SCRS/2020/058 Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 77(3): 343-374 (2020)

ADDITIONS TO THE ITALIAN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SWORDFISH (XIPHIAS GLADIUS, LINNAEUS, 1758) AND COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW

Antonio Di Natale1

SUMMARY

After the very first attempt to list together the many papers published so far on swordfish (Xiphias gladius) by Italian scientists, concerning the biology of this species, the fisheries and many other scientific and cultural issues, it was necessary to prepare an addition to the annotated bibliography published in 2019. Therefore, the present paper provides 185 additional papers, all annotated with specific keywords, which brings the available papers on this species up to 715, all duly annotated. This paper also provides an overview of the papers published over the centuries and decades, the main authors and the score of the main topics and themes included in the papers. This updated bibliography was set together to serve the scientists and to help them in finding some rare references that might be useful for their work.

RÉSUMÉ

Après la première tentative d’établir une liste des nombreux articles publiés à ce jour sur l'espadon (Xiphias gladius) par des scientifiques italiens, concernant la biologie de cette espèce, la pêche et bien d'autres questions scientifiques et culturelles, un complément à la bibliographie annotée publiée en 2019 s’est avéré nécessaire. Par conséquent, le présent document fournit 185 articles supplémentaires, tous annotés avec des mots clés spécifiques, ce qui porte à 715 le nombre d'articles disponibles sur cette espèce, tous dûment annotés. Ce document fournit également un aperçu des articles publiés au cours des siècles et des décennies, les principaux auteurs et la note des principaux sujets et thèmes inclus dans ceux-ci. Cette bibliographie mise à jour a été établie pour les scientifiques afin de les aider à trouver des références rares qui pourraient leur être utiles dans leurs travaux.

RESUMEN

Tras el primer intento de establecer una lista conjunta de los numerosos trabajos publicados hasta la fecha sobre el pez espada (Xiphias gladius) por científicos italianos, relacionados con la biología de esta especie, con las pesquerías y con muchas otras cuestiones científicas y culturales, fue necesario preparar un añadido a la bibliografía anotada publicada en 2019. Por lo tanto, el presente documento proporciona 185 documentos adicionales, todos ellos anotados con palabras clave específicas, lo que eleva a 715 los documentos disponibles sobre esta especie, todos ellos debidamente anotados. En el presente documento también se ofrece un panorama general de los documentos publicados a lo largo de los siglos y décadas, los principales autores y la veintena de los principales temas y asuntos incluidos en los documentos. Esta bibliografía actualizada se reunió para servir a los científicos y ayudarles a hallar algunas raras referencias que podrían resultarles útiles para su trabajo.

KEYWORS Swordfish, Xiphias gladius, bibliography, biology, reproduction, feeding, analytical techniques, behavior, history, traditions, fisheries, catches, fishery techniques, technology, systematics, rules, laws, privileges, nomenclature, economy, ethnography, anthropology.

1Aquastudio Research Institute, Via Trapani 6, 98121 Messina, Italy. [email protected] 343 1. Foreword

After the publication of the very first annotated bibliography of Italian authors on swordfish (Xiphias gladius, Linnaeus 1758) (Addis et al., 2019), it was necessary to further explore the archives for recovering additional papers which escaped form the previous review.

As it was reported in the previous paper, the choice was driven by the fact that this species is one of the most studied and observed in Italy since historical times, one of the most important for the Mediterranean fisheries. Many papers were written in Italian, a language which is not on the list of the three used in ICCAT (English, French and Spanish), and possibly some scientists may have problems in understanding the contents.

Another reason for setting-up the annotated bibliography is because many papers are not available in electronic format and therefore some young colleagues, who are not used to study and mine in traditional libraries anymore, seem not able to detect the studies that have been carried out so far on the many aspects of this species, therefore sometimes duplicating efforts and not taking into account the previous scientific findings.

However, as a matter of fact, most of the modern (the last 500 years) studies on swordfish had Italian or Spanish authors, even if Italian authors are clearly the large majority. Therefore, it is a sort of national proudness to provide an update of the list of papers on the Mediterranean swordfish (Xiphias gladius, Linnaeus 1758) that were published in 2019, annotating them with keywords for improving the opportunities to detect them with an electronic searching engine.

