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Hawaii's Marine Fisheries: Some History, Long-Term Trends, and Recent Developments

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Hawaii's Marine Fisheries: Some History, Long-Term Trends, and Recent Developments Hawaii's Marine Fisheries: Some History, Long-term Trends, and Recent Developments SAMUEL G. POOLEY Introduction coastal zone management processes. Table 1.-List of common and scientific names of This paper concentrates on the eco­ frequently caught commercial species in Hawaii. Recently Hawaii's commercial ma­ nomic development of the offshore Common name Scientific name rine fishery has experienced a period commercial fishery, and places some­ of rapid growth and structural change, Bottomfish what greater emphasis on the large­ Snappers and its characteristics are quite differ­ Onaga Etelis coruscans scale fisheries. Biological and manage­ ent from what they were a decade ago. Opakapaka Pristipomoides filamentosus ment features of Hawaii's marine fish­ Ehu E. carbunculus Some of these changes are the result of Kalekale P. seiboldii eries are considered in other papers in Gindai P. zonatus governmental and private-sector deci­ this number (Mar. Fish. Rev. 55(2)). Uku Aprian virescens sions on fishery development in Ha­ Lehi Aphareus rutilans Hawaii's marine fisheries can be di­ Yellowtail kalekale P. auricilla waii, but many have occurred because vided into three geographical areas Taape Lutjanus kasmira of increasingly competitive pressures, (Fig. 1): Grouper particularly as they have affected main­ Hapuupuu Epinephelus quernus 1) The inhabited main Hawaiian Is­ land U.S. commercial fishing fleets. lands (MHI), with their surrounding Jacks Further changes are anticipated as di­ White ulua Caranx ignobilis reefs and offshore banks (the island of Black ulua C.lugubris verse fishing interests (including both Hawaii to Niihau and Kauai); Butaguchi Pseudocaranx dentex large-scale and small-scale commer­ Kahala Seriola dumerili 2) The Northwestern Hawaiian Is­ cial, indigenous, and recreational fish­ lands (NWHI), a 1,200 mile string of Other ing interests, as well as nonconsump­ Lobster basically uninhabited reefs, shoals, and Spiny Panu/irus marginatus tive marine resource interests) are Slipper Scyl/arides squammosus worked out in fishery, marine, and islets ranging west northwest from the main Hawaiian Islands (i.e., west of Pelagic Management Unit Species Blue marlin Makaira mazara Niihau and Kauai); Striped marlin Tetrapturus audax Samuel G. Pooley is with the Honolulu Labora­ Broadbill swordfish Xiphias gladius 3) The mid-North Pacific Ocean, Shortbill spearfish T. anguslirostris tory, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Na­ 0 tional Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2570 ranging from lat. 40 N to the Equator, Black marlin M. indica Indo-Pacific sailfish Isliophorus platypterus Dole Street, Honolulu, HI 96822-2396. and from long. 145°W to long. l7YE. Mahimahi Coryphaena hippurus Hawaii's fishing fleets can also be Ono (wahoo) Acanthocybium solandri divided into three somewhat overlap­ Blue shark Prionace glauca ping or interconnected segments: Mako shark (short-fin) Isurus oxyrinchus Mako shark (long-fin) I. paucus 1) Large-scale commercial fishing. Oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus long/manus Although termed "large-scale" in Thresher shark Alopias superciliosus ABSTRACT - This paper provides an Tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvieri overview ofHawaii's marinefisheries from Hawaii, by mainland U.S. and foreign Tunas J948 to the present. After three decades of fishing fleet standards almost all the Bigeye Tuna Thunnus obesus decline following a briefperiod ofgrowth vessels in this segment would be con­ Yellowfin tuna T. albacares at the conclusion to World War lJ, Hawaii's sidered small. Most "large-scale" com­ Albacore T. alalunga commercial fisheries began a decade of Skipjack tuna (Aku) Katsuwonus pelamis mercial fishing vessels in Hawaii are Kawakawa Euthynnus allin/s sustained development in the J980's. At Frigate tunas Auxis spp. the same time, fisheries management is­ less than 100 feet in overall length. sues became more significant as different These include the older aku boats (pole­ tuna2) (Table 1) and tuna longline sam­ segments of the fishery came into more and-line sampans 1 fishing for skipjack direct competition. This paper provides pans (also wooden but of a different new estimates ofcommercial landings for design), as well as modem tuna and IThe term "sampan" in Hawaii refers primarily the J977-90 period, and summarizes lim­ swordfish longline vessels, distant-wa­ ited information on recreational and sub­ to wooden-hulled fishing craft of a design in­ troduced by Japanese fishermen in the early sistence fisheries in the J980's. Jt also 1900's. The vessels range from 35 to 75 feet 2Hawaii common names for commercial marine provides some historical context which may with a flared bow, a low stem, and a deep profile fish and shellfish species are used throughout this be useful in evaluating fishery develop­ to maintain seaworthiness in Hawaii's rough paper. Scientific names and corresponding Ha­ ment and management options. waters. waii, names are found in Table 1. 