Heritage Framework Book
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Chapter Eight Urbanization, 1880 to 1930 Industrial Expansion and the Gilded Age Progressive Era The Roaring Twenties 1880 to 1900 1900 to 1920 1920 to 1929 1880’s 1888 1900 1900-1910 1914-1918 1920 1929 ||||||| Skipjack America’s Region Internal World Region Stock sailboats first electrified population combustion War I population Market first trolley line, reaches engines exceeds Crash produced Richmond 3 million 4.5 million AN ECOLOGY OF PEOPLE SIGNIFICANT EVENTS AND PLACE ▫ 1880’s–wooden ▫ 1894–protestors, ▫ 1918–worldwide skipjack sailing known as Coxey’s Spanish influenza Ⅺ PEOPLE vessels specially Army, march on epidemic strikes adapted to Washington region Extraordinary changes swept across the Chesapeake waters demanding economic ▫ first produced reform 1918–Migratory Bird United States and the world between Treaty Act outlaws 1880 and 1930 (see Map 10). These ▫ 1882–Virginia ▫ 1898 to 1899– killing of whistling changes continued to alter Chesapeake Assembly approves Spanish-American swans, establishes funding to establish War fought with hunting seasons, and Bay life, from the countryside to the city. Normal and Spain sets bag limits on The region’s population doubled, from Collegiate Institute international ▫ 2.5 million in 1880 to 5 million by 1930. for Negroes and 1900–region migratory waterfowl Central Hospital for population reaches Many of these people settled in estab- ▫ mentally ill African- 3 million 1920–regional population exceeds lished rapidly expanding urban centers Americans in ▫ 1900 to 1910– 4.5 million such as Baltimore, Washington, Petersburg internal combustion ▫ Richmond, and Norfolk. Washington’s ▫ 1886–adoption of engines power first 1921–captured numbers grew at an incredible pace, ris- standard gauge links commercially German battleship successful wheeled Ostfriesland ing from about 75,000 in 1880 to 1.4 mil- all railroads in region and nation vehicles and (renamed the San lion by 1920. Many people also moved to airplanes Marco) sunk off Cape ▫ 1888–America’s first Henry in test newer urban centers such as Newport ▫ electrified trolley line 1904–Great demonstrating ability News, a sleepy port town that grew opens in Richmond Baltimore Fire of aircraft to sink quickly after the president of the destroys city center capital surface ships ▫ 1889–nation’s first ▫ Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, Collis P. state historic 1914–passenger ▫ 1926–Robert H. Huntington, chose it as a key terminal preservation pigeons become Goddard launches extinct in wild and shipyard in the 1890s. In sharp con- organization, first successful liquid Association for the ▫ fuel rocket in trast, the rural population either stayed 1914 to 1918–World Preservation of War I embroils Maryland Virginia Antiquities, steady or began to drop. European powers ▫ organized in 1929–New York stock Most people living in the region were Richmond ▫ 1917–America enters market crash begins Great Depression native born Americans. Although white World War I on Allied ▫ 1893–Economic Panic side Americans outnumbered African of 1893 plunges Americans by four or five to one, black nation into five-year ▫ 1918–Allies defeat Central powers people were the majority in many rural depression communities. While 25 million European An Ecology of People and Place 119 Map 10: Urbanization, 1880 to 1930 ●Lancaster Yo r k ● S Ferncliff Wildlife us qu and Wildflower eh Preserve an na Baltimore and R Gilpin's Ohio Railroad i ve Sion Falls r Hill ● Chesapeake and Elkton Delaware Canal Long Green Creek and ● Sweathouse Chesapeake City e Branch Natural g r d e i Area r in R v e ta i v n i n i t R u R c o Chestertown r o y t P te c M a a Historic es a t th C h c a District u p C o Frederick● o s S n c o ● Waterford o R iver Baltimore Historic M er Harper's Ferry Gap District iv Kent R Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Sugar Loaf Mountain Island k Harpers Ferry● n a Clara Barton ● t Gen. George C. Marshall House Annapolis p House o h Gen. William “Billy” Mitchell House Gaithersburg Latitude C Observatory iver Norfolk Southern Manassas Gap ● Washington DC ke R Railroad Fort Myer Alexandria Historic District P tico Historic a n t a District u N Thorofare x Mount Belt Woods e Chesapeake Beach Gap n Vernon t ●Cambridge ● R Warrenton i r v Bull Run Mountain e e iv r r Thornton Gap Battle Creek e v c R Cypress Swamp i a ● Salisbury R iver m Calvert h R to Cliffs Preserve a a o o p P oke R d n Camp Hoover p a s a n h n i ocom a a e t P n h n Piney S u ● Culpeper n o oc Point M k iv e R er Caledon T g R Smith a d n i ● State Park Potomac Ri i Rapida ver ver Island n R g Fredericksburg i e e u r l S B Montpelier o u Forest n d Rappahannock R Tangier ac RR Island Chesapeake a n C d O M hi at ● o t iver h Charlottesville R ond, Frederick, a p ai po Ga lro n e ckfish ad i R s Ro and Potom Chesapeake iv Virginia Richm e a & Ohio