The importance of an annotated bibliography on swordfish (Xiphias gladius), mostly focused on the Mediterranean Sea (but not only) is clear, even if the monumental work by Sisci (1984) already provided an important amount of literature references and knowledge, but mostly related to the harpoon fishery in the Strait of Messina.

2. Criteria

The bibliography on swordfish (Xiphias gladius) included in this work was selected when an Italian scientist was the only author of a paper or when one or more Italian scientists were among the authors of collective papers.

This was the only criterium used for selecting the many papers, independently if they were peer-review papers, books, not-peer-review papers, papers present in conferences or meetings or congresses, reports to public administrations or project reports.

Of course, each paper included in the list is directly related to swordfish (Xiphias gladius, Linnaeus, 1758), even if, in some cases, the swordfish is concerned by just a part of the text.

For the very ancient papers, it is reported the first edition that it was possibly to find, independently from the date of the original work.

This work implied also to check all bibliographic references listed in each paper, in a sort of a never-ending duty, but this difficult approach allowed to find also rare local or even forgotten papers.

When vernacular names or old scientific names were used in the original paper, they were possibly listed in the annotation, but of course sometimes it was necessary to list just the main ones. The annotations required each paper to be checked in detail and this implied a huge workload.

The annotations show the main subjects in the content and, as it was done in the previous liust provided by Addis et al. (2019), the descriptors proposed by ASFIS (Fagetti, Privett and Sears, 2009) were mostly used, adding additional descriptors when necessary. As concerns the main species included in each reference, both the international common name(s) and the Latin name(s) were used.

3. Discussion

As it was previously reported by Addis et al (2019), one of the major problem for this additional list was again the need to homogenise the style of all citations, which were reported under many different styles. Apparently, this fact can appear as a minor problem, but it required a very important amount of work and time.

344

The large number of titles which are now available, including those reported in 2019, surely constitutes a very useful reference list for all the colleagues working on swordfish (Xiphias gladius, Linnaeus, 1758), and it includes also extremely rare papers on various subjects. The opportunities provided by the web are improving the number of available articles on this species and its fisheries. This annotated bibliography required again an incredible amount of work and a lot of attention, due to the fact that several documents were published not only by marine scientists, but by historians, archaeologists, economists, sociologists, economists, literates or journalists, making the search very wide and difficult, certainly very multidisciplinary. Even limiting the bibliography to the works where an Italian scientist was among the authors, the number of citations that it was possible to discover so far is very important, being anyway conscious that the list is certainly incomplete and possibly it will never be complete. In many cases, when checking a document, it was possible to discover additional literature which was previously not available, transforming a part of this work as a continuous journey following an Ariadne’s thread.

At the same time, during this heavy work, it was amazing to learn so many details about this species, which was exploited since historical times. Going through the various titles (and the text behind) in the bibliography it is possible to find important amounts of catch data, of fishery and biological information, historical environmental information, social and economic aspects, while in many papers there are various aspects related to the ancient culture and traditions linked to this species and its fisheries, mirroring its extremely ancient historical roots.

This work is providing and listing additional 185 papers, which are now added to the previous list provided by Addis et al., (2019), bringing the total to 715 papers2 (Figure 1), most edited in the XX century, but with important contributions in previous centuries. A total of 77 papers were edited before the XX century and some are papers edited in historical classical times. Between 1920 and 1939 there was a good production of scientific papers on swordfish (17 in the ‘20s and 21 in the ‘30s), mostly due to the many field activities carried out by the Institute of Zoology of the University of Messina. Of course, between 1940 and 1949 the number of papers decreased to the minimum, due to the 2nd World War.

A remarkable increasing of the Italian scientific production on bluefin tuna initiated in the ‘80s, when the first national research triennial plan was adopted by the Ministry of Merchant Marine, followed by a series of triennial plans, with an Italian coordinated activity on large pelagic species, till the year 2002, jumping from 16 papers in the ‘70s to 98 papers in the ‘80s and the peak of 169 papers in the ‘90s. Then, most of the research activities were enhanced by the EC Data Collection Programme, followed by the EC Data Collection Framework, which is still active; 147 papers were published in the years 2000-2009, while 87 papers have been published in the last decade. 6 papers have been published so far in 2020.