55(2), J993 7 D~L.I'I\,rLl.STERN HAW IIAN ISLANDS M IN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS HANCOCK 1--,"'6,..,S~E~A'tM~O~UN~T'..:'S'--- ""::""~ -+__ __-+ -+ --J_-t- --1-----30' ,\.!'jECKER I. FREN~'ii FRIGATE ",,' "" ",.,',·NIHOA SHOALS KAUAI NIIHAU '. OAHU KAUL;' c 'i!;.~?LOKAI ~~~r~'MAUI -----+-20' SCALE: :150 MILES TO THE INCH HAWAII ! lao' 170' 165' 161 W 160' 155' Figure I.-Hawaii map, including WHI. ter albacore trollers, and multipurpose commercial, and subsistence fishing. Hawaii's Traditional Commercial vessels which fish for bottomfish This segment includes the same kind Marine Fisheries (deepwater snappers, groupers, and of vessels as found in the small-scale jacks) and spiny and slipper lobster in commercial fleet, as well as some very Shortly after Statehood, a U.S. De­ the NWHI. These vessels can operate small boats (including surf boards and partment of Interior, Bureau of Com­ as far as 1,000 nautical miles from mercial Fisheries proposal labeled the sail boards), charter fishing boats and 3 Hawaii throughout the mid-North Pa­ dive fishing boats. Although charter Hawaii fishery as "dying" (lversen ). cific, and some span the South Pacific. fishing is a commercial operation, its Hawaii's major commercial fisheries Most operate within 200 miles of the clients are oriented toward recreational had been dominated by traditional prac­ MHI or within the NWHI. opportunities and thus it is distin­ tices that reflected Hawaii's Japanese 2) Small-scale commercial fishing. guished from commercial fishing. The immigrant heritage and its impact on The vessels in this segment include target species for this segment of the the local fishery and seafood markets. a wide variety of trailered and moored fishery are more v'aried than those of The predominant commercial fishery boats between 12 and 45 feet in length. the commercial segments, and include was aku (skipjack tuna), which was These vessels primarily use trolling and a variety of reef species, as well as the caught by a live-bait, pole-and-line, handline techniques, although some more familiar tunas, billfish, mahimahi wooden sampan fleet, known as aku traps and surrounding nets are used. and ono (wahoo), bottomfish, and crus­ boats (Fig. 2), and which was landed The target species include tunas, bill­ taceans. The fishing methods used are primarily for canning. In 1960, over fish, mahimahi, ono (wahoo), bottom­ also considerably more varied. 60% of Hawaii's total recorded com­ fish for the trollers and handliners; The issue of categorizing Hawaii's mercial fishery landings (by weight) bottomfish, reef fish, and crustaceans small-boat fisheries is a difficult one, was aku, and the percentage remained for the trap vessels; and small mid­ and is discussed later in this paper. For over 50% until 1970. water scads (known locally as akule the moment we would categorize this By the mid-1970's the number of and opelu) for the surrounding-net fish­ segment as one where the fishery has aku boats and their companion sam­ ery. These vessels operate almost ex­ limited fishing power and its fisher­ clusively in the MHI. men have mixed motivations in terms 3R. T, B. Iversen, 45-626 Halekou Place, 3) Small-scale recreational, part-time of fishing activity. Kaneohe, HI 96744, Personal commun., 1991. 8 Marine Fisheries Review Table 2.-Hawaii commerciallisheries, 1990. NMFS estimates based on logbooks and shoreside moni· toring. MHI = main Hawaiian Islands; NWHI = North· western Hawaiian Islands. Weight (1,000 lb.) Thousand Fleet Caught Sold dollars Longline 13,090 12,200 $28,800 Troll and handline pelagics 4,460 4,050 6,980 Aku boat 1,005 1,005 1,838 65 to 80 feet MHI bottomfish 830 810 3,300 NWHI bottomlish 420 400 1,070 NWHI lobster 949 949 4,887 Figure 2.-Drawing of typical Hawaii aku (skipjack tuna pole-and-line) boat. Other 1,700 1,594 3,513 Total 22,454 21,008 50,388 ings. The average annual variation in detrended aku landings was 164% (compared with 27% for non-aku land­ ings) in the period 1948-90.7 Any _l_~ analysis of the overall Hawaii com­ mercial fishery over time must differ­ entiate the overall trend from these fluctuations in the aku fishery. 45 to 65 feet Aku landings declined through the mid-1970's to the closing of the can­ nery in 1984, and then continued to fall through 1990. Aku landings fell as Figure 3.-Drawing of typical Hawaii flagline (longline sampan) boat. a percentage of total landings (by weight) from over 70% in the 1960's to less than 20% in the last five years pans, the longline tuna boats (known justed values to a 1990 base year. Fig­ of the 1980's, and to only 4.5% in locally as flagline boats, Fig. 3), had ures on landings and revenue for the 1990. However aku revenue has not decreased substantially, and the condi­ period 1948-76 are based entirely on fallen as appreciably because of the tion of many of the boats was poor. the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Re­ higher market price of fresh aku (com­ Fishing remained close to the main sources (HDAR) commercial fishing pared with the cannery price in the Hawaiian islands, although some older landings reports.
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