Railroad P r a p Coast mu Pamunkey n e Reserve ke Indian y a R Reservation Green Springs ive Mattaponi Indian k r e d Historic District Reservation a B ro il a Norfolk Southern Richmond a R J ● o ames Railroad i R y h iver Yo O rk d Che n x River sape Williamsburg R a ake iv e Ohi and e Blue Ridge Mountains k o Ra ● r Cape Norfolk Southern Railroada tto ilroa e a d p Charles a m s e o ● h p ●Langley Field C p Petersburg Jamestown A James River Gap ●Hampton ● Ja m Newport News Cape es ● Riv Henry Charles er ●Norfolk ● C.Steirly Seashore Lynchburg Natural ● ad Natural Area ilro Area Portsmouth Ra ern th ou Great S lk Dismal Dism rfo Norfolk Southern Railroad al No Swamp Swamp Canal LEGEND National Historic Landmark Canal © National Natural Landmark Bay • City or Town Plain ■ Natural or Cultural Feature Piedmont 0 5 10 25 50 miles Railroad 0 5 10 40 80 kilometers North 120 CHAPTER EIGHT: URBANIZATION KEY LOCALES NATIONAL HISTORIC Sewall-Belmont House Elmer V. McCollum House Arlington County LANDMARKS [1820, 1929] [ca. 1920] Landmarks State, War, and Navy H. L. Mencken House Charles Richard Drew District of Columbia Building (Old Executive [early 1880s] House [1920-1939] Administration Building, Office Building) Mount Royal Station and Fort Myer Historic Carnegie Institution of [1871-1888] Trainshed [1896] District [1900s] Washington [1910] Mary Church Terrell Mount Vernon Place Quarters 1 [1899] American Federation of House [1907] Historic District [19th Labor Building [1916] Twelfth Street YMCA century] Charlottesville American National Red Building [1908-1912] Ira Remsen House Landmarks Cross Building [1915- Oscar W. Underwood [1880s] Shack Mountain 1917] House [19th century] Henry August Rowland [1916-1955] Arts and Sciences United States Marine House [1880s] University of Virginia Building, Smithsonian Corps Barracks [1906] Rotunda [1822-1826, Institution [1881] Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Volta Bureau [1893] Hospital and Gate 1898] William E. Borah House [1862-1891] University of Virginia Apartment, Windsor Washington Navy Yard [1800-1910] U.S.C.G.C. Taney (Coast Historic District Lodge [ca. 1913] [19th-20th centuries] David White House Guard Cutter WHEC-37) Mary Ann Shadd Cary [1925] House [1881-1885] [1890s] Richmond City Woodrow Wilson House William Henry Welch Landmarks Constitution Hall [1924- House [1880s] 1930] [1915] Jackson Ward Historic District [19th-20th Corcoran Gallery and Carter G. Woodson House Talbot County centuries] School of Art [1893] [ca. 1890] Landmarks Main Street Station and Elliott Coues House Robert Simpson Edna E. Lockwood Trainshed [1901] [1880s] Woodward House [ca. (Log bug-eye) [1889] 1880s-1890s] Monument Avenue General Federation of Hilda M. Willing Historic District [1887] Women’s Club Maryland (Skipjack) [1905] Headquarters [1922] Old City Hall [1887-1894] Clara Barton House [ca. Kathryn (Skipjack) Georgetown Historic 1890], Montgomery [1901] Maggie Lena Walker District [18th-19th County House [ca. 1909] centuries] Virginia Chestertown Historic Samuel Gompers House District [18th-19th Alexandria Historic [1902-1917] centuries], Kent County District [18th-19th centuries], Alexandria Charlotte Forten Grimke Gaithersburg Latitude City House [ca. 1880] Observatory [1899], Camp Hoover Charles Evans Hughes Montgomery County [1929-1932], House [1907] Nellie Crockett (Deadrise Madison County Lafayette Square Historic buy-boat) [1926], Kent Green Springs Historic District [18th-20th County District [18th-19th centuries] Sion Hill [19th-20th centuries], Louisa Library of Congress centuries], Harford County [1886-1897] County General George C. Andrew Mellon Building United States Naval Marshall House [1925- [1916] Academy Guard House 1949], Loudon County [1881], Annapolis Memorial Continental Gari Melchers Home Hall [1902] William B. Tennison [1916-1932], Stafford (Bug-eye buy-boat) Meridian Hill Park County [1899], Calvert County [1900-1925] General William “Billy” National Training School Baltimore City Mitchell House [1826, for Women and Girls Landmarks 1925], Loudon and [1909] Fauquier counties Baltimore (Tug) [1906] National War College Portsmouth (Lightship Baltimore and Ohio [1907] No. 101) [1900-1949], Railroad Roundhouse Portsmouth Pension Building and Annex, [1884, (National Building 1891] Variable Density Tunnel Museum) [1885] [1921-1940], Hampton Chesapeake (Lightship Zalmon Richards House No. 116) [1930] Waterford Historic [1882] District [18th-19th College of Medicine of centuries], Loudon Saint John’s Church Maryland [19th-20th County [1883] centuries] An Ecology of People and Place 121 built to mark headlands, shallows, rock outcrops, and other navigational hazards along the Bay’s busy shipping lanes. Skipjacks–swift, stable, and low draft boats able to navigate the shallow waters of the Bay–were first produced in the early 1880s (see Figure 84); they repre- sented the technological peak for wooden sailing ships in the region.