Most of the papers (67.55%, equal to 483 papers) are in Italian and this is an important part of the problem in recent times. This is due to the fact that these papers were published when the Italian language was mandatory, or when foreign languages were not used, or because they were official domestic reports. For these papers, the current annotation in English now allows all scientists to better understand the contents. The remaining 32.45% of the papers are written in other 6 languages, being those in English the majority (29.23%, equal to 209 papers). 15 papers and books (2.10%) are in Latin, a classical language that was used by many authors till the XVIII century. 5 papers (0.70%) are in French, because the French was the language most used by the CIESM, while other three papers are respectively in Spanish, German and Greek. Figure 2 provides a graphic image of the languages used in the Italian papers on swordfish which are listed in the annotated bibliography.

The annotation allows identifying the many themes included in each paper. Table 1a and Table 1b shows the most relevant themes in the annotations and it is interesting to see how many aspects of the “swordfish world” have been examined by the various Italian authors over the centuries. Most of the papers are specifically related to the Mediterranean Sea (677, equal to 94.69%), while the Strait of Messina is in 185 papers (25.87%), the Tyrrhenian Sea is in 126 papers (17.62%) and the Ionian Sea in 104 papers (14.55%). Italy is mentioned in 144 papers (20.14%). The fishing methods have also a clear relevance: the harpoon fishery is the subject of 252 papers (35.24%), followed by the longline fishery (215 papers, equal to 30.07%), the driftnet fishery (134 papers, equal to 18.74%) and the trap fishery (109 papers, equal to 15.24%); accordingly, impact situations are mentioned on 57 papers (7.97%), along with the conflicts with other activities (22, equal to 3.08%). Catches and yields are also important (146 papers, equal to 20.42%), including the size frequencies/composition (107 papers, equal to 14.97%) and the CPUE (99 papers, equal to 13.85%). The biology is very present (142 papers, equal to 19.86%), along with the reproductive biology (59 papers, equal to 8.25%), reproduction (47 papers, equal to 6.57%), sexual maturity

2 The total number of papers was checked several times, rechecking the contents of the list provided by Addis et al., 2019, for avoiding any duplication or mistake. 345 (20 papers, equal to 2.80%) and spawning (18 papers, equal to 2.52%), but history is included in 100 papers (13.99%), along with traditions (64 papers, equal to 8.95%). The list showed on the tables clearly represents the overview of most of the many themes included in the annotated bibliography, which cover almost all aspects.

Table 2 shows the ranking of the main authors included in the Italian annotated bibliography on swordfish. Knowing the location of each author, it is very clear that the main authors are belonging to the three main research poles for the large pelagics in Italy: Messina, Bari and Genova, where Universities and other research institutes were historically located. Among the main authors, there are also most of the Italian national research coordinators for the large pelagics over the years (De Metrio, Orsi Relini and Di Natale). Anonymous papers are just 16, equal to 2.24% of the total.

Due to the high number of references, the additional annotated bibliography is provided in Annex 1 to this paper.

4. Conclusion

The additional list of annotated books and scientific papers on swordfish here provided, after the first list provided by Addis et al. (2019), is still certainly incomplete and there is the hope that this work may further stimulate scientists to provide additional titles, with the purpose to create in the future a complete annotated reference literature list to be used by all the colleagues working on this species or on related subjects, for helping them in their work. Many documents, which are currently not on the list, are certainly still kept in ancient archives, either public or private, sometimes in churches, ancient libraries, notary archives, old company’s archives, and in other places. Is is almost sure that other Italian scientific papers on swordfish do exist, but it was not possible to find them during this investigation. Indeed, this is a never-ending work and it should be conscious that this work will be never completed.

The most traditional fishing technique for this species, the harpoon fishery, has a know-how that remained almost the same since centuries, with very limited technological improvements, mostly in the last half-century. The driftnet fishery, a technique that was used since historical classical times, which had an incredible development in the second half of the XX century before being banned due to its impact on protected species, has an interesting story and a considerable documentation. The development of the longline fishery and particularly the use of deep- water longline (also called “meso-pelagic longline”), changed considerably both the fishing technique and the opportunities for the biological sampling for this species.

The many biological studies, particularly on the reproductive biology of this species, are also very important in the Italian annotated bibliography, even if several other papers on this subject were published by foreign scientists (mostly Spanish, Greeks and Turkish).

