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2016 Abstract Book Plenary Lectures Franz Huber Lecture UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENES AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR: LESSONS FROM THE HONEY BEE Gene Robinson1 University of Illinois,Urbana,USA1 The study of genes and social behavior is still a young field. In this lecture, I will discuss some of the first insights to emerge that describe the relationship between them. These include the surprisingly close relationship between brain gene expression and specific behavioral states; social regulation of brain gene expression; control of social behavior by context-dependent rewiring of brain transcriptional regulatory networks; and evolutionarily conserved genetic tool kits for social behavior that span insects, fish and mammals. Social Behavior Keywords :behavioral evolution; genomics; neural systems Plenary Lectures Walter Heiligenberg Lecture MERGING OF OUR SENSES: BUILDING BLOCKS AND CANONICAL COMPUTATIONS Dora Angelaki1; Greg Deangelis1 Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA1 A fundamental aspect of our sensory experience is that information from different modalities is often seamlessly integrated into a unified percept. Many studies have demonstrated statistically optimal cue integration, although such improvement in precision is small. Another important property of perception is accuracy. Does multisensory integration improve accuracy? We have investigated this question in the context of visual/vestibular heading perception. Humans and animals are fairly accurate in judging their direction of self-motion (i.e., heading) from optic flow when moving through a stationary environment. However, an object moving independently in the world alters the optic flow field and bias heading perception if the visual system cannot dissociate object motion from self-motion. The moving object induced significant biases in perceived heading when self-motion was signaled by either visual or vestibular cues alone. However, this bias was greatly reduced when visual and vestibular cues together signaled self-motion. These findings demonstrate that vestibular signals facilitate the perceptual dissociation of self-motion and object motion, consistent with recent computational work which suggests that an appropriate decoding of multisensory visual-vestibular neurons can estimate heading while discounting the effects of object motion. These findings provide direct evidence for a biological basis of the benefits of multisensory integration, both for improving sensitivity and for resolving sensory ambiguities. The studies we summarize identify both the computations and neuronal mechanisms that may form the basis for cue integration. Diseases, such as autism spectrum disorders, might suffer from deficits in one or more of these canonical computations, which are fundamental in helping merge our senses to interpret and interact with the world. Orientation & Navigation Keywords :multisensory; optic flow; vestibular Plenary Lectures 1 RESPONSE BASED ANALYSES OF BEHAVIOR OVERLOOK OTHER IMPORTANT BEHAVIORAL CHANGES: INTEGRATING HABITUATION INTO ONGOING BEHAVIOR Catharine Rankin1; Andrew Giles1; Evan Ardiel1 University of British Columbia,Vancouver,Canada1 Traditionally researchers who study habituation have focused on a single dimension of the behavior (i.e. response probability or magnitude). Our high throughput behavioural analyses of habituation of two different responses for wild-type and mutant strains of C. elegans have changed this view. First we have shown that there are a number of independent components (habituation rate and final level for probability, duration and speed) of habituation of the tap response that show different forms of plasticity and, for the most part, are mediated by different genes. In addition, for both tap and photoactivation of the ASH neurons the response does not occur in a vacuum- there are changes in ongoing behavior that complement the response decrement. Interestingly, as some aspects of behavior decrement others appear to sensitize. When the changes in the components of behavior are integrated it facilitates dispersal allowing the animal to move away from the area. This offers a new way to think about the role of habituation and sensitization in the context of overall behavioral strategies. These findings also have implications for other response-based measures of learning and memory. Behavioral Plasticity Keywords :habituation; non-associative learning; c. elegans Plenary Lectures 2 CONFIDENCE IN RATS, HUMANS, AND MATHEMATICS Adam Kepecs1 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Cold Spring Harbor,USA1 Confidence manifests itself to us as a feeling but it leads a double life. Besides subjective confidence, it is widely studied in computational sciences as an objective statistical