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Descarga Y Online ISBN 978-987-42-8555-3 1 teseopress.com EL CONCEPTO DE FUNCIÓN Y LA EXPLICACIÓN FUNCIONAL DE LA NEUROETOLOGÍA teseopress.com teseopress.com EL CONCEPTO DE FUNCIÓN Y LA EXPLICACIÓN FUNCIONAL DE LA NEUROETOLOGÍA Andrea Soledad Isabel Olmos teseopress.com Olmos, Andrea Soledad Isabel El concepto de función y la explicación funcional de la neuro- etología / Andrea Soledad Isabel Olmos. – 1a ed. – Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires : Andrea Soledad Isabel Olmos, 2018. Libro digital, EPUB Archivo Digital: descarga y online ISBN 978-987-42-8555-3 1. Filosofía de la Ciencia. I. Título. CDD 501 ISBN: 9789874285553 Las opiniones y los contenidos incluidos en esta publicación son responsabilidad exclusiva del/los autor/es. El concepto de función Compaginado desde TeseoPress (www.teseopress.com) ExLibrisTeseoPress 31205. Sólo para uso personal teseopress.com Índice Comité Editor del Departamento de Filosofía .......................9 Agradecimientos........................................................................... 11 Dedicatoria..................................................................................... 13 1. Introducción.............................................................................. 15 2. ¿Qué es la neuroetología?. Una introducción a la neurobiología del comportamiento animal .......................... 21 3. Los enfoques filosóficos......................................................... 45 4. La comunicación acústica del grillo de campo. Un caso de estudio .............................................................................. 89 5. El lenguaje funcional de la neuroetología. Reflexiones en torno al caso de estudio ...................................................... 123 6. Conclusiones........................................................................... 175 Referencias ................................................................................... 181 teseopress.com 7 teseopress.com Comité Editor del Departamento de Filosofía Alcira Bonilla Claudia Jáuregui Claudia Mársico Verónica Tozzi Pamela Abellón Miguel Faigón Karina Pedace Agustina Arrarás Pablo Cassanello Tapia Alan Kremechutzscky teseopress.com 9 teseopress.com Agradecimientos No fue sencillo llegar hasta acá. Pero hubiera sido imposible sin el apoyo de ciertas personas que, a lo largo de todos estos años, me impulsaron hacia adelante. Gracias a mis padres, por preocuparse desde siempre por mi educación y por alentarme desde el comienzo hasta el final de la carrera. Gracias a todos los profesores del departamento de Filosofía que tuve la oportunidad de conocer y quienes me enseñaron mucho de lo que sé. Gra- cias a mis compañeros y amigos del grupo de Filosofía y Biología, quienes todos los martes me regalan un ámbito enriquecedor en donde discutí muchas de estas ideas. Por supuesto, gracias, ¡muchas gracias! a mi director, Santiago Ginnobili, quien me guió con mucha paciencia y dedicación en la realización de este trabajo y con quién aprendí, espero, a hacer filosofía. Y gracias, Ezequiel, por estar siempre. teseopress.com 11 teseopress.com Dedicatoria A Jacinto. teseopress.com 13 teseopress.com 1 Introducción 1.1. El lenguaje funcional en biología Suele decirse que el surgimiento de la ciencia moderna involucró la exclusión de las causas finales aristotélicas tan- to del vocabulario como de las explicaciones científicas. Supuestamente, desde la revolución científica de los siglos XVI-XVII, el lenguaje teleológico que apela a propósitos, objetivos o fines en la naturaleza quedó desestimado, y los fenómenos naturales ya no han podido explicarse legítima- mente a partir de ello. Sin embargo el lenguaje aparente- mente teleológico permaneció en diversas áreas de la cien- cia, en particular en el área de la biología. En este punto, uno de los conceptos cuya legitimidad preocupó a los filósofos de la biología es el concepto bio- lógico de función. A menudo, los biólogos describen a los fenómenos biológicos como poseyendo funciones, utilizan- do expresiones tales como “la función de”, “el rol de”, “en orden de”, “con el propósito de”, etc. Así, por ejemplo, para los biólogos es común emplear expresiones como “la fun- ción del corazón es bombear sangre”, “la función de la colo- ración críptica de los camaleones es protegerlos contra los predadores”, “las gaviotas reidoras remueven las cáscaras de huevos de sus nidos en orden de proteger a sus crías de los predadores”, etc. Además, dichas expresiones parecen ser, en algún sentido, explicativas. Por ello, a menudo se refie- re a las explicaciones que apelan a tales expresiones como “explicaciones funcionales” o “explicaciones teleológicas”. teseopress.com 15 16 • El concepto de función Sin embargo, la naturaleza y la estructura de tales expli- caciones es una cuestión que ha permanecido obscura, así como el significado mismo del concepto de función. La tarea de explicitar el significado de tales expre- siones, la estructura de las explicaciones funcionales y la legitimidad de su uso dio lugar a un largo debate filosófico que enmarca el presente trabajo de tesis. En este trabajo, haré uso de tales desarrollos teóricos previos con el fin de evaluar su adecuación al lenguaje funcional involucrado en una disciplina científica particular, a saber, la neuroetología o neurobiología del comportamiento. 