As it was mentioned in previous papers (Di Natale, 2018; Addis et al., 2019), in recent years many scientists and particularly (but not only) young colleagues are adopting a sort of selective attitude when they prepare their papers, avoiding even to mention papers which were not published in peer-review journals or by scientists who are competing with them or scientist which are not belonging to their group. As it was already noted, this attitude is clearly causing a sort of scientific disaster, because there are several very recent papers which are not at all using the knowledge available before, which sometimes means forgetting the largest part of the scientific knowledge we already have.

This is why is is difficult to accept when authors make statements in their papers on swordfish like these five3 very recent examples: “Limited research has been published on the reproductive biology of swordfish from Mediterranean see (sic!).” (Gioacchini et al., 2018a); “To date, information on swordfish reproduction is lacking and does not provide comprehensive insights into gonadal development, which are necessary to determine their reproductive output. Knowledge on female gonadal development is required to establish the duration of the spawning season, the size and age of maturity and spawning patterns.” (Gioacchini et al., 2018b); “In the Mediterranean Sea, the swordfish spawning season is limited to the summer months” and, few lines after “comprehensive information on the reproductive strategies and spawning areas are far from being firmely established” (Marisaldi et al., 2019);

3 Two of these examples have been already included in Addis et al., 2019. 346 “Problems in macroscopic stage identification: immature individuals often incorrectly staged as mature (stage 2)” (Anomymous, 2020a), also included on the ICCAT SWO Report (Anonymous, 2020b).

“In this study, for the first time, a temporal approach has been used to study recent changes in the mitochondrial genetic diversity in the threatened Mediterranean swordfish” (Righi et al., 2020).

Furthermore, a recent paper proposed a reconstruction of Italian swordfish catches and capacity (Piroddi et al., 2015) without metioning or even taking into account any previous Italian paper on these issues, the methodology adopted by ICCAT and all previous authors (including the Italian ones) for calculating the CPUE.

Clearly, there is the need to improve the knowledge on previous available studies on swordfish and this annotated review was made exactly for providing a helping hand to all the colleagues working on this species.

347 References

Addis P., Di Natale A., Garibaldi F., Piccinetti C., Tinti F., 2019. The Italian annotated bibliography on swordfish (Xiphias gladius, Linnaeus, 1758). Coll. Vol. Sci. Pap., ICCAT, 76 (3): 242-303. Anonymous, 2020a. Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) reproduction. Preliminary analysis. SCRS/P/2020/005, ICCAT Intersessional Meeting of the Swordfish Species Group, on-line, 16-19 March 2020: 7 slides. Anonymous, 2020b. Report of the 2020 ICCAT Intersessional Meeting of the Swordfish Species Group, on-line, 16-19 March 2020: 1-41. https://www.iccat.int/Documents/Meetings/Docs/2020/REPORTS/2020_SWO_ENG.pdf Di Natale A., 2018. An updated bibliography on Bluefin tuna trap fishery. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 74 (6): 2942-3036. Gioacchini G., Candelma M., Pignalosa P., Sagrati A., Sabbatini D., Lombardo F., Giorgini E., Carnevali O., 2018a. Macromolecular changes of swordfish oocyte at different developmental stages: new insight from Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM). 11th International Symposium on Reproductive Physiology of Fish, 3-8 June 2018, Manaus, poster. Gioacchini G., Marisaldi L., Basili D., Candelma M., Maradona F., Pignalosa P., Carnevali O., 2018b. De novo assembly and characterisation of the ovarian transcriptome in swordfish, Xiphias gladius (linnaeus, 1758): focus on genes driving vitellogenic process. 11th International Symposium on Reproductive Physiology of Fish, 3-8 June 2018, Manaus, poster. Fagetti E., Privett D.W., Sear J.R.L., 2009. Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Thesaurus. Descriptors Used in the Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries information System. Aquaric Sciences and Fisheries Information System. ASFIS reference Series, 6 (rev. 3), FAO, Rome: 1-312. Marisaldi L., Basili D., Candelma M., Sesani V., Pignalosa P., Gioacchini G., Carnevali O., 2019. Maturity assignment based on histology‐validated macroscopic criteria: Tackling the stock decline of the Mediterranean swordfish (Xiphias gladius). Aquatic Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosyst., 30: 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3248 . Piroddi C., Gristina M., Zylich K., Greer K., Ulman A., Zeller D., Pauly D., 2015. Reconstruction of Italy’s marine fisheries removals and fishing capacity, 1950-2010. Fisheries Research, 172: 137-147. DOI: 10.1016/j.fishres.2015.06.028 Righi T., Splendiani A., Fioravanti T., Casoni E., Gioacchini G., Carnevali O., Caputo Barucchi V., 2020. Loss of mitochondrial genetic diversity in overexploited Mediterranean swordfish (Xiphias gladius, 1759) population. Diversity, 12: 170. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/12/5/170 Sisci R., 1984. La caccia al pescespada nello Stretto di Messina. EDAS, Sfameni edit., Messina: 1-519.

348 Table 1a. Percentages of the different themes included in the annotations to the Italian bibliography on swordfish (first part).

Annotations Annotations Themes no. % Themes no. % Nomenclature 35 4,90 Trophic chain 7 0,98 Systematics 13 1,82 Stomach contents 13 1,82 Vernacular names 22 3,08 Nutritional value 3 0,42 Dictionary 4 0,56 Analyses 44 6,15 Check-list 3 0,42 Histology and related 13 1,82 Bibliography 5 0,70 Genetic 27 3,78 Morphology 40 5,59 DNA 10 1,40 Description 55 7,69 Genome 3 0,42 Distribution 54 7,55 Genetic erosion 5 0,70 Migrations 38 5,31 Parasites 11 1,54 Tagging 17 2,38 Contaminants 10 1,40 Electronic/Satellite/PSAT tagging 9 1,26 Bioaccumulation 7 0,98 Tag recapture 2 0,28 Heavy metals 9 1,26 Seasonality 26 3,64 Toxicity 2 0,28 Populations 12 1,68 Reproductive alterations 2 0,28 Behaviour 47 6,57 Neurological diseases 1 0,14 Physiology 6 0,84 Fossils 5 0,70 Biology 142 19,86 Fleets 49 6,85 Reproductive biology 59 8,25 Vessels 49 6,85 Sex ratio 10 1,40 Aerial spotting/Spotters 1 0,14 Reproduction 47 6,57 Spotting towers/thynnoskopèion 7 0,98 Sexual maturity 20 2,80 Spotters 4 0,56 Gonads 34 4,76 Fishing gear 51 7,13 Oocytes 4 0,56 Driftnets 134 18,74 Intersex 2 0,28 Longlines 215 30,07 Spawning 18 2,52 Harpoon 252 35,24 Growth 31 4,34 Traps 109 15,24 Ageing 18 2,52 Small-scale or artisanal fishery 25 3,50 Age determination 6 0,84 Selectivity 2 0,28 Otoliths 7 0,98 Technological creeping 1 0,14 Spines/Rays 7 0,98 Competition among gear 2 0,28 Vertebrae 3 0,42 Gear conflicts 2 0,28 Juveniles 50 6,99 Gear impact 53 7,41 Larvae/eggs/Larval survey 38 5,31 Catches/Yields 146 20,42 Recruitment 7 0,98 By-catch 43 6,01 Size frequencies/composition 107 14,97 Fishing effort 9 1,26 Weight 26 3,64 CPUE 99 13,85 Length-weight correlation 15 2,10 Statistics 48 6,71 Feeding 17 2,38 Stocks 24 3,36 Diet 9 1,26 Stock assessment 5 0,70

349 Table 1b. Percentages of the different themes included in the annotations to the Italian bibliography on swordfish (second part).