quantity, the estimated probability that a chosen hypothesis is correct. This raises the possibility that we can define confidence from first principles in statistics to provide a formal foundation for the scientific inquiry into subjective confidence. I will describe an approach incorporating mathematical models and human psychophysics that enabled us to study confidence in rats. Then I will discuss how rats can be asked to behaviorally report their confidence and our explorations into the neurobiological basis of confidence judgments. Computational Modeling Keywords :computational science; statistics; Plenary Lectures 3 THE HUNGRY FLY: TASTE RECEPTORS, CIRCUITS, AND THE CONTROL OF FEEDING BEHAVIOR Anupama Dahanukar1 University of California,Riverside,United States1 Animals rely on their taste systems to select foods for consumption and can regulate both the quality and quantity of food intake to achieve nutrient homeostasis. We use the model insect Drosophila melanogaster to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which tastants are encoded by sensory neurons and the logic by which sensory neuron activity is translated to feeding behavioral output. One focus is on a large family of 68 Gustatory receptors (Grs) expressed in complex combinatorial patterns in sweet and bitter taste neurons. In previous studies, we have used genetic and evolutionary analyses to identify the roles of specific Grs in detecting sweet tastants. Ongoing efforts are directed towards functional analysis of various Grs in detecting sweet and bitter compounds, and investigating receptors for other categories of tastants. Recently we have also uncovered mechanisms that integrate tastant information in sensory neurons, in part by our finding of combinatorial mechanisms for sweet and bitter ligand recognition by individual Grs using a unique ectopic expression system for “decoding” taste receptors. Molecular and cellular investigations of taste sensory function are complemented with efforts to identify neural circuits that convey taste information using anatomical and functional screens, which resulted in the identification of second order neurons in a sweet taste circuit. We are also identifying genes and circuit networks involved in food choice, which suggest that taste circuit function may be modulated by qualitative changes in nutrient demand. Sensory: Olfaction and Taste Keywords :drosophila; chemoreceptors; feeding Plenary Lectures 4 NEUROBIOLOGY OF VISUALLY GUIDED PREY AND PREDATOR BEHAVIORS IN CRABS Daniel Tomsic1 Facultad de Ciencias Exacta y Naturales, Univ. Buenos Aires - IFIBYNE, CONICET,Buenos Aires,Argentina1 In nearly all active moving animals vision constitutes the most important source of external information for organizing the behavior. Visual abilities likely originated to avoid obstacles during navigation and to detect and anticipate predator assaults. In order to escape from a predator, animals need to recognize the menace, localize it in space and determine the trajectory of attack. They also usually survey the environment in search of potential shelters. Additionally, they may count on memorized experiences about similar events. With all this information plus the time conferred by distant visual detection, animals make decision on the appropriate strategy to save their lives. Thus, upon the sight of a predator they can choose to freeze, to escape or to confront. And If for example they choose to escape, further decisions implicating the moment, direction and speed of run should be made. These abilities to process substantial amount of information, make complex decisions, form long-term memories and organize complicated motor patterns, exist even in animals with small brains. Some of them offer particular advantages for the neuroethological approach. In this talk I will present results from our investigations on the abilities of the crab Neohelice (previous Chasmagnathus) granulata to deal with visual danger stimuli, and the role of a group of motion-sensitive giant neurons in these behaviors. I will also show preliminary results on the prey capture abilities of the crab. Our studies comprise behavioral analyses in the field and the laboratory, neuroanatomy, in vivo intracellular electrophysiology and calcium imaging, and modeling. Sensory: Vision Keywords :motion detection; neuron; escape Plenary Lectures 5 BRAIN DIVERSITY IN EVOLUTION: WHAT CHANGES, WHAT DOESN’T - AND WHAT DOES IT MATTER? Suzana Herculano-Houzel1 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,Rio de Janeiro,Brasil1 What does brain size mean? It was long assumed that all mammalian brains were made the same, with numbers of neurons that were always proportional to brain size, such that two brains of similar size should have similar numbers of neurons, and larger brains should have more neurons than
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