1.2. Objetivos y estructura general El objetivo del presente trabajo radica en ofrecer una elu- cidación filosófica del lenguaje funcional implicado en la neuroetología, con especial atención al significado subya- cente a su uso y a su rol explicativo en la práctica cien- tífica. El interés que reporta la realización de esta tarea filosófica se encuentra en su posible contribución a, por un lado, esclarecer las discusiones, que involucran tanto a filósofos como a biólogos, en torno al lenguaje funcional y a su peso explicativo y, por otro lado, a comprender las relaciones entre los conceptos y explicaciones ofrecidas por los biólogos acerca del comportamiento, contribuyendo así a mejorar la comunicación tanto entre los científicos entre sí como con el público en general. Para comprender este objetivo general, será preciso decir unas palabras acerca de la noción de “elucidación”. En este trabajo, adoptaré una perspectiva que podríamos deno- minar “carnapiana” acerca de la elucidación. Desde el punto de vista de Carnap (1950), elucidar un concepto consiste en la transformación de un concepto inexacto y precientífico, el explicandum, en otro concepto exacto, el explicatum. Dado que respecto del problema de la elucidación conceptual no teseopress.com El concepto de función • 17 parece haber respuestas correctas o erróneas, sino más o menos satisfactorias, Carnap propone ciertos criterios que debe satisfacer un explicatum satisfactorio. Según Carnap, el explicatum debe satisfacer los requisitos de (i) semejanza con el explicandum, (ii) exactitud, (iii) fertilidad y (iv) simplicidad. Tales requisitos pueden resumirse como sigue: 1. El explicatum debe ser similar al explicandum de tal modo que, en la mayoría de los casos en los que el explicandum se haya empleado hasta entonces, pueda emplearse el explicatum; sin embargo, no se requiere una similaridad muy grande, y pueden admitirse dife- rencias considerables. 2. La caracterización del explicatum, esto es, las reglas de su uso (por ejemplo, en la forma de una definición), debe darse en una forma exacta, de manera de intro- ducir al explicatum en un sistema bien conectado de conceptos científicos. 3. El explicatum debe ser un concepto fértil, esto es, según Carnap, útil para la formulación de muchos enunciados universales (leyes empíricas o teoremas lógicos). Aquí entenderé este criterio de una forma más débil, esto es, en relación a la contribución del explicatum al esclare- cimiento de las discusiones filosóficas en torno al con- cepto de función y al uso que le otorgan los científicos (al menos, en un caso de estudio en particular). 4. El explicatum deberá ser tan simple como sea posible, esto es, como lo permitan los requisitos anteriores. Teniendo en cuenta esta noción de elucidación, el obje- tivo del presente trabajo puede verse un poco más clara- mente. La idea fundamental reside en ofrecer una eluci- dación del concepto de función, y el lenguaje funcional asociado, tal como es utilizado en la neuroetología, con el fin de esclarecer el significado que le atribuyen los cientí- ficos de la manera más fiel, más fértil, y más simple posi- ble. Como dije antes, dado que existen teorías filosóficas teseopress.com 18 • El concepto de función preexistentes que han asumido este tipo de objetivos con respecto al concepto de función en biología, tomaré dichas elucidaciones previas y evaluaré su adecuación al lenguaje funcional de la neuroetología, fundamentalmente en rela- ción con el criterio de similitud establecido por Carnap. Por último, y en cuanto a la metodología, es preciso decir que basaré mi análisis en una investigación de la neu- roetología en particular, a saber, aquella desarrollada sobre la comunicación intraespecífica del grillo de campo (Gryllus campestris y Grillus bimaculatus). Para explicar la elección de esta estrategia acudiré nuevamente a Carnap. Al presentar el problema o explicandum, Carnap explicita que los filóso- fos tienden a formular preguntas como “¿qué es la justicia?”, “¿qué es la causalidad?” o, en este caso, “¿qué es la función de un ítem biológico?”, y proceden a formular respuestas sin examinar los supuestos tácitos que figuran en la práctica o uso de la investigación científica. En este punto, una estra- tegia más fructífera, según Carnap,
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