Annotations Annotations Themes no. % Themes no. % Stock structure 6 0,84 Libya 2 0,28 Stock identification 2 0,28 Egypt 1 0,14 Multidisciplinary approach 4 0,56 Spain 8 1,12 Models/modelling 10 1,40 France 5 0,70 GIS 6 0,84 Italy 144 20,14 Bio-economic model 3 0,42 Malta 2 0,28 Environment 25 3,50 Greece 23 3,22 Oceanography 13 1,82 Croatia 3 0,42 Currents 13 1,82 Turkey 2 0,28 Tides 6 0,84 Economy 42 5,87 Pollution 7 0,98 Market 16 2,24 Conflict with other activities 22 3,08 Revenues 2 0,28 Impact/Impact evaluation 57 7,97 Costs 2 0,28 Climate/Earthquake impact 6 0,84 Commerce 7 0,98 Management 20 2,80 Trade 17 2,38 RFMO(s) 2 0,28 Import 9 1,26 ICCAT 7 0,98 Export 3 0,42 IUU 6 0,84 Socio-economy 5 0,70 Regulations 22 3,08 Social aspects 8 1,12 Rules 13 1,82 Fishermen 30 4,20 Royalties 12 1,68 Halieutic 1 0,14 Privileges 13 1,82 Anthropology 7 0,98 Church rights 6 0,84 Ethnography 2 0,28 Nobles 4 0,56 Rituals 8 1,12 Geography 11 1,54 Traditions 64 8,95 Town 3 0,42 History 100 13,99 Atlantic Ocean 26 3,64 Archaeology 5 0,70 Mediterranean Sea 677 94,69 Pliocene 2 0,28 Balearic Sea 4 0,56 Medium Age 7 0,98 Western Mediterranean Sea 9 1,26 Modern Age 3 0,42 Sardinian Sea 12 1,68 Phoenicians 4 0,56 Ligurian Sea 70 9,79 Greeks 5 0,70 Central Mediterranean Sea 7 0,98 Romans 3 0,42 Strait of Sicily 34 4,76 Arabs 2 0,28 Tyrrhenian Sea 126 17,62 Legends 21 2,94 Strait of Messina 185 25,87 Miths 2 0,28 Adriatic Sea 53 7,41 Culture 24 3,36 Ionian Sea 104 14,55 Beliefs 6 0,84 Eastern Mediterranean Sea 3 0,42 Literature 3 0,42 Levantine Sea 6 0,84 Narrative 3 0,42 Aegean Sea 12 1,68 Poetry 3 0,42 Black Sea 2 0,28 Food habits 5 0,70 Morocco 2 0,28 Recipes 12 1,68 Tunisia 4 0,56 Cooking 6 0,84

350 Table 2. List of the main authors included in the Italian annotated bibliography on swordfish.

number of ranking Author SWO papers 1 De Metrio Gregorio 82 2 Di Natale Antonio 81 3 Garibaldi Fulvio 49 4 Orsi Relini Lidia 35 5 Mangano Antonia 31 6 Palandri Giovanni 28 7 Romeo Teresa 25 8 Potoschi Antonio 24 8 Andaloro Franco 24 9 Corriero Aldo 22 10 De Santis Salvatore 21 11 Valastro Massimiliano 18 11 Navarra Enrico 18 11 Cavallaro Guglielmo 18 11 Cima Chantal 18 12 Cefali Antonio 17 12 Marano Giovanni 17 12 Rostitani Lucio 17 13 De Zio Vito 16 13 Battaglia Pietro 16 13 Gioacchini Giorgia 16 14 Carnevali Oliana 15

Other Authors (between <15 and =>10 papers) Santamaria N., Labate M., Pignalosa P., Consoli P., Deflorio M., Petrosino G., Torchia G., Schimmenti G., Sisci R., Palmieri G., Cacucci M., Fossi C.

Anonymous Author 16

351

Figure 1. Number of the papers published on swordfish by Italian authors over the years (since before 1500 to 2020).

Figure 2. Graphic proportion of the different languages used by Italian authors in papers related to swordfish.

352 Annex 1 Additional Annotated Bibliography

1. Addis P., Di Natale A., Garibaldi F., Piccinetti C., Tinti F., 2019. The Italian annotated bibliography on swordfish (Xiphias gladius, Linnaeus, 1758). Coll. Vol. Sci. Pap., ICCAT, 76 (3): 242-303. (i) Bibliography, Italian annotated bibliography, biology, reproduction, feeding, migrations, contaminants, stocks, populations, history, traditions, fisheries, longline fishery, trap fishery, hand line fishery, troll fishery, harpoon fishery, recreational fishery, catches, fishing techniques, analytical techniques, technology, systematics, rules, laws, privileges, nomenclature, economy, archaeology, history, ethnography, anthropology, swordfish, Xiphias gladius, Mediterranean Sea.

2. Alessi E., Tognon G., Sinesi M., Guerranti C., Perra G. Focardi S., 2006. Contaminazione chimica del Mediterraneo: il caso del pescespada. WWF Italia, Roma: 1-48. (i) Chemical pollution, persistent contaminants, POP, DDT, PCBs, HCBs, PFOS, PFOA, PBDE, BDE, BFR, environmental indicators, reproductive alterations, neurologic diseases, bioaccumulation, distribution, biology, regulations, muscle, liver, swordfish, Xiphias gladius, Mediterranean Sea.

