity to the Realm of Religion ...................................................................... 27 Affinity to the Old Realms ............................................................................. 31 The Spirit of Discovery ................................................................................... 33 On Cardinal Passions ...................................................................................... 36 On Scientific Acedia ......................................................................................... 38 Scientists and Their Academies .................................................................. 42 19. FINDING A MODUS VIVENDI AND ETHOS OF SCIENCE ........... 47 In Passing, Science Alienates Religion [NAT] ....................................... 49 4: i THE MANY-SPLENDORED SOCIETY The Present Standpoint of Science as a Public Opinion ..................... 52 European Spirit of Discovery Includes Social Sciences ...................... 54 European Doomsday Science and Its International Bent ................. 56 Transference of Cardinal Passions ............................................................. 62 Summary of Realm Emergence ................................................................... 63 PART 2. THE SOCIETAL REALM OF SCIENCE ........................................ 65 A FIRST DEMARCATION OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE.............................................. 65 20. THE CONTEMPORARY PURSUIT OF SCIENCE ............................ 67 A Short View of Science as a Social Institution: CUDOS ..................... 67 PROPERTIES OF THE REALM OF SCIENCE ................................................................ 69 THE SEMIOTIC SQUARE OF KNOWLEDGE ................................................................ 71 Scientific Knowledge........................................................................................ 72 Illusions of Knowledge .................................................................................... 73 Secret Knowledge ............................................................................................. 74 Secrecy in Research to Protect Personal Integrity............................... 77 The Two Cultures: The Place of Mathematics ...................................... 79 An Illustrative Interpenetration of Natural and Social Science .... 80 Internal Factors of Scientific Progress: New Instruments and/or New Paradigmatic Theories [BIO, NAT, TECH] .......................................... 83 21. RATIONALITIES IN SCIENCE ............................................................ 87 TWO MODES OF RATIONALITY ................................................................................. 87 On Analysis .......................................................................................................... 87 On Systems ........................................................................................................... 89 On Chaos ............................................................................................................... 93 Systems in Social Science ............................................................................... 95 A Note of Caution to Politicians .................................................................. 97 22. STRATIFICATION AND REWARDS IN SCIENCE ..................... 100 Ranks and Honors in Science: the Name of the Maker .................... 100 The Scholarly Requirement to Honor Colleagues ............................. 102 Screening for Publication in Science Journals .................................... 103 Shortcuts to the Assessment of Status in Science .............................. 104 On the Careers of Scientists at Research Institutions ...................... 104 Linking Honor to Contextual Rewards .................................................. 106 RESEARCH REPORTING: A SELF-CORRECTING SPONTANEOUS ORDER .......... 108 Distortions in the Realm of Science. Meta-analysis .......................... 109 23. UNIVERSITIES THEN AND NOW .................................................. 114 4: ii PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE WHAT IS A UNIVERSITY? .........................................................................................114 Traditional Academic Freedom ................................................................ 115 Enter Napoleon ............................................................................................... 117 ENTER HUMBOLDT ...................................................................................................118 Priority of Research ......................................................................................