3. Ambrosi L., De Metrio G., Cacucci M, Sion L., Marinelli A., Pesola V., Potoschi A., Cannavò G., Romeo T., Megalofonou P., Yannopoulos C., 2001. Catches of juvenile bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius L.) in the Italian seas during the albacore longline fishing season. Final report, EC Project 94/079 (continuation): 1-60. (i) Longline fishery, impact on juveniles, by-catch, recruitment, swordfish, Xiphias gladius, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, albacore, Thunnus alalunga, Sicily, Apulia, Italy, Greece, Tyrrhenian Sea, Ionian Sea, Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea.

4. Anonymous, 1824. Collezione delle Leggi e dei Decreti Reali del Regno delle Due Sicilie, anno 1824, semestre 1. Reale Stamperia, Napoli: 188-191. https://books.google.it/books?id=HmYuAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&#v=onepage&q&f=false (i) Rules, laws, regulations, catch and transport declaration, trade, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, tuna traps, fisheries, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, albacore, Thunnus alalunga, swordfish, Xiphias gladius, Campania, Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily, Italy, Tyrrhenian Sea, Ionian Sea, Strait of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea.

5. Anonymous, 1827. Collezione delle Leggi e dei Decreti Reali del Regno delle Due Sicilie, anno 1827, semestre 1. Reale Stamperia, Napoli: 141-145. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101069168761&view=1up&seq=9 (i) Rules, laws, regulations, catch and transport declaration, trade, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, tuna traps, fisheries, interaction with other gears, driftnets, time closure, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, albacore, Thunnus alalunga, swordfish, Xiphias gladius, Campania, Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily, Italy, Tyrrhenian Sea, Ionian Sea, Strait of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea.

6. Anonymous, 1839. Collezione delle Leggi dei Reali Decreti Sovrani rescritti Regolamenti e delle Ministeriali riguardanti la Sicilia dal 1818 al 1838, ordinata in ordo cronologico con note ed osservazioni por lo Barone Rosario Ventimiglia. Stamperia all’Insegna del Leone, Catania, III. (i) Rules, laws, regulations, decrees, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, tuna traps, fisheries, interaction with other gears, conflicts between gear, driftnets, time closure, tuna minimum size, juveniles, by-catch, discards, tuna traps lights, sourveillance, compliance, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, albacore, Thunnus alalunga, swordfish, Xiphias gladius, Sicily, Italy, Tyrrhenian Sea, Ionian Sea, Strait of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea.

7. Anonymous, 1988. Messina e la Calabria nelle rispettive fonti documentarie dal Basso Medioevo all’Età Contemporanea. Atti I Colloquio Calabro Siculi, Reggio Calabria – Messina, 21-23 Novembre 1986. Società Messinese di Storia Patria, Messina: 1-684.

353 (i) History, bibliography, Medium Age, Contemporary Age, royalties, privileges, artists, churches, nobles, prince Ruffo dynasty, revolutions, riots, transports, agriculture, fisheries, tuna traps, harpoon fishery, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, swordfish, Xiphias gladius, Messina, Scilla, Bagnara, Tropea, Sicily, Calabria, Italy, Strait of Messina, Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean Sea.

8. Anonymous, 2001b. Mangiavamo alla marinara. CIRSPE, UNIPROM, APICIO, Roma: 1-75. (i) Description, distribution, fisheries, seasonality, recipes, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, albacore, Thunnus alalunga, swordfish, Xiphias gladius, Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda, bullet tuna, Auxis rochei, Italy, Italian seas, Mediterranean Sea.

9. Anonymous, 2004. Le tradizioni del mare. Consorzio Mediterraneo, ARSIAL, Lega Pesca, Roma: 1-40. (i) Fisheries, traditions, recipes, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, swordfish, Xiphias gladius, Italy, Italian seas, Mediterranean Sea.

10. Anonymous, 2009. Le stagioni dei prodotti ittici del Lazio. MIPAAF, Lega Pesca, Roma: 1-97. (i) Description, fisheries, seasonality, nutritional values, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, albacore, Thunnus alalunga, swordfish, Xiphias gladius, Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda, bullet tuna, Auxis rochei, Latium, Italy, Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